外文翻譯-世界煤炭液化技術(shù)進(jìn)展與我國對策

原文：World coal liquefaction technology progress and the policy of China 1.The concept of coal liquefaction coal liquefaction is the concept of solid coal through chemical machining process, to make it into liquid fuels and chemical raw materials and products of advanced clean coal technologies. According to various processing line and the liquefied coal liquefaction can be divided into direct and indirect liquefaction two categories. The direct coal liquefaction technology refers to the high temperature and high pressure conditions, hydrogenation of coal through the complex organic structures directly into liquid fuels technology, also known as hydrogenation liquefaction. The typical process includes mainly coal crusher with the dry coal slurry preparation, hydrogenation liquefaction, solid-liquid separation, gas purification, Liquid products fractionation and refining, gasification and liquefaction residue to produce hydrogen, and other parts of the characteristics of the coal requirements more stringent, However, high thermal efficiency, high yield of liquid products. Under normal circumstances, 1t dry, ash-free coal can be transformed into a half tons of liquefied oil, hydrogen production from coal with about three-four t raw materials 1t refined oil products, Liquefaction during provide quality oil processed to produce cleaner quality of gasoline, diesel and aviation fuel. The indirect coal liquefaction technology is the first full gasification of coal into synthetic gas, Then coal-based synthesis gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) as raw materials, to a certain temperature and pressure. its catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbon fuel and chemical raw materials and products of technology, including coal gasification system from syngas, Purification and gas exchange, catalytic synthesis of hydrocarbon products and product separation and processing restructuring process. Under normal circumstances, about 5 7t to 1t coal refined oil products, coal is characterized by widely applicable, the total efficiency of low investment.2. Chinas need for coal liquefaction1) in the foreseeable future, Chinas coal-based energy structure will not change with the majority of the worlds countries. Chinas energy resources is characterized by abundant coal resources, and oil and gas relatively limited. The latest data shows that Chinas proven reserves of coal to 114.5 billion t, reserve-production ratio of 93, according to the same heat, equivalent to the current proven oil and gas reserves total 17 times. Proven oil reserves of 38 billion tons, accounting for fossil energy proven reserves of 5.6%, the reserve-production ratio of 24. Proven recoverable gas reserves of 1.37 trillion m3, accounting for fossil energy proven reserves of 2%, the reserve-production ratio of 56. This shows that coal is Chinas future may depend on the energy. Furthermore, from an economic point of view, coal is the cheapest source of energy. China is a developing country, but also energy consuming nation, economic strength and the energy supply call for Chinas energy consumption must be based on domestic supply of energy, This means Chinas energy structure should be based on coal as the main players. It is projected that by 2050, coal in Chinas energy consumption will remain the proportion accounted for around 50%. The large-scale use of coal, causing serious environmental pollution problem. Chinas SO2 emissions ranked first in the world, acid rain coverage over the land area to 30% Global emissions of carbon dioxide emissions account for 13% of the listed second in the world, of which the coal SO2, CO2 emissions and hydroxides were about the national total of 85%, 85% and 60%. Chinas coal-based energy consumption structure is facing severe challenges. How to solve the pollution caused by coal-fired issues are fast approaching. 2) Oil imports rising rapidly, on the security of energy supply poses a threatOil is a threat to the protection of national economic lifeline and political security of the important strategic commodities . Our oil resources are relatively scarce and that time now, its proven recoverable reserves of 38 billion tons, accounting for the worlds reserves of 2.6%. In recent years, Chinas crude oil output has been hovering between 160 million t%, and there will not be much future growth, This is determined by Chinas oil resources and the distribution of development determined by the status quo. However, with the economic development and improving the peoples living conditions, end-use energy consumption in China is gradually to the quality and efficient clean energy conversion, oil consumption has increased. Since oil can not meet domestic demand, dependence on imported oil is getting higher and higher. Since 1993 became a net importer of oil, oil imports have risen rapidly 2000 has reached 69.69 million t, the degree of dependence on oil imports reached 30%, anticipated in the next 20 years could reach 50%. Of the surge in imports, the increased dependence, the energy supply in China pose a threat to security. 3) Coal liquefaction can increase the liquid fuel supply capacity, the coal industry is conducive to the sustainable developmentCoal can be liquefied by sulfur and other harmful elements in the ash removal, the secondary access to clean energy, optimizing energy structure terminals, reducing pollution is of great strategic significance.Coal liquefaction to produce quality petrol, diesel and aviation fuel, especially aviation fuel, unit volume demand for the high-calorie, asking cycloparaffins and high oil and coal liquefaction is characterized by rich cycloparaffins. through hydrotreating can enjoy high quality aviation fuel. Development of coal liquefaction can not only solve environmental pollution caused by coal-fired, make full use of Chinas rich coal resources, coal industry to ensure the sustainable development meet future growth in energy demand, but more importantly, Coal liquefaction can produce the applicable fuel economy, a large number of alternatives to diesel, petrol and other fuels, effectively solve the shortage of oil supply and oil supply security, and economic inputs and operating costs are lower than oil imports, This will be conducive to Chinas clean energy development and the long-term security of energy supply3. Chinese coal liquefaction Situation and Prospects 3.1 Coal liquefaction technologyDomestic coal liquefaction technology research institutions are two : First, the Coal Science Research Institute. responsible for direct coal liquefaction technology and the introduction of the study, another Academy Shanxi by coal rank. responsible for the indirect liquefaction technology research and development. First, the Coal Science Research Institute, responsible for direct coal liquefaction technology and the introduction of the study, another Academy Shanxi by coal rank. responsible for the indirect liquefaction technology research and development. 1) direct liquefaction China from the late 1970s began direct coal liquefaction technology research and research, its purpose is coal production of gasoline, diesel and other transportation fuels and chemical raw materials such as aromatics. Coal Science Research Institute through the June 5 to 95 and the international scientific and technological cooperation, includes Japan, Germany introduced two sets of small direct liquefaction experiments devices from the United States to introduce a Quality liquefied oil processing test device scale were 0.1 t / day, and built with advanced materials and product analysis test equipment. After nearly 20 years of a pilot study to identify the 14 species suitable for the direct liquefaction of coal in China; elected the five species of activity is higher, with the worlds advanced level of catalyst; completed a four coal technology test, for the development of Chinas coal suitable for the direct coal liquefaction process laid the foundation; the success of Coal Liquefaction crude oil processed into qualified petrol, diesel and aviation kerosene. At present, coal products have been qualified to the whole process has to work, direct coal liquefaction technology in China have completed a basic study To further enlarge and construction of industrial production plants to lay a solid foundation. 2) indirect liquefaction China from the early 1950s that began indirect coal liquefaction technology, Jinzhou has conducted 4,500 t / year of indirect coal liquefaction pilot, found after the termination of the Daqing Oilfield. Since the 1970s, the two oil crises, and the rich coal less oil, the energy structure of the series. Ever since the early 1980s, has returned to the indirect liquefaction of coal synthetic fuel technology, Shanxi by the Chinese Academy of Sciences organized the implementation of coalification. July 5, which opened in Shanxi coal rank of coal-based synthetic fuel technology has been listed as a national key scientific and technological projects. 1989 on behalf of the county completed a fertilizer plant experimental. Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the state and the Shanxi provincial government investment over 2,000 million Jincheng in the establishment of a fertilizer plant with an annual production capacity of 2,000 tons of gasoline industrial testing equipment, to produce a 90 petrol. On this basis, the annual output of 100,000 tons of synthetic petrol technology. Currently, 10,000-ton coal-based synthetic fuel technology software development and integration study is ongoing, From the beginning of the 1990s study for the synthetic diesel cobalt-based catalyst technology is now in the testing stage. After 20 years of development and research, China already has the building of 10,000-ton scale production of the technical reserves, in key technologies and catalyst research and development has to have its own intellectual property rights. Can say that our own research and development of coal liquefaction technology has reached the worlds advanced level. 3.2 ongoing liquefaction project Nearly two years, As international oil prices have risen and the contradiction between oil supply and demand become more acute, and building commercial coal liquefaction plant model has been included in the relevant departments of the Chinese governments agenda. Meanwhile enterprises to build coal liquefaction plants are also enthusiastic unprecedented. 1997-2000, the Beijing Research Institute of Coal Science coalification difference with Germany, Japan, U.S. authorities and agencies in cooperation with the Yunnan Xianfeng lignite. Shenhua Coal and Heilongjiang gotten direct coal liquefaction demonstration plant (pre-) feasibility study. At present, the State Development Planning Commission had formally approved the divine China mine construction of direct coal liquefaction demonstration plant project, an oil project of the oil production capacity of 2.5 million t / year, with an annual consumption of about 17 million t. Currently, Shenhua Corporation is speeding up the preliminary works programs and feasibility studies. In addition, the vanguard of Yunnan, Heilongjiang Yilan, Pingdingshan in Henan, Zhalainuoer Inner Mongolia coal liquefaction project of the preliminary work has been basically completed, has entered the establishment phase. In addition, Guizhou, Shandong, Shanxi, Ningxia, and other provinces is in the midst of coal and coal liquefaction pilot in the early stage of research. The indirect liquefaction, the beginning of this year, CAS Shanxi by coal rank and Link Energy Limited on the smooth formation of a common laboratory synthetic oil agreement Even with the company for the Shanxi Coal Chemical Technical Research and Development funded 15 million yuan, key technology for the research and development of relevant technologies, and ultimately with 3 -5 years of Shuozhou in Shanxi built an annual output of 150,000 t liquefaction synthetic oil indirect liquefaction plants. April, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Shanxi provincial government signed the development of an indirect coal liquefaction Shanxi Synthetic industry framework agreement, According to the agreement, in the next 5 -10 years, Shanxi Province will be their advantage in coal resources to rely on, industrial sector through the partnership, through investment and social forms of financing, Datong and Shuozhou in several large coal completed between 1 million tons of coal-based Synthetic core, polygeneration large enterprise groups. 3.3 Chinese coal liquefaction industry prospect of social energy, The basis for economic development. Optimizing the structure of energy consumption, security of energy supply is the limits of Chinas economic development, achieving middle of the 21st century to achieve the level of moderately developed countries of the important strategic objectives support and content. With Chinas rapid economic development, how to play an effective coal resources, optimizing energy structure, solve the oil shortage and the resulting energy security issues, and has aroused the Chinese government attach great importance to it. Chinas abundant coal resources, lignite, a low rank coal and the substantial proportion of high-sulfur coal. If the direct use of these coal as a low heat value, poor quality, heavy pollution has been largely restricted, the market demand for increasingly shrinking. Conversely, low metamorphic coal and coal also vulnerable to liquefaction, coal liquefaction of coal optimization. It is estimated that Chinas coal reserves, which can only be used for the direct liquefaction of the resources of more than 50 million t. Therefore, the abundant domestic coal resources for the foundation, vigorously develop the coal liquefaction technology, achieving commercial production, and eventually form a new energy into the coal industry, the balance of Chinas energy structure, solve the shortage of oil has great strategic significance, the industry is optimistic about prospects. In addition, from a technical point of view, Chinas coal liquefaction technology, after decades of the introduction and assimilation, experimental research and self-development, has become more and more mature. Which indirect coal liquefaction technology has reached the international advanced level in some key technologies, catalysts for the development of self-owned intellectual property. Although direct coal liquefaction only engaged in small test, from the large-scale commercial application there is a considerable distance. But the developed countries with large-scale pilot plant has been in operation for many years, has now basically have the industrial production conditions, but these countries to participate in China coal liquefaction projects, the enthusiasm is very high. From the cost of production, according to the Coal Science Research Institute of Chinese gods, Pioneer, Yilan direct coal liquefaction demonstration projects done feasibility studies and by the Shanxi Coal Chemical Shuozhou indirect coal liquefaction project made possible research, direct liquefaction and indirect liquefaction of the fuel production costs were lower than 20 U.S. dollars / barrel, far below the OPEC oil price in the future 25-30 U.S. dollars / barrel to the target value. show good market competitiveness. From the market demands, China is a big oil consuming countries, oil imports growing 2000 has reached 70 million t, but the next year will be 10 million t of exports hence the market is guaranteed. From the national policies, substituting oil with coal is Chinas long-term energy policy an important component of the Central and local governments fully support the coal oil technology, which coal liquefaction is coal oil one of the main techniques. China has put development of the coal liquefaction included in the state 15 development planning, Central leaders of the coal liquefaction technology is an important development and support. From a social basis, many coal enterprises in China is very concerned about the coal liquefaction technology industry development, coal liquefaction project to the enthusiasm high, and many enterprises have completed a large number of prospects, China so as to the industrialization of coal liquefaction process played a role. Evidently, Chinese coal industry is optimistic about prospects for the market are very broad. Development of coal liquefaction in China coal as a sustainable industrial development and mitigate the deterioration of the environment, optimizing the energy structure, solving the shortage of oil, guarantee the security of energy supply one of the most effective ways in the next 10 years will be rapid development. Experts predict that the 15 period, China will build a 1 -2 Block commercial direct coal liquefaction demonstration plant and an indirect liquefaction demonstration plant in 2006 and 2010, China will build a number of coal liquefaction plants, coal liquefaction industry will basically formed譯文世界煤炭液化技術(shù)進(jìn)展與我國對策1煤炭液化的概念 煤炭液化是把固體煤炭通過化學(xué)加工過程，使其轉(zhuǎn)化成為液體燃料、化工原料和產(chǎn)品的先進(jìn)潔凈煤技術(shù)。根據(jù)不同的加工路線，煤炭液化可分為直接液化和間接液化兩大類。煤的直接液化技術(shù)是指在高溫高壓條件下，通過加氫使煤中復(fù)雜的有機(jī)化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)直接轉(zhuǎn)化成為液體燃料的技術(shù)，又稱加氫液化。其典型的工藝過程主要包括煤的破碎與干燥、煤漿制備、加氫液化、固液分離、氣體凈化、液體產(chǎn)品分餾和精制，以及液化殘渣氣化制取氫氣等部分，特點(diǎn)是對煤種要求較為嚴(yán)格，但熱效率高，液體產(chǎn)品收率高。一般情況下，1t無水無灰煤能轉(zhuǎn)化成半噸以上的液化油，加上制氫用煤約34t原料產(chǎn)1t成品油，液化油在進(jìn)行提質(zhì)加工后可生產(chǎn)潔凈優(yōu)質(zhì)的汽油、柴油和航空燃料等。煤的間接液化技術(shù)是先將煤全部氣化成合成氣，然后以煤基合成氣（一氧化碳和氫氣）為原料，在一定溫度和壓力下，將其催化合成為烴類燃料油及化工原料和產(chǎn)品的工藝，包括煤炭氣化制取合成氣、氣體凈化與交換、催化合成烴類產(chǎn)品以及產(chǎn)品分離和改制加工等過程。一般情況下，約57t原煤產(chǎn)1t成品油，其特點(diǎn)是適用煤種廣、總效率較低、投資大。2中國發(fā)展煤炭液化的必要性1）在可預(yù)見的將來，中國以煤為主的能源結(jié)構(gòu)不會改變與世界大多數(shù)國家相比，中國能源資源特點(diǎn)是煤炭資源豐富，而石油、天然氣相對貧乏。最新資料表明，中國煤炭探明儲量為1145億t，儲采比為93，按同等發(fā)熱量計算，相當(dāng)于目前已探明石油和天然氣儲量總和的17倍。石油探明儲量為38億t，占我國化石能源探明儲量的5.6%，儲采比為24。天然氣探明可采儲量為1.37萬億m3，占化石能源探明儲量的2%，儲采比為56。由此可見，煤炭是中國未來的主要可依賴能源。此外，從經(jīng)濟(jì)上看，煤炭也是最廉價的能源。我國是發(fā)展中國家，又是能源消費(fèi)大國，經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力和能源供應(yīng)都要求我國的能源消費(fèi)必須立足于國內(nèi)的能源供應(yīng)，這就決定