它指出教學(xué)技術(shù)是一種根據(jù)具體目標(biāo)來設(shè)計(jì).ppt

Professional English for Educational Technology,Fang Haiguang Capital Normal University 2008-10,Chapter One The Evolution of the Definitions,首師大方海光 ,目錄,Section AThe Early Definitions,Section BThe AECTs Definitions in 1994,Section CAssumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,Section DThe Future of Definition,Professional Vocabulary,首師大方海光 ,Unit 1 Section A,The Early Definitions Read it as quickly as possible (5m) Any new words and phrases?,首師大方海光 ,Section A The Early Definitions,The Early Definition 1 Audiovisual communication . is that branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning.,首師大方海光 ,Section A The Early Definitions,The Early Definition 2 Instructional technology . is a systematic way of designing, carrying out, and evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives, based on research in human learning and communication and employing a combination of human and nonhuman resources to bring about more effective instruction. 它指出教學(xué)技術(shù)是一種根據(jù)具體目標(biāo)來設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施和評價整個教學(xué)過程的系統(tǒng)方法。它以對人的學(xué)習(xí)與傳播的研究為基礎(chǔ), 綜合運(yùn)用人力與非人力資源, 以達(dá)到更有效地教學(xué)的目的。,首師大方海光 ,Section A The Early Definitions,carry out (1).To put into practice or effect:實(shí)行，運(yùn)作： carry out a new policy.實(shí)行一項(xiàng)新政策 (2).To follow or obey:遵循或遵守： carry out instructions.遵循教誨 (3).To bring to a conclusion; accomplish:得出結(jié)論；完成： carried out the mission successfully.成功地完成使命,首師大方海光 ,Section A The Early Definitions,The Early Definition 3、Educational technology is a field involved in the facilitation of human learning through the systematic identification, development, organization and utilization of a full range of learning resources and through the management of these processes. 教育技術(shù)是這樣一個領(lǐng)域, 它通過對所有學(xué)習(xí)資源的系統(tǒng)化鑒別、開發(fā)、組織和利用以及通過對這些過程的管理, 來促進(jìn)人類的學(xué)習(xí).,首師大方海光 ,Section A The Early Definitions, Facilitate vt.使容易；使便利 “ It would facilitate matters if you were more co-operative.要是你再合作些，事情就會變得更容易。 Identification n.辨認(rèn), 鑒定, 證明, 視為同一 “ the identification of high yielding seeds.高產(chǎn)量種子的鑒別,首師大方海光 ,Section A The Early Definitions,The Early Definition 4、Educational technology is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices and organization for analyzing problems and devising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning. “ 教育技術(shù)是一個復(fù)雜的、整合的過程, 這個過程涉及人員、程序、思想、設(shè)備和組織, 其目的在于分析遍及人類學(xué)習(xí)所有方面的問題和設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施、評價與管理對那些問題的解決方法。,首師大方海光 ,Section A The Early Definitions,Devise vt.設(shè)計(jì) Devise is the process by which you create something. Usually in the colloquial sense, we talk about device to mean making something very secretive. Colloquial adj. 口語的, 通俗的,首師大方海光 ,Unit 1 Section B,The AECTs Definitions in 1994 Read it (8m) Any new words and phrases?,首師大方海光 ,Section B The AECTs Definitions in 1994,Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development , utilization , management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning ( Seels and Richey.1994,p.1),首師大方海光 ,Section B The AECTs Definitions in 1994,Figure 1.2.1 The Domains of Instructional Technology (Page 5),首師大方海光 ,Unit 1 Section C,Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005 Read it as quickly as possible (10m) Any new words and phrases? Ask someone to read and translate each