《高中語(yǔ)法總結(jié)》PPT課件.ppt

英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法高中版 目錄： 第一章 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 第二章 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 第三章 動(dòng)詞不定式 第四章 動(dòng)名詞 第五章 分詞 第六章 助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 第七章 動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)氣 第八章 強(qiáng)調(diào)句、語(yǔ)序和倒裝 第九章 名詞從句 第十章 定語(yǔ)從句 第十一章 狀語(yǔ)從句 第十二章 主謂一致,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) the present perfect tense,過(guò)去發(fā)生的而與現(xiàn)在的情況有關(guān)的事或狀態(tài)， 或者是從過(guò)去某時(shí)到現(xiàn)在為止這一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的情況。 【一定與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系】 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法：“繼續(xù)”、“完成”、“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”、“結(jié)果”。 My father has worked here for nearly 30 years. 【從過(guò)去繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)】 I have visited the state of Michigan twice.【過(guò)去某時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作使現(xiàn)在有某種經(jīng)驗(yàn)】 I have just finished my homework.【現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作】 I have lost my dictionary.【過(guò)去發(fā)生了某動(dòng)作導(dǎo)致現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果】 四種用法的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： 繼續(xù) since, for, How long?, all, etc. 經(jīng)驗(yàn) often, ever, never, before, once, times 完成 already, just, yet, etc. 結(jié)果 不需要時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),表示繼續(xù)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 【一定要和現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系，否則只需要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)】 I began to study English three years ago. I still study English now. I have studied English since three years ago. 常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：for+時(shí)間；since+過(guò)去某時(shí)。 “for+時(shí)間”可以和各種時(shí)態(tài)連用，千萬(wàn)不要產(chǎn)生誤解，認(rèn)為它只用于完成時(shí)。 He studied in Beijing University for 4 years in 1960s. 此句是過(guò)去時(shí)，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)，只是在過(guò)去的二十世紀(jì)六十年代發(fā)生的事，同樣可以用“for+時(shí)間”。 “since+過(guò)去的時(shí)間”表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，此時(shí)，since是介詞。 Ive learned to dance since three years ago. We have known each other since we were children. 注意：通常since引導(dǎo)的從句的動(dòng)詞是用過(guò)去時(shí)，而主句原則上是用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，但用“its+時(shí)間”開(kāi)始的句子例外。 Its ten years since we left school. 其它時(shí)間副詞：always, often, these days (months, years), recently (lately), so far=up to now=till now=until now, in the last (past) few years,表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1. 過(guò)去時(shí)：Helen read the novel three years ago and she read the novel again and again. 2. 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：Now she knows the novel (or Now she remembers the novel). 1+2=3 3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：Helen has read the novel three times. 常用表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： 置于句中的 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（副詞）often, ever, never。 注意never的位置，如， No, I never have No, I have never done that. 放在句末的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：表示頻率的副詞，before, yet She has read the poem once. I have taught English in this school before. have (has) been辨析,表示完成、結(jié)果的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 【表示結(jié)果的完成時(shí)，往往不必用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)】 I finished my homework yesterday. 昨天做完了作業(yè)。（和現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)，現(xiàn)在也許又在做作業(yè)） Ive just finished my homework. 已經(jīng)做完作業(yè)。（現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有作業(yè)可做） I opened the window. 過(guò)去的動(dòng)作 The window is open now. 過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響還存在 I have opened the window. 我已經(jīng)打開(kāi)了窗戶(hù)。 表示完成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（副詞）：already, just, yet. 放在句中的副詞 already, just I have already written a letter to my teacher. I have just phoned him. 