2018屆高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)第二部分閱讀理解技巧與體裁演練課時(shí)11閱讀理解體裁解讀2.docx

課時(shí)11閱讀理解體裁解讀(2)說明文【體裁解讀】做主旨大意題時(shí)可以通過：(1)尋找主題句，確定文章大意。在許多情況下，尤其是在閱讀說明文和議論文時(shí)，根據(jù)其篇章特點(diǎn)我們可以通過尋找短文的主題句來歸納出文章的主題。(2)抓住段落大意，概括中心思想。尋找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在尋找各段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上。各段落中心句的整體歸納便是文章的中心思想。(3)抓主線和關(guān)鍵詞，歸納文章中心。要注意不是所有的段落都有主題句，有時(shí)主題句隱含在段落中。體裁演練(2017全國新課標(biāo)卷)Some of the worlds most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day.UNESCO(United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying(聯(lián)合)voice across cultures.Despite the celebrations，though，in the US.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.Its Jason Morans job to help change that.As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz，Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz，make the music more accessible，and preserve its history and culture.“Jazz seems like its not really a part of the American appetite，” Moran tells National Public Radios reporter Neal Conan.“What Im hoping to accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore.Its actually color，and its actually digital.”Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.“The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move，because the way the world works is not the same，” says Moran.Last year，Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Wallers music for a dance party，“just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance music as much as it is concert music，” says Moran.“For me，its the recontextualization.In music，where does the emotion(情感) lie？Are we，as humans，gaining any insight (感悟) on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts？Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context，” says Moran，“so I want to continue those dialogues.Those are the things I want to foster.”1Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International JazzDay?ATo remember the birth of jazz.BTo protect cultural diversity.CTo encourage people to study music.DTo recognize the value of jazz.2What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?AJazz becoming more accessible.BThe production of jazz growing faster.CJazz being less popular with the young.DThe jazz audience becoming larger.3What can we infer about Morans opinion on jazz?AIt will disappear gradually.BIt remains black and white.CIt should keep up with the times.DIt changes every 50 years.4Which of the following can be the best title for the text?AExploring the Future of JazzBThe Rise and Fall of JazzCThe Story of a Jazz MusicianDCelebrating the Jazz Day【能力提升】AWhen a leafy plant is under attack，it doesnt sit quietly.Back in 1983，two scientists，Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds，VOCs for short.Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.Its a plants way of crying out.But is anyone listening？Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbors react.Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive，the_tables_are_turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.In study after study，it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors.The damage is usually more serious on the first plant，but the neighbors，relatively speaking，stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists dont know.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches，and so，in effect，was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry.So information was exchanged，but it wasnt a true，intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin，over 150 years ago，imagined a world far busier，noisier and more intimate (親密的) than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak.Theres a whole lot going on.1What does a plant do when it is under attack?AIt makes noises.BIt gets help from other plants.CIt stands quietly.DIt sends out certain chemicals.2What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?AThe attackers get attacked.BThe insects gather under the table.CThe plants get ready to fight back.DThe perfumes attract natural enemies.3Scientists find from their studies that plants can _.Apredict natural disastersBprotect themselves against insectsCtalk to one another intentionallyDhelp their neighbors when necessary4What can we infer from the last paragraph?AThe world is changing faster than ever.BPeople have stronger senses than before.CThe world is more complex than it seems.DPeople in Darwins time were more imaginative.BA buildityourself solar still(蒸餾器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available.Developed by two doctors in the US.Department of Agriculture，its an excellent water collector.Unfortunately，you must carry the necessary equipment with you，since its all but impossible to find natural substitutes.The only components required，though，are a 5 5 sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic，six feet of plastic tube，and a containerperhaps just a drinking cupto catch the water.These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still，use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the_water_catchers productivity.Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs upand outthe side of the hole.Next，cover the hole with the plastic sheet，securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheets center down with a rock.The plastic should now form a cone(圓錐體) with 45degreeangled sides.The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over，and no more than three inches above，the cup.The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic.Ground water evaporates (蒸發(fā)) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form，run down the material，and fall off into the cup.When the container is full，you can suck the refreshment out through the tube，and wont have to break down the still every time you need a drink.5What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?AIts delicate. BIts expensive.CIts complex. DIts portable.6What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?AThe tube. BThe still.CThe hole. DThe cup.7What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?ADig a hole of a certain size.BPut the cup in place.CWeight the sheets center down.DCover the hole with the plastic sheet.8When a solar still works，drops of water come into the cup from_.Athe plastic tube Boutside the holeCthe open air Dbeneath the sheetCAfter years of heated debate，gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park.Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park.By last year，the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States，but they were gradually displaced by human development.By the 1920s，wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area.They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada，where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results.Deer and elk populationsmajor food sources (來源) for the wolfgrew rapidly.These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被)，which reduced plant diversity in the park.In the absence of wolves，coyote populations also grew quickly.The coyotes killed a large percentage of the parks red foxes，and completely drove away the parks beavers.As early as 1966，biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park.They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems.Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves.The US.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone.Today，the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone.Elk，deer，and coyote populations are down，while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback.The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.9What is the text mainly about?AWildlife research in the United States.BPlant diversity in the Yellowstone area.CThe conflict between farmers and gray wolves.DThe reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.10What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?ATested. BSeparated.CForced out. DTracked down.11What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?ADamage to local ecology.BA decline in the parks income.CPreservation of vegetation.DAn increase in the variety of animals.12What is the authors attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?ADoubtful. BPositive.CDisapproving. DUncaring.DThe Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and wellbeing among older people，leading to them becoming more isolated (隔絕) and inactive.Led by Professor Phil Blythe，the Newcastle team are developing invehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.These include custommade navigation(導(dǎo)航) tools，night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations.Phil Blythe explains：“For many older people，particularly those living alone or in the country，driving is important for preserving their independence，giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills.The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”Dr Amy Guo，the leading researcher on the older driver study，explains：“The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.“For example，most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly，we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined.Were looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions (解決方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”13What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?ATo explore new means of transport.BTo design new types of cars.CTo find out older drivers problems.DTo teach people traffic rules.14Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?AIt keeps them independent.BIt helps them save time.CIt builds up their strength.DIt cures their mental illnesses.15What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?AImprove their driving skills.BDevelop driverassist technologies.CProvide tips on repairing their cars.DOrganize regular physical checkups.16What is the best title for the text?AA New Model Electric CarBA Solution to Traffic ProblemsCDriving Services for EldersDKeeping Older Drivers on the RoadEIf you bought some candy months ago but never ate it, how can you tell whether it is still safe to eat? The easiest way is to check the “useby date” printed on the wrapper. If that date has already passed, youre likely to throw the candy away. But is that really