paragraph.,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,AECT05 definition “ Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating , using , and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. (Molenda and Robinson.2004). “ Ethical 倫理的；道德的；合乎道德的 eg： I oughtnt to do that, its not ethical.,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,“ First, it is a general definition, one that should be understandable to non-specialists, as opposed to a scientific definition, one that attempts to describe some phenomenon in technically precise terms. “ 首先，它是一個一般性定義，是一個能為非專業(yè)人士所理解的定義，它不同于試圖用學(xué)術(shù)的專門的精確術(shù)語來描述一些現(xiàn)象科學(xué)定義,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,“ Further, it is primarily a stipulatory definiton , stipulating or prescribing the elements of the concept and its boundaries in ideal terms rather than claiming to be based on observations of what a particular group of people actually do in practice. “ 不僅如此，它主要是一個規(guī)定性定義，是用理想的術(shù)語，而不是根據(jù)對一特定組群的人在實(shí)踐中的實(shí)際工作的觀察，來規(guī)定或描述概念的內(nèi)涵（要素）及其外延。 Stipulate v. 規(guī)定, 保證,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,“ Secondly, like any useful definition, this one intends to be clear, precise, and unambiguous, and to draw boundaries indicating what is included, what is excluded, what is central, and what is peripheral. “ 其次，與任何有用的定義一樣，這個定義試圖是清晰的、準(zhǔn)確的、和明確的，試圖劃出一個界限，說明教育技術(shù)包括什么，不包括什么，什么是重要的，什么是不重要的。,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,“ Thirdly, one of the major departures from the past AECT definitional efforts is to refer explicitly to core values implied in educational technology. While technology might be viewed by some as a value neutral force, its application to educational purposes entails concerns, both for the learners and educational system. “ 第三，與過去AECT定義的努力一個主要不同就是，清楚地指出隱含在教育技術(shù)中的核心價值。當(dāng)技術(shù)被認(rèn)為是一個價值中性的力量時，它被運(yùn)用于教育目的必須同時考慮學(xué)習(xí)者和教育系統(tǒng)。,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,That is, there is no point in approaching education “technologically” unless one is attempting to improve the quality of the learners experience and to do it in a way that also makes sense for the organization. 也就是說，除非人們試圖提高學(xué)習(xí)效果，同時以一種也對機(jī)構(gòu)有意義的方式運(yùn)用技術(shù)，不然在教育中使用技術(shù)就沒有多大意義。,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,“ Fourthly, the definition is meant to be connected with AECTs most recent prior definition: ”Instructional technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation of processes and resources for learning”. “ 第四，這個定義旨在與AECT最近的那個定義相聯(lián)系，那個定義是，“教學(xué)技術(shù)是指為了促進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)，對有關(guān)的過程和資源進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)、開發(fā)、利用、管理和評價的理論與實(shí)踐”（Seels and Richey,1994）。,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,It incorporates all the major elements of that definition, albeit with somewhat different vocabulary, different emphases, and some additional elements. The current definition is viewed as an improvement and updating of the 1994 definition, not a fundamental reconceptualization. It intends to be evolutionary rather than revolutionary. 雖然使用了多少有些不同的詞匯，關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)也不同，還添加了一些要素，但這個新定義結(jié)合了原來定義的所有主要要素。當(dāng)前的定義被視為是1994定義的一個改進(jìn)和更新，而不是根本性地重新定義。這是改進(jìn)而不是革命。