注意：already有時(shí)也用在疑問(wèn)句中 Has she arrived at the station already? （暗示驚訝的心情，可能她動(dòng)作很慢，沒(méi)想到已經(jīng)到了，給人出乎意料的感覺(jué)） 放在句末的副詞 yet I havent had lunch yet. 在否定句中，yet譯為“還”。 Has she seen the doctor yet? 在疑問(wèn)句中，yet譯為“已經(jīng)”。 （not yet常代替否定句）,使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)需要注意的事項(xiàng) 1. just now和just的區(qū)別 兩者皆可譯為“剛才”，但just now一般用于過(guò)去時(shí)，而just用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，而且它們?cè)诰渲械奈恢靡膊煌?。（just now置于句末，just置于have/has后） 2. Today, this morning, this afternoon He didnt do his homework this afternoon. 根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)是過(guò)去時(shí)可以推測(cè)說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)已經(jīng)是晚上了，所以此句要譯為“他今天下午沒(méi)做作業(yè)” He hasnt done his homework this afternoon.根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以推測(cè)現(xiàn)在還是下午，如果是晚上應(yīng)該用hadnt，所以此句要譯為“他今天下午還沒(méi)做作業(yè)呢” 【下午說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)，他還有可能去做作業(yè)】 He arrived here a little late today, because he got up late and didnt catch the bus. 他遲到了，因?yàn)樗砥?，而且沒(méi)趕上車(chē)。到達(dá)arrived的動(dòng)作已經(jīng)過(guò)去了。 He has been busy today. 僅太難很忙。【截止到說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)，仍是今天，他仍很忙?！?3. 注意地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用【有時(shí)一個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)會(huì)影響時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)限定了時(shí)間】 I bought this watch in Shanghai. “在上海”就限定了買(mǎi)手表這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的某個(gè)時(shí)間，而我們就不能把這個(gè)動(dòng)作和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來(lái)了，所以這個(gè)句子雖然沒(méi)有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但這個(gè)地點(diǎn)限定了此句只能用過(guò)去時(shí)。 4. 幾種時(shí)態(tài)表同一意思”他離開(kāi)中國(guó)已經(jīng)兩年了” 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：He left China two years ago. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：It is two years since he left China. 【句型：it is +時(shí)間+since+過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的句子】 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：He has been away from China for 2 years.,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)側(cè)重于動(dòng)作的結(jié)束或完成；而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則側(cè)重于動(dòng)作的未結(jié)束和繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。而且現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)基本上沒(méi)有否定時(shí)態(tài)。 2. He hasnt been sleeping for 5 hours. 否定詞看似否定的是謂語(yǔ)hasnt been sleeping，但實(shí)際上卻否定了狀語(yǔ)for 5 hours。譯為“他沒(méi)有一直睡五個(gè)小時(shí)?！币苍S是四個(gè)小時(shí)，或三個(gè)小時(shí)。 3. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)久或帶感情色彩。 Miller has always been studying hard. 米勒學(xué)習(xí)總是非常努力。（贊許的感情色彩） 4. 動(dòng)作不包含持續(xù)意思的動(dòng)詞要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。 The artist has painted the painting. 畫(huà)家畫(huà)完了畫(huà)。 The artist has been painting the painting. 畫(huà)家一直在畫(huà)畫(huà)。 5. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)也用來(lái)表示一種在現(xiàn)在以前這個(gè)階段反復(fù)發(fā)生的事。 Ive always been thinking of her but I cant see her. He has been promising me to help you. Hasnt he done it? 6.用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)基本上和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)相同。,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示已做完的事情及已有的經(jīng)驗(yàn) 但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則無(wú)這兩種作用,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) Passive voice,英語(yǔ)中時(shí)態(tài)的種類(lèi)：過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在，將來(lái)，一般，進(jìn)行，完成，組合十六種。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)；一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；一般將來(lái)時(shí)； 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)；將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)； 過(guò)去完成時(shí)；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；將來(lái)完成時(shí)； 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)；過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)；過(guò)去將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)； 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)； 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)； 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種復(fù)雜時(shí)態(tài)： 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) The lifesaver has saved more than twenty lives. More than twenty lives have been saved (by the lifesaver). 