necessary?According to a new report from the US Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), tons of food is wasted each year, largely because people dont fully understand what expiration dates, or “useby dates”， actually mean. Food dating was introduced in the 1970s because consumers wanted more information about the things that they were eating. When they first showed up, useby dates were only supposed to indicate freshness because producers wanted their products to be tasted in their best conditions. But the truth is that these dates arent related to the risk of food poisoning or foodborn illness, according to Time News. However, most customers misinterpreted useby dates and related them to the safety of the food, and they still largely do now. Eggs, for example, can still be eaten three to five weeks after purchase even though the useby date is much earlier. When their useby dates pass, strawberryflavored drinks may lose their red color and biscuits may lose their crunch (松脆), but they are not harmful.“Its a confusing subject, the difference between food quality and food safety，” said Jena Roberts, vice president of National Food Lab, a US food testing company. “Even in the food industry I have colleagues who get confused.”This is why scientists are calling for a standard explanation to be printed following the useby dates. “We want this to be clearly communicated so consumers are not misunderstanding the data and contributing to a lot of waste，” said Dana Gunders, a staff scientist with the NRDC.But this wont be a mistake that is easy to correct since people have believed it for so long Another problem is that the quality levels of different foods change differentlysome are still safe to eat long after their useby date while others are not.As a result, food industry officials are now thinking of changing the useby date to a date indicating when food is most likely to go bad. 17The useby date was first intended to _. Atell the freshness of foodBshow the safety of foodCgive a warning of food poisoningDindicate the relation between food and illness18The underlined word “misinterpreted” in Paragraph 4 probably means _.Amade guesses about Bformed a wrong idea aboutCmade wrong use of Dtook no notice of19Which of the following is TRUE?AMost customers understand what useby dates mean. B“Useby dates” have existed for more than 50 years. CBiscuits cant be eaten when not as crunchy as they are bought. DEven after their useby dates pass, some foods are still safe to eat.20Scientists are calling for a standard explanation to be printed together with the useby dates because _.Auseby dates are not helpful or reliableBmore consumers get worried about food safetyCmost consumers often misunderstand useby datesDthe quality level of different foods changes differently課時(shí)11閱讀理解體裁解讀(2)說明文【體裁演練】【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章介紹了國際爵士樂日的設(shè)立以及爵士樂現(xiàn)在面臨的問題，探討了爵士樂的未來。1D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“.to raise awareness of jazz music，its significance，and its potential as a unifying (聯(lián)合) voice across cultures.”可知，設(shè)立國際爵士樂日是為了提高人們對爵士樂的認(rèn)識，故選D項(xiàng)“認(rèn)可爵士樂的價(jià)值”。A、B、C三項(xiàng)無中生有，文章沒有提及A項(xiàng)“紀(jì)念爵士樂的誕生”、B項(xiàng)“保護(hù)文化的多樣性”和C項(xiàng)“鼓勵人們學(xué)習(xí)音樂”。2C代詞指代題。第二段提到在美國爵士樂的聽眾數(shù)量正在減少，爵士樂未能受到年輕一代的歡迎，第三段首句提到Jason Moran的工作就是要幫助改變這一現(xiàn)象，由此可知that指代“爵士樂不受年輕人歡迎”這一現(xiàn)象，故選C項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)曲解文意，根據(jù)第三段中的Moran hopes to.make the music more accessible可知，Jason Moran希望爵士樂能更容易被人們了解，顯然A項(xiàng)“爵士樂正變得更容易被人們了解”不符合文意。B項(xiàng)無中生有，文章沒有提到“爵士樂的制作變快了”。D項(xiàng)顛倒是非，根據(jù)第二段中的in the US.the jazz audience continues to shrink可知，在美國爵士樂的聽眾數(shù)量正在減少，D項(xiàng)與文意恰恰相反。3C推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中Jason Moran的話可知，他認(rèn)為世界的運(yùn)作方式跟以前不一樣了，爵士樂也應(yīng)該繼續(xù)發(fā)展，故選C項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)無中生有，文章沒有提到“爵士樂會逐漸消失”。B項(xiàng)顛倒是非，根據(jù)第四段中的“.jazz is not black and white anymore.”可知，爵士樂不再是黑白的。D項(xiàng)無中生有，文章沒有提到“爵士樂每50年改變一次”。4A標(biāo)題歸納題。文章介紹了國際爵士樂日的設(shè)立，討論了爵士樂現(xiàn)在面臨的問題，即未受到年輕一代的關(guān)注，且其娛樂方面的屬性已經(jīng)丟失，故A項(xiàng)“探索爵士樂的未來”作為標(biāo)題最合適。B項(xiàng)曲解文意，文章不是介紹“爵士樂的興衰”。C項(xiàng)無中生有，文章沒有講述“一個爵士樂音樂家的故事”。D項(xiàng)以偏概全，第一段提到了國際爵士樂日的設(shè)立，但文章不是主要介紹“慶祝爵士樂日”的。【能力提升】A【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了植物受到襲擊時(shí)會釋放出某種化學(xué)物質(zhì)來保護(hù)自己并“告知”附近的植物。1D細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“.reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.”可知，植物受到傷害時(shí)會散發(fā)出一種特殊的氣味，而這種特殊的氣味就是某些化學(xué)物質(zhì)，故選D項(xiàng)。A、B兩項(xiàng)無中生有，文章并沒有提及制造聲響和從其他植物那兒獲取幫助的信息；C項(xiàng)曲解文意，第一段中的“.it doesnt sit quietly.”不等于“It stands quietly.”。2A句意猜測題。根據(jù)第三段中的“They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.(它們散發(fā)出氣味意在吸引不同的昆蟲，這些昆蟲是襲擊者的天敵)”，以及畫線部分后的“The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.(正在吃午餐的襲擊者現(xiàn)在就變成了午餐)”可知，畫線部分的意思是襲擊者受到了它的天敵的襲擊，故選A項(xiàng)。B、C兩項(xiàng)無中生有，文中未提及B項(xiàng)“昆蟲聚集在桌子下”、C項(xiàng)“植物們準(zhǔn)備還擊”；D項(xiàng)“氣味吸引了天敵”，文中確實(shí)提到此事，但它提到的是吸引了襲擊者的天敵。3B推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.”和“They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural en