英語科技論文寫作5文獻(xiàn)句型.ppt

,致謝（Acknowledg(e)ment(s)）,這一部分也不是每篇論文所必需的。但論文中的內(nèi)容涉及別人對(duì)作者的幫助，則必須要提出致謝。常用的句型有： Id like to thank The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to Id like to acknowledge I acknowledge Grateful acknowledgement is made to I would like to express my gratitude to,句型庫_研究目的,This problem is concerned (deals, bears) (chiefly, largely, mainly) with. This is a problem relating to. Our work is devoted to The primary goal of the present research is The work presented in this paper focuses in The chief aim of this study is The laboratory study demonstrates (suggests, indicates, reveals, establishes),句型庫_引言_研究背景及歷史,This problem was (first) advanced by The problem under discussion was formulated (raised, posed, brought up, put forward) by Since then the problem has attracted (fascinated) many scientists (workers in this field). This problem has been clarified (elucidated, solved) The problem as can be seen (as is known) is (still) poorly (inadequately) understood.,句型庫_引言_問題的難易,It seems (exceedingly, enormously) difficult to obtain knowledge of the problem It proves (quite, totally) impossible (unrealistic) to try It is rather difficult to solve the problem The problem is rather involved. The problem involves (certain, tremendous) difficulties. It is easy to present (review, analyze, discuss) the problem in all its complexity (in very detail). It is no easy task to gain an insight into the intricate detail of,句型庫_正文_理論說明,Our theory is based on the assumption that This theory proceeds from the idea (principle) of The underlying concept of the theory is as follows. There is a similar (a tentative, an alternative) theory that The basic (fundamental, essential) feature of this theory is The object of this theory is to,句型庫_正文_公式推導(dǎo), is given by: as follows： as in the following： The following equation is obtained. This becomes Therefore, we have can be expressed as can be derived: can be written: can be described by can be represented as,句型庫_正文_方法介紹,引用已有方法 The method of was first developed by The method of came into use as long ago as The original proposal of this method was first published in,句型庫_正文_方法介紹,提出新方法 The method we use differs (greatly, essentially) from the conventional one. The newly-elaborated technique is different from the one previously used. The method is now greatly improved,句型庫_正文_方法介紹,方法的評(píng)價(jià) The procedure we followed has certain advantages over the existing method. This method has many advantages over those available (the exiting ones). This method is advantageous in many respects (as) compared with those available (the exiting ones). One of the assets of this technique is its simplicity (reliability, sensitivity).,句型庫_正文_實(shí)驗(yàn)描述,實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?We made (carried out, performed, initiated) this experiment to show (demonstrate, elucidate, evaluate) a correlation between (certain phenomena, the mechanism of the hypothesis of, some features of ) Experiment on are made (underway) to Earlier (previous) experiments with this technique were intended (designed, designated) to,句型庫_正文_實(shí)驗(yàn)描述,實(shí)驗(yàn)導(dǎo)致的結(jié)論 The experiments reported here demonstrate a variety of changes in (a correlation between, a much resistance to) Our experiments with furnish some new information (further data, new evidence) about the mechanism (the effluence) of Our experiment supports our assumption (hypothesis, evidence) that Further experiments in this area lead us to conclude (believe, suggest) that From these experiments we can conclude that,句型庫_正文_實(shí)驗(yàn)描述,On the basis of these data (From these data) one can conclude that On the basis of these data (From these data) it can be concluded that These data lead us to a conclusion that These data lead us to conclude that These data enable us to conclude that This experiment failed to show (demonstrate) this experiment has not shown (demonstrated),句型庫_正文_結(jié)果和結(jié)論,結(jié)果的意義 The results presented in this paper are (seem) The findings reported here is (quite) striking (remarkable, fascinating). These preliminary findings are very reliable (encouraging, promising, convincing, ambiguous). The results reported here prove (confirm, support, bear out) the hypothesis, assumption, obseration) that,句型庫_正文_結(jié)果和結(jié)論,導(dǎo)致結(jié)論 The findings suggest that These findings lead the author to conclusion that Our data leave open the question of whether In the future, we will extend the present studies to Our work has contributed to the understanding of The research work has brought about a discovery of Further progress can be provided by this experiment.,句型庫_其它常用句型,1、對(duì)A和B的比較表明 A comparison of A and B A comparison of A with B shows that A comparison between A and B 2、現(xiàn)有的 available the existing the current ,句型庫_其它常用句型,3、所產(chǎn)生的 The resultant The resulting 4、該理論認(rèn)為 The theory holds (maintains, claims, implies) that 5、這個(gè)理論來源于 The theory comes (stems, emerges, originates) from The theory is obtained (provided, furnished) from,句型庫_其它常用句型,6、本章論述了 This chapter deals with ( treats, covers, describes, discusses, involves, bears on) This chapter is confined to (devoted to, concerned with) 7、與成反比 be inversely proportional to vary inversely with depend inversely with,句型庫_其它常用句型,8、A隨B的變化曲線圖 the graph (plot) of A as a function of B the graph (plot) of A versus (against) B the graph (plot) of the dependence of A on (upon) B the graph (plot) of the variation of A with B,句型庫_其它常用句型,9、保持不變 remain constant stay unchanged be kept fixed be held the same be maintained unaltered be left,句型庫_其它常用句型,10、獲得的結(jié)果與計(jì)算機(jī)模擬相一致 agrees with is in agreement with The result is in line with the computer simulation. obtained is consistent with fits into,句型庫_其它常用句型,11、得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用 be widely used be in wide use be widely in use find wide application (use) 12、 表示了 A is an indication of A gives an indication of A indicates A is indicative of ,句型庫_其它常用句型,13、把M代入N（我們）得到 Substituting M in (into) N, we obtain (have or get) gives (yields, produces) Substituting M into (in) N results in leads to ,句型庫_其它常用句型,14、該試驗(yàn)未能說明 This experiment failed to show (demonstrate) This experiment has not shown 15、我們做了很多實(shí)驗(yàn)來驗(yàn)證這一理論 preformed A lot of experiments are done to test (verify, made prove, check) conducted the ,句型庫_其它常用句型,16、前面的例子表明 previous The preceding examples shows that forgoing 17、這是由引起的 is due to gives rise to This leads to results in arises from,句型庫_其它常用句型,18、問題的關(guān)鍵是 The key to the problem is The crux The heart of the problem is The main aspect The essence,句型庫_其它常用句型,19、這需要進(jìn)一步的研究 bears research deserves effort This demands further study requires work calls for investigation,句型庫_其它常用句型,20、 分成兩大類 fall into major are divided into two general groups are classified into broad classes are of main categories There are two major groups of ,句型庫_其它常用句型,21、該研究的主要目的在于 chief aim main purpose The primary object of the study is major objective principal goal,句型庫_其它常用句型,in the hope of (that) with the view to do The study has been started in order to do to the end that so that The study is intended (designed) to do Performing the study we hope that intend to do (expect to do) ,句型庫_其它常用句型,22、方程表明 indicates implies shows suggests demonstrates This equation reveals established bears out confirms supports favors provides,句型庫_其它常用句型,23、的體積?。ㄙ|(zhì)量好，重量輕，價(jià)格低） small in size (good in quality, light in weight, low in price) 24、毫無疑問 There is no doubt that There is no question that Without doubt (question) , Beyond doubt (question), No (out of) doubt, ,句型庫_其它常用句型,25、該式適用于（對(duì)是成立的） holds for holds true for This equation is true for is valid for applies to,句型庫_其它常用句型,26、這與沒有（幾乎沒有，有一點(diǎn)，有很多）共同之處。 This has nothing (little, something, much) in common with 27、最好是 It is (most) desirable to (do) that It would be best if ,句型庫_其它常用句型,28、這一點(diǎn)應(yīng)受到（引起）我們的重視（關(guān)注）。 arouse attract This should gain our attention. have receive,句型庫_其它常用句型,29、這是與有關(guān)的問題。 concerned with concerning related to This is a problem relating to bearing on dealing with,句型庫_其它常用句型,30、他們是根據(jù)而提出了這一理論。 put forward advanced developed proposed is based on They suggested this theory, which rests on created proceeds from constructed formulated elabrated,科技論文寫作中的詞匯,科技論文中大量使用各學(xué)科的專門術(shù)語，還經(jīng)常使用一些日常語言中不怎么使用的書面詞匯，主要是突出科技英語正式、莊重的語體特征，同時(shí)應(yīng)避免使用浮華、帶有感情色彩的詞語，當(dāng)然并不是說科技論文中不使用普通詞匯。另外，一些動(dòng)詞短語往往由正式動(dòng)詞替代，以求簡練。,科技論文寫作中的詞匯,普通英語詞匯 科技英語中的非技術(shù)詞 about approximately ask inquire begin commence change transform finish complete get obtain have possess method technique quick rapid similar identical use employ, utilize enough sufficient by which whereby in which wherein in the end eventually,科技論文寫作中的詞匯,動(dòng)詞短語 正式動(dòng)詞 turn on complete take in absorb put up erect put in add wear away erode take away remove use up consume, exhaust look over examine keep up maintain bring out introduce,科技論文寫作中的詞匯,注意詞匯的正確搭配，希望在閱讀文獻(xiàn)時(shí)注意摘錄。e.g. Three-phase slurry reactor has several advantages over fixed-bed reactor. 應(yīng)避免口語中使用的詞語，使句子比較穩(wěn)重。 lots of (a lot of ) many quite a few several 一般在科技論文中不使用生活或新聞報(bào)道中使用的縮略詞語。 lab laboratory auto automobile ad advertisement,科技論文寫作中的詞匯,趨于用名詞來表示動(dòng)作。 Mass-transfer is compared with heat-transfer. A comparison of mass-transfer with heat-transfer is made. The performance of this flow meter is analyzed. An analysis of the performance of this flow meter is made. E gives an indication of (indicates) activation energy. Fig. 2-6 provides an illustration of (illustrates) the effect of reaction temperature on the yield.,句子的特征,句子長，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?？刹捎萌N手段處理句子。 （1）with短語、形容詞短語、分詞短語等 （2）with結(jié)構(gòu)、分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)等 （3）各類從句，尤其是定語從句,句子的特征,With (1) “with +某些抽象名詞”等效于這些名詞所對(duì)應(yīng)的副詞，但語氣更強(qiáng)。 These experiments should be done with care. This parameter can be measured with accuracy. (2)with 與vary, change, increase, decrease等動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)可表示“隨著”之意。 The conductivity of a semiconductor varies with temperature,句子的特征,(3)將with用在句首可表示“對(duì)于，有了”等意思。 With the alternating current, things are different. 對(duì)于交流電來說，情況就不同了。 With radar, we can see distant objects. 