過(guò)去完成時(shí) They had built ten bridges by 1980. Ten bridges had been built (by them) by 1980.【by them 和by 1980意義不同，后者是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，不能省略】 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) Mother said she would punish the naughty boy this evening. Mother said the naughty boy would be punished. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)【使用很少】 We shall have made ten thousand DVDs by the end of this month. Ten thousand DVDs will have been made (by us) by the end of this month. 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)【使用很少】 He said he would have learned five thousand words by 2000. He said five thousand words would have been learned (by him) by 2000.,沒(méi)有被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài),完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：用完成時(shí)。 The builders have been building this skyscraper for two months. This skyscraper has been built for two months. 將來(lái)完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：用一般將來(lái)時(shí)。 You will be doing the experiment here at this time next Monday. The experiment will be done here at this time next Monday.,被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種類(lèi)型,有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的句子的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： 主動(dòng)句：S + V + IO（間賓）+ DO（直賓） 被動(dòng)句：S（原IO）+ be + 原DO + by + 原主語(yǔ)之賓格 S（原DO）+ be + 過(guò)去分詞 + by + 原主語(yǔ)之賓格 可有兩種被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞：award, buy, give, leave, lend, offer, pay, show, teach, tell He lent me a bike.A bike was lent to me (by him).I was lent a bike (by him). 通常用直賓做被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主語(yǔ)的一些動(dòng)詞：bring, do, make, pass, sell, send, sing, write, sew He wrote her a letter. A letter was written (to) her by him.She was written a letter.（不合習(xí)慣） 通常用間賓做被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主語(yǔ)的一些動(dòng)詞：answer, deny, envy, refuse, save, spare I refused her the invitation. She was refused the invitation by me.The invitation was refused him by me.（不合習(xí)慣） 含有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句子（SVOC）的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)放在過(guò)去分詞后，其位置雖然保持不變，但語(yǔ)法功能變了此時(shí)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)不在是賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，而變成了主語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。 He saw a thief steal something from the room. A thief was seen to steal something from the room.,由非短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：介詞或副詞的位置與短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)比起來(lái)很不固定，非常靈活。 The students danced around the visitors. the visitors were danced around (by the students). Around (by the students) the visitors were danced. 注意：will用于第一人稱(chēng)是表說(shuō)話(huà)者的意志，因此改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，其主語(yǔ)you, he第二、第三人稱(chēng)，須用shall，以表說(shuō)話(huà)者“我”的意志。 I will ask him.He shall be asked (by me). 否定祈使句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： 主動(dòng)句Dont + V（原形） + O 被動(dòng)句Dont + O（原賓語(yǔ)） + be + 過(guò)去分詞 Dont tell him the truth.Dont let the truth be told to him. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 1. 根據(jù)狀語(yǔ)來(lái)區(qū)別：有時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或方式狀語(yǔ)的，一般為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，反之則為系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 2. 根據(jù)所用的時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)區(qū)別：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)要與它的相應(yīng)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子一致，系表結(jié)構(gòu)不需要考慮時(shí)態(tài)一致問(wèn)題；系表結(jié)構(gòu)只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)，不能用于其他時(shí)態(tài)。