,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,“ Fifthly, the new definition is sensitive to the standards for the accreditation of university programs preparing teachers and specialists in the educational technology field. The ECIT standards approved in 2000 require that such programs be grounded in the knowledge base of the field. “ 第五，這個新定義對為教育技術(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域培養(yǎng)教師和專家的大學(xué)計(jì)劃的認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是敏感的。在2000年通過的“教育傳播和教學(xué)技術(shù)（ECIT）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)“要求此類計(jì)劃必須扎根于這個領(lǐng)域的知識基礎(chǔ)中。,首師大方海光 ,Section C Assumptions behind the AECTs Definition in 2005,The knowledge base is considered to be categorized into the “domains” of design, development, utilization, management and evaluation. These “domains” are taken from the 1994 AECT definition, so it is reasonable to expect that future standards may be affected by this new definition. Hence, maintaining some parallelism between the old definition and the new one was deemed to be helpful to future standards writers 知識基礎(chǔ)被分成了設(shè)計(jì)、開發(fā)、利用、管理和評價等范疇。這些范疇取自AECT1994定義，所以，理所當(dāng)然地，我們期待這個定義能夠影響未來的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此，保持新、舊定義之間的某種平行將會對未來的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定有所幫助。,首師大方海光 ,Unit 1 Section C,How many assumptions was disscused ? It is a general definition. It intended to be a clear one. Explain the core values Connected with the definition in 1994 Be sensitive to standards,首師大方海光 ,Professional Vocabulary,Artificial intelligence Audiovisual communication Electronic Performance Support System(EPSS) Instructional technology Intelligent agent Media-oriented,首師大方海光 ,Professional Vocabulary,Performance technology Process-oriented Situated cognition Systematic Utilization Virtual reality,首師大方海光 ,Professional Vocabulary,Performance technology Process-oriented Situated cognition Systematic Utilization Virtual reality,首師大方海光 ,New Words,Pedagogical adj. 教育學(xué)的, 教學(xué)法的 Cognitive adj. 認(rèn)知的, 認(rèn)識的, 有感知的 Demonstrate vt. 示范, 證明, 論證 Physical therapist n. 物理治療家 Paradigm n. 范例 Encompass v. 包圍，環(huán)繞,首師大方海光 ,中文補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容,美國教育技術(shù)定義的演變及特點(diǎn) AECT1963年定義 “視聽傳播是教育理論與實(shí)踐的一個分支，它主要研究對控制學(xué)習(xí)過程的信息進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和使用?！?視聽傳播是教育理論和實(shí)踐的一個分支 視聽傳播以控制學(xué)習(xí)過程的信息為主要研究對象 視聽傳播以對控制學(xué)習(xí)過程的信息進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)和使用為主要研究內(nèi)容 有明確的目標(biāo),首師大方海光 ,中文補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容,教學(xué)技術(shù)委員會1970年定義 “教學(xué)技術(shù)是一種根據(jù)特定目標(biāo)來設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施與評價整個教與學(xué)的過程的系統(tǒng)方法。它以對人的學(xué)習(xí)和傳播的研究為基礎(chǔ)，綜合運(yùn)用人力、物力資源，以達(dá)到更有效的教學(xué)目的?！?教學(xué)技術(shù)有明確的目的 教學(xué)技術(shù)以對人的學(xué)習(xí)和傳播的研究為基礎(chǔ) 教學(xué)技術(shù)以整個教與學(xué)的過程為研究對象 教學(xué)技術(shù)以對教與學(xué)的過程的設(shè)計(jì)、實(shí)施和評價為研究內(nèi)容 教學(xué)技術(shù)是為達(dá)到更有效的教學(xué)目的,首師大方海光 ,中文補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容,西爾伯（Silber）在1970年的定義 “教學(xué)技術(shù)是用系統(tǒng)的方式對教學(xué)系統(tǒng)組成部分（包括訊息、人員、材料、設(shè)備、技術(shù)和環(huán)境）的開發(fā)(包括研究、設(shè)計(jì)、制作、支持-供給和利用)以及對開發(fā)的管理（包括組織和人員）。其目的是解決教育的問題。 教學(xué)技術(shù)的研究對象是教學(xué)系統(tǒng)組成部分 教學(xué)技術(shù)的研究內(nèi)容是對教學(xué)組成部分的開發(fā)和對開發(fā)的管理 教學(xué)技術(shù)有明確的目的,首師大方海光 ,中文補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容,麥肯齊（Mac Kenzie）和厄勞特（Eraut）在1971年的定義 “教育技術(shù)是對達(dá)到教育目標(biāo)的手段的系統(tǒng)化研