有了雷達(dá)，我們可以看到遠(yuǎn)處的物體 (4)可構(gòu)成一種“with結(jié)構(gòu)”，其應(yīng)用特別廣泛。,句子的特征,“with結(jié)構(gòu)”指以下的形式： 分詞 介詞短語 形容詞（短語） with + 名詞（或代詞） 副詞 不定式短語 名詞（短語）,句子的特征,作狀語 寫作重點(diǎn)： 處于句首表示條件、時(shí)間和原因， 處于句尾表示附加說明、方式、條件。 With friction present, a part of power has been lost as heat. 由于存在摩擦，所以一部分功率作為熱損耗掉了。 Both practical design techniques and theoretical problems are covered with emphasis on general concepts. （本書）既講了實(shí)際的設(shè)計(jì)方法，同時(shí)也講述了理論問題，而側(cè)重點(diǎn)則放在一般概念上。,句子的特征,Each planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit, with the sun at one focus of the ellipse. 每顆行星在橢圓軌道上繞太陽運(yùn)行，而太陽處于橢圓的一個(gè)焦點(diǎn)上。 All present states are stable with no inputs present. 在沒有輸入的情況下，目前的所有狀態(tài)均是穩(wěn)定的。 The second term is evaluated similarly, with Z a function of y alone. 第二項(xiàng)可以同樣計(jì)算出來，只要把Z僅作為y的函數(shù)就行。,句子的特征,An initial analysis of the device parameters has been made with satisfactory results. A brief introduction to the principles of a CSTR is given with emphasis on reactor model. 作定語 This is an inequality with zero on the right. 這是一個(gè)右邊為零的不等式。,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,（1）主語系動(dòng)詞表語（名詞） 這種句型所表達(dá)的語氣比用形容詞作表語的句型更強(qiáng)烈。 This is too small a signal. This is so sensitive an instrument that it can measure the slight change in pressure. （2）采用“ 主謂賓” 句型代替漢語中的“ 主系表” 句型。 撰寫論文時(shí)受漢語的影響，很不習(xí)慣使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,“Have” 句型 即句中謂語動(dòng)詞為have。凡在漢語句中似乎找不到的動(dòng)詞一般可使用這一句型，它主要用于表示尺寸、大小、比較、優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)等概念。 A. 表示尺寸、大小、長度、高度 “Something +have +a (an)+表示大小的名詞+of +數(shù)量” The wall of the reactor has a thickness of 1 centimeter. This pipe has an approximate length of 50 meters.,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,B. 表示比較 “something A +have +比較級(jí)（或as+形容詞原級(jí)）+要比較的名詞+than + something B” This substance has a more complicated chemical structure than that one. Alcohol does not have as high a boiling point as water (does).,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,C. 表示優(yōu)缺點(diǎn) “主語+have+優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的名詞” The reactor has the advantages of simple structure and high efficiency. The three-phase slurry reactor has the disadvantage of its height.,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,（3）采用BE句型。這一句型我們也不是十分熟悉。 A. 表示大小、數(shù)量 Something +be+數(shù)量+表示大小的形容詞（或in +表示大小的名詞） The distillation column is 20 meters high. （或in height） These perforated plates are 2 centimeters thick. 當(dāng)然根據(jù)語法條文，也可寫成以下的句型，中國人特別習(xí)慣這一句型。 The height of the distillation column is 20 meters.,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,B. 表示比較 物A + be +比較級(jí)（或as +原級(jí)）+in+要比較的對(duì)象+than (as)+物B This substance is more complicated in chemical structure than that one. Alcohol is not as high in boiling point as water (is). 中國人的習(xí)慣 The chemical structure of this substance is more complicated than that of that substance,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,(4)不少情況下使用靜態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)來表示狀態(tài)、特征、情況以取代采用行為或過程的句法結(jié)構(gòu)。 使用“系動(dòng)詞+表語”的結(jié)構(gòu)。表語一般是形容詞，有時(shí)也可是名詞或介詞短語。 The flask is breakable (can be broken). This method is applicable (can be applied ) to process simulation. The resistance of mass-transfer is ignorable (can be ignored).,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,A hyperbola is indicative (indicate) of an inverse proportion. Eq. 1 is an illustration (illustrates) of global kinetics model. The problem is under consideration (is being considered). This product is in great demand (is needed by a great many companies).,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,(5)不少情況下用短語代替從句，特別是代替狀語從句和定語從句，使句子更為緊湊，避免結(jié)構(gòu)松散。 A. 用介詞短語代替狀語從句。 After the experiments have been completed, After (At or ON) the completion of the experiments , If the temperature is greater than 60 , At a temperature greater than 60, ,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,If the temperature is decreased by 10, For a decrease in temperature of 10, If the pressure remains constant , At constant pressure , B. 用作主語的名詞短語代替表示條件、原因、目的狀語從句。 If the results are analyzed, it can be shown that =An analysis of the results shows that ,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,Since there is no atmosphere in space, scientists could make pure drugs there. =The absence of atmosphere in space would enable scientists to make pure drugs there. If experimental data are compared with the calculated ones, it can be shown that =A comparison of experimental data ,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,(6)限定性的短語或從句 按照傳統(tǒng)語法，當(dāng)你希望從一組事物中，把其中一個(gè)(一部分)特別區(qū)分出釆，以“限定說明”其與其他部分不同之處時(shí)，要采用“that”(而不是”which”)，也就是說，that引出的是實(shí)質(zhì)性的信息。這個(gè)短語或從句就成了主句或句子的必需成分，它們是限定性的短語或從句。沒有這個(gè)短語或從句，主句或句子就失去了基本含義。,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,Comparison will be restricted to acetylene compounds that (不用which) have the same functional end groups. Reaction leading to the desired products are shown in Scheme 1. (7) 非限定性短語或從句 當(dāng)一個(gè)短語或從句雖然能傳達(dá)信息，但并不是主要的而只是附加的信息，那么它們稱為非限定性短語或從句。也就是，當(dāng)它們被刪除時(shí)，主句沒有失去其根本含義。非限定性從句的引入采用“which”，非限定性短語和從句與句子的其他部分用逗號(hào)隔開。,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,All the chemicals that lost labels must be labeled as “waste“ , which will be shipped out and destroyed by the Waste Task Unit. Melvin Calvin, who won the Nobel Prize in 1961, elucidated the biochemical pathways in photosynthesis。,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,注意： 1、應(yīng)模仿國外科技文獻(xiàn)中的一些固定、地道的說法及特殊的句型。 The device is small in size. Emphasis is put on what is described in this chapter. This device is characterized by small size, light weight, high efficiency and low cost. These rectors are (of different sizes) different in size.,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,2、在表示“ 的方法是”時(shí)，往往不采用“ The method for is”的句型，而是采用“ is found (determined, increased, achieved, solved, calculated, reduced, obtained, satisfied, separated, constructed, analyzed, adjusted, minimized etc. ) by ”這一結(jié)構(gòu)。 The side reaction is minimized by proper reactor design. The operation conditions are determined by catalyst used.,經(jīng)常使用的一些句子的表達(dá)方式,3、并列復(fù)合句中的語法形式應(yīng)一致 所謂的語法形式要一致，就是說并列復(fù)合句中各分句一般來說應(yīng)使用同一時(shí)態(tài)，同一語態(tài)，有時(shí)甚至使用同一句型。特別是不要前一分句使用主動(dòng)態(tài)，而后一分句用被動(dòng)態(tài) 4、科技論文中不使用口語體的縮略形式。 It has been shown that 不應(yīng)寫成Its been shown that We will deal with 不應(yīng)寫成We ll deal with ,段落,主題句(topic sentence) 它用來闡述段落的中心思想。在一般情況下，主題句均處于段落的第一句；有時(shí)也可在段落的末尾或其它地方，甚至可以用含蓄的方式來表示，需要注意的是，英語寫作是非常強(qiáng)調(diào)主題句的。 論證句(supporting sentence) 論證句又稱支持句或次要句，它是用來對(duì)主題句作具體闡述，主要通過列舉事實(shí)、范例、原因等來闡明中心思想。 結(jié)論句(concluding sentence) 它用來總結(jié)要點(diǎn)、提出供讀者思考的一些見解等，同時(shí)表明段落的結(jié)束。有時(shí)某一段落也可能沒有結(jié)論句。,段落,段落的