而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)除了不用與完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)外，可用于其它任何時(shí)態(tài)。 3. 根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的種類(lèi)來(lái)區(qū)別：不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，除非它后面有介詞或副詞。所以be+不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞一般不是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如下： 表狀態(tài)be gone, be returned, be fallen, be risen, be retired. 表智力活動(dòng)結(jié)果be learned, be educated, be mistaken, be known. 表心態(tài)be ashamed, be interested, be astonished, be excited, be pleased.【有時(shí)這些表心態(tài)的動(dòng)詞和可接by來(lái)表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義】 be+延續(xù)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞只表被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),如下： be admired, be loved, be respected, be encouraged, be praised.,學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng),感官動(dòng)詞表示狀態(tài)或結(jié)果時(shí)；賓語(yǔ)起狀語(yǔ)作用，表示數(shù)量、重量、大小、程度時(shí)， 主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng) 這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有： smile, smell, sound, taste, look, seem, remain, prove, appear, fall, turn cost, weigh, number, keep, wash, drink, sell clean, lock, translate, read, last, write, cook, tear, cut, burn, strike, pull, act, last, feel have/get sth/sb + 過(guò)去分詞 have和get的區(qū)別是，get是出自本身的意愿，而have則出于無(wú)奈和自愿。 I had my watch stolen. 我的手表被偷了。 I got my watch stolen.我讓我的手表被偷了。（自愿） 主語(yǔ)+want/ need/ require/ doing (= to be done) The baby wants (needs, requires) examining. The car is under repair. (being repaired now) This kind of computer is in use. (being used now),動(dòng)詞不定式 Infinitive,動(dòng)詞不定式與動(dòng)名詞、分詞一樣是動(dòng)詞的一種非謂語(yǔ)形式； 它前面一般要有一個(gè)不定時(shí)符號(hào)“to”； 為了把它與介詞to區(qū)分開(kāi)，也叫它“小品詞”，它沒(méi)有詞性。 不定式在句中起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用，可以當(dāng) 主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 動(dòng)詞不定式還保留了許多動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)，如： 它可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)； He likes to play football. 可以有狀語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾； The guard ordered me to show him my passport immediately. 可以帶自己的主語(yǔ); To draw such a picture is not easy.,不定式的名詞性 不定式做主語(yǔ)【謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)】 1. 常見(jiàn)帶形式主語(yǔ)it的句型有： It is easy (difficult, hard, important, right, impossible, necessary, wise, kind, cruel, nice) to do It is pleasure (pity, pleasing thing, crime, an honor) to do It takes sb. some time to do sth. 2. for和of做不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別： for sb.的句型通常使用表示客觀情況的形容詞。 It is important for us to express our opinions. (to do sth. is important) of sb.的句型一般用于表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞。 It is clever of him to leave that country. (sb. is clever) 不定式做表語(yǔ) 常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞如be, seem, remain, appear, get等，用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容； 常見(jiàn)的主語(yǔ)如ones dream, business, wish, idea, plan, job, work, task, duty及what one wants to do等。 不定式做賓語(yǔ)【動(dòng)賓和介賓】 1. 句型：主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+ it +賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)+ to + V We think it important to obey the laws. I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work. 為了避免重復(fù)，作賓語(yǔ)的不定式第二次出現(xiàn)時(shí)往往省略，只保留不定式符號(hào)to. 下列動(dòng)詞后：want, wish, hope, like, hate, plan, try, love; 下列助動(dòng)詞后：have to, ought to, need; 在be able to, used to 和 be going to 后。 2. 當(dāng)介詞but, except, besides前面有一個(gè)實(shí)意動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，介詞后面的不定式可以省略to。 另外，介詞instead of前后兩個(gè)成分必須對(duì)等，如果前面一個(gè)成分是一個(gè)不定式，后面的不定式就可以省略to。 除but, except, besides外，個(gè)別介詞可用”連接代詞/副詞+不定式“作賓語(yǔ)。 What do you like to do besides play games? We want to watch TV instead of go out for a walk. The boy has his own idea of how to finish it.,不定式的形容詞性,在他所修飾詞的后面，而且往往放在其他后置定語(yǔ)的后面。 動(dòng)賓關(guān)系 如果作定語(yǔ)用的不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，就要在其后加一個(gè)介詞，使被修飾的詞成為該介詞的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。 He is looking for a room to live in. 有時(shí)不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后面也應(yīng)該有必要的介詞。 Please pass me some paper to write on. 注意：當(dāng)不定式修飾的詞是place, time, way時(shí)，不定式后邊的介詞可以省略。 He has no money and no place to live. I think the best way to travel (by) is on foot. 主謂關(guān)系 不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是它的邏輯主語(yǔ)。 The factory to produce electricity will be set up next year. A factory which is to produce electricity will be set up next year. 當(dāng)不定式修飾的是序數(shù)詞或是形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾的名詞時(shí)，或者這個(gè)名詞被省略時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞和不定式之間也是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 She is always the last (person) to speak at the meeting. Li Ming was the first (person) to arrive. 不定式修飾something, anything, nothing。 句型：不定代詞+形容詞+不定式 I want something to read. 【此句意為“我要一些可讀的東西”，to read作形容詞修飾something；而“I want to read something”意為“我想讀點(diǎn)兒東西”，to read作名詞，作want的賓語(yǔ)，而something在不定式中作to read的賓語(yǔ)】,不定式做定語(yǔ)，有時(shí)用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)含義 There be句型中，there is a letter to write.可以理解為“there is a letter (for me) to write.” 再如：there is no time to lose.=there is no time (for us) to lose. 比較： Im going to the post office, I know you have a letter to post. Let me post it for you. Thank you, but I have no letter to be posted now. 第一句中句子的主語(yǔ)和不定式的主語(yǔ)一致，所以用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)含義；第二句中，不定式的主語(yǔ)不是句子的主語(yǔ)I ，而是第一句里的you，所以要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 當(dāng)不定式修飾want, have等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，而句子的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表達(dá)被動(dòng)含義。 We have no homework to do.【主語(yǔ)we是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，可以理解為“we do no homework”】 當(dāng)不定式修飾buy, get, give等動(dòng)詞的直接賓語(yǔ)，而間接賓語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)含義。 Please buy me some newspaper to read. Ill give u some novel to read on the journey.,不定式的副詞性 表原因 He is lucky to get there./ Lee seemed willing to do that. The house is very comfortable to live in./ We found him was easy to get along with. 表目的【前置以將強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，如需進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)，可加in order / so as 】 （in order）To serve the people well I study hard. 比較：so as to引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)不能放在句首，in order to可以； so as to也可以表示結(jié)果，但要分開(kāi)寫(xiě)：soas to + do，如 They started so early as to catch the first bus. 表結(jié)果 經(jīng)常和only, never連用，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果和失望的情緒。 I hurried to get there only to find him out. 其他用法 在too前面加only或but（相當(dāng)與really）以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。 He is only too glad to come here. 【He is too wise not to see that.意為“他很聰明，不會(huì)不懂那一點(diǎn)。”】 不定式在句中作為獨(dú)立成分 To tell you the truth, I dont think the film is good. To be frank, you are lying. He knows English and French, not to speak of German.,不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 可以省略to 在某些感官動(dòng)詞（feel, hear, listen to, watch, look at, notice, observe）和使役動(dòng)詞（let, have, make）后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，省去to，但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不可省。 Did u hear anyone say anything about it? The workers were made to work day and night. to be結(jié)構(gòu) 動(dòng)詞think, consider, find, believe, suppose, know, understand, take后，不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)常用to be結(jié)構(gòu)。 不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，要符合三個(gè)條件： 句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)； 句子的主語(yǔ)必須是動(dòng)詞不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)； 動(dòng)詞不定式在主動(dòng)句中作賓補(bǔ)。 This room was said to have been cleaned. It was said that the room had been cleaned. He was told to be quiet.The teacher told him to be quiet.,不定式中省去to的情況 在感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞之后 只有當(dāng)have, make當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞時(shí)，才省去不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)的小品詞to，當(dāng)它們?yōu)閷?shí)意動(dòng)詞時(shí)不能省。 They made a lot of flowers to decorate the room. 兩個(gè)以上不定式并列 I promised to finish my work and hand it in on time. (, and to hand it in) 但是在對(duì)照的場(chǎng)合，to不可以省。 Its better to laugh than to cry. 有介詞but, except, besides，而且其前面有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，不定式在介詞后可以省去to。 The enemy can do nothing but surrender. The enemy had nothing to choose but to surrender. 不定式作賓語(yǔ)重復(fù)時(shí)可省 在go, come后作目的狀語(yǔ)的不定式 Go ask your father./ You should go say “Thank you”. 在系動(dòng)詞be后作表語(yǔ)時(shí) What I want to do is have a good rest. 句型Why not do sth?/ Why do sth? 幾個(gè)句型詞組 I prefer to go to the movies rather than (to) stay home. prevent/ stop/ save/ keep sb. from doing sth. 注意：suggest的兩種含義，“建議”和“表明” He suggested a way out of the difficulty. I suggest putting the meeting off. The teacher suggested that the students (should) relax themselves on Sunday. His pale face suggests he is in poor health. suggest后不跟不定式！,動(dòng)名詞Gerund,動(dòng)名詞在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定于。 作主語(yǔ)【謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一律用單數(shù)】 It is no use (useless) talking too much. It is no good crying. It trains the ear listening to music. There is no doing = It is impossible to do = No one can do There is no telling what will happen. Its impossible to tell what will happen. No one can tell what will happen. 作表語(yǔ)【表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)常常可以互換】 One of his habit is not speaking clearly. =Not speaking clearly is one of his habit. 動(dòng)名詞和不定式做表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：動(dòng)名詞接近于名詞，所表示的動(dòng)作比較抽象，或者是習(xí)慣性的；而不定式多表示某次比較具體的動(dòng)作，特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。 作賓語(yǔ)【注意固定搭配的詞組】 動(dòng)名詞和不定式做賓語(yǔ)有區(qū)別的情況： I like skating, But I dont like to skate today. 前者表習(xí)慣，后者表暫時(shí)的動(dòng)作。 She hates to smoke before other people. And she hates smoking.前者指他自己不抽，后者指她討厭所有抽煙的人。 The girl has learned to cook.表示學(xué)會(huì)做什么事。 The girl has learned cooking.表示她學(xué)過(guò)，但不知道做得好不好。 作定語(yǔ)【表示所修飾詞的用途】 The swimming pool belongs to our school. He wants to improve his teaching method. He will be surprised at my (me) calling.動(dòng)名詞不作主語(yǔ)，可以用代詞的賓格或所有格。 My presence makes them angry.但如果做主語(yǔ)，只能是物主代詞或名詞所有格。,It is no use doing sth. It is no good doing sth. It is of no use to do sth. It is useless to do sth.,動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式代替被動(dòng)形式 want need 主語(yǔ)（物）+ require （需要）+ doing（動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式） deserve want need =主語(yǔ) + require （需要） + to be done （不定式的被動(dòng)形式） deserve 主語(yǔ)+ be worth doing = 主語(yǔ) + be worthy to be done.（推薦）/ of being done. The book is well worth reading again. 此句中用well修飾worth而不是very，同時(shí)reading后不能加it，因?yàn)閞eading的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)the book，不能重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。,分詞Participle,分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別,分詞作狀語(yǔ)和不定式作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 不定式作狀語(yǔ)：主要是作目的狀語(yǔ)和結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，還有一些作原因狀語(yǔ)； 分詞作狀語(yǔ)：一般表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨等情況。（很少用于目的和結(jié)果） 表原因的不定式 Im sorry to hear that./ They rejoiced to get together first. 表原因的分詞短語(yǔ)【在句子任何位置都可以，而且要帶有逗號(hào)】 The doctor, not wishing to make her nervous, didnt fully explain the seriousness of her condition.,用作介詞或連詞的分詞 supposing, 假設(shè)、假如、設(shè)想 according to, 按照 considering, 認(rèn)為 including, 包括 granted, 認(rèn)為,獨(dú)立主格 分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是句子的主語(yǔ)。但有時(shí)分詞短語(yǔ)帶有自己的主語(yǔ)，（他們之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系）。這個(gè)邏輯上的主語(yǔ)一般是由名詞擔(dān)任，在分詞短語(yǔ)之前，我們稱(chēng)之為獨(dú)立主格。 Because it is Sunday, you neednt go to school. It being Sunday, you neednt go to school. After all the officials had arrived, the meeting was declared open. All the officials having arrived, the meeting was declared open. If weather permits, well go to the Summer Palace. Weather permitting, Well go to the Summer Palace.,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞 Auxiliary verb & Modal auxiliary,May not的三個(gè)意思： 作“不可以”解，表不允許（=must not） May I go? No. you may not. (=mast not) 回答can？答句中的may not為“可能不”之意 Can it be true? It may be, or may not be. may not也表示“可以不” You may not go. May/ might的慣用語(yǔ)： may well + 動(dòng)詞原形 （=have good reason to）理所當(dāng)然 You may well say so. 你說(shuō)的對(duì)。 may (might) as well （= had better）最好 You may as well say so. may as well + 動(dòng)詞原形 + as + 動(dòng)詞原形 You might as well throw your money away as lend it to him. Shall we carry it for you? 與 lets carry it. 意思上很相近。 ought to和should的用法比較： ought to 表示“道義”上的責(zé)任，是從“義務(wù)”或“按理推斷”的角度來(lái)講的； should表示從說(shuō)話(huà)人的個(gè)人看法這一角度來(lái)講的。 would與used to sth.同義，都表示過(guò)去多次發(fā)生的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，但used to表較有規(guī)則的習(xí)慣，would較無(wú)規(guī)則。 When I pass my school I would see my teachers who taught me 5 years ago. used to的用法：【過(guò)去的習(xí)慣或某時(shí)的狀況，但現(xiàn)在已不存在】 He used to smoke. （but now he never smokes.） When he was young, he would smoke a lot.（不含有和現(xiàn)在的比較，現(xiàn)在他或許還在抽煙，也許不抽了） be used to中的to是介詞，所有后面可以跟名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞，而used to后需跟動(dòng)詞不定式，to是小品詞。,need和dare的用法 Dare作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，可以用于表示懷疑的名次從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中。 I wonder how he dares say such things. I wonder how he dares to say such things. If the enemy dare enter the village, well fight against them to the end. You dare go, so dare I.（錯(cuò)）作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能用于肯定句中 You dare to go, so do I. （對(duì)） Dare作為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，多用于肯定句中，但在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中也可運(yùn)用。和實(shí)意動(dòng)詞一樣dare在句子中要隨著主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和書(shū)發(fā)生變化。 You dare not go. = You dont dare to go. He doesnt dare to walk at night. Need作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和dare一樣，用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，一般不用于肯定句之中，肯定句中常用must, have to, ought to, should等。作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，他的詞形只有一個(gè)need。 Need he go yesterday? =Did he need to go yesterday?,動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)氣Verbs mood,錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句：主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作和條件從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作并不同時(shí)發(fā)生，這是動(dòng)詞的形式并不完全按照上述表格來(lái)進(jìn)行，而需要按照各自的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整，這樣的句子就叫錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句。 If you had followed the doctors advice, you would be all right now. 現(xiàn)在就已經(jīng)好了。 If you had followed the doctors advice, you would have been all right then. 當(dāng)時(shí)就好了。 If I hadnt finished my composition by now, I would be working on it tomorrow. 從句表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，主句表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反。 含蓄條件句：不用條件句表示，而用其它方式來(lái)表示，這樣的句子叫含蓄條件句。 用with, without等介詞短語(yǔ)或分詞短語(yǔ)或者獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替代條件從句。 We might have died without your help. = We might have died if you hadnt helped us. Having known in time, we could have stopped it. =If we had known it in time, we could have stopped it. 用相當(dāng)于if的其他連詞表示虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)。 otherwise,否則，不然 in case,假如 but that, 要不是 on condition (that), 條件是 unless, 除非 suppose / supposing (that), 假如 so long as, 只要 providing / provided (that), 如果 I was busy last week, otherwise I would have come to see you. I was busy last week, If I had not been busy last week, I would have come to see you. 虛擬條件句中的省略與倒裝： 符合下列條件的可以省略if:，必須是非真是條件句，真是條件句不可以省略if；2，只有當(dāng)非真實(shí)條件句中有were, had, should, would等詞時(shí)，才可以省略if，把這些詞放在主語(yǔ)前；3，省略if時(shí)，主語(yǔ)與were, had, should的位置必須相互調(diào)換。 If I should meet her, I would tell her. = Should I meet her, I would tell her.（萬(wàn)一） If I were in your position, I would do it better. = Were I in your position,