marktwain—mirrorofamerica翻譯,修辭匯總

1、最新 料推薦Mark Twain-the Mirror of AmericaMost Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finns idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyers endless summer of freedom and adventure. In-deed, this nations best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorou

2、s as anyone has ever imagined. I found another Twain as well one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多數(shù)美國(guó)人的心目中， 馬克 ?吐溫是位偉大作家， 他描寫了哈克 ?費(fèi)恩永恒的童

3、年時(shí)代中充滿詩(shī)情畫意的旅程和湯姆 ?索亞在漫長(zhǎng)的夏日里自由自在歷險(xiǎn)探奇的故事。的確，這位美國(guó)最受人喜愛的作家的探索精神、 愛國(guó)熱情、浪漫氣質(zhì)及幽默筆調(diào)都達(dá)到了登峰造極的程度。但我發(fā)現(xiàn)還有另一個(gè)不同的馬克 ?吐溫一個(gè)由于深受人生悲劇的打擊而變得憤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的馬克 ?吐溫，一個(gè)為人類品質(zhì)上的弱點(diǎn)而憂心忡忡、明顯地看到前途是一片黑暗的人。Tramp printer, river pilot , Confederate guerrilla,prospector, starry-eyed optimist, acid-tonguedcynic: The man who became Mark Tw

4、ain was born Samuel Langhorne Clemens and he ranged across the nation for more than a third of his life, digesting the new American experience before sharing it with the world as writer and lecturer. He adopted his pen name from the cry heard in his steamboat days, signaling two fathoms (12 feet) of

5、 water - a navigable depth. His popularity is attested by the fact that more than a score of his books remain in print, and translations are still read around the world.印刷工、領(lǐng)航員、邦聯(lián)游擊隊(duì)員、淘金者、耽于幻想的樂天派、語(yǔ)言尖刻的諷刺家：馬克?吐溫原名塞繆爾?朗赫恩 ?克萊門斯， 他一生之中有超過(guò)三分之一的時(shí)間浪跡美國(guó)各地，體驗(yàn)著美國(guó)的新生活， 爾后便以作家和演說(shuō)家的身分將他所感受到的這一切介紹給全世界。他的筆名取自他在蒸

6、汽船上做工時(shí)聽到的報(bào)告水深為兩口尋(12 英尺 )意即可以通航的信號(hào)語(yǔ)。他的作品中有二十幾部至今仍在印行，其外文譯本仍在世界各地?fù)碛凶x者，由此可見他的享譽(yù)程度。The geographic core, in Twains early years, was the great valley of the Mississippi River, main artery of transportation in the young nations heart. Keelboats ， flatboats , and large rafts carried the first major commerc

7、e. Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs moved downstream to the delta country; sugar, molasses , cotton, and whiskey traveled north. In the 1850s, before the climax of westward expansion, the vast basin drained three-quarters of the settled United States.在馬克 ?吐溫青年時(shí)代，美國(guó)的地理中心是密西西比河流域，而密西西比河是這個(gè)年輕國(guó)家中部

8、的交通大動(dòng)脈。龍骨船、 平底船和大木筏載運(yùn)著最重要的商品。木材、玉米、煙草、小麥和皮貨通過(guò)這些運(yùn)載工具順流而下，運(yùn)送到河口三角洲地區(qū)，而砂糖、 糖漿、 棉花和威士忌酒等貨物則被運(yùn)送到北方。 在 19 世紀(jì) 50 年代，西部領(lǐng)土開發(fā)高潮到來(lái)之前， 遼闊的密西西比河流域占美國(guó)已開發(fā)領(lǐng)土的四分之三。Young Mark Twain entered that world in 1857 as a cub pilot on a steamboat. The cast of characters set before him in his new profession was rich and varie

9、d a cosmos. He participated abundantly in this life, listening to pilothouse talk of feuds, piracies, lynchings ,medicine shows, and savage waterside slums. All would resurface in his books, together with the colorful language that he soaked up with a memory that seemed phonographic1857 年，少年馬克 ?吐溫作為

10、蒸汽船上的一名小領(lǐng)航員踏人了這片天地。在這個(gè)新的工作1最新 料推薦崗位上， 他接觸到的是各式各樣的人物，看到的是一個(gè)多姿多彩的大干世界。他完全地投身到這種生活之中，經(jīng)常在操舵室里聽著人們談?wù)撁耖g爭(zhēng)斗、海盜搶劫、私刑案件、 游醫(yī)賣藥以及河邊的一些化外民居的故事。 所有這一切， 連同他那像留聲機(jī)般準(zhǔn)確可靠的記憶所吸收的豐富多彩的語(yǔ)言，后來(lái)都有機(jī)會(huì)在他的作品中得以再現(xiàn)。Steamboat decks teemed not only with the main current of pioneering humanity, but its flotsam of hustlers, gamblers,

11、and thugs as well. From them all Mark Twain gained a keen perception of the human race, of the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are. His four and a half year s in the steamboat trade marked the real beginning of his education, and the most lasting part of it. In later

12、life Twain acknowledged that the river had acquainted him with every possible type of human nature. Those acquaintanceships strengthened all his writing, but he never wrote well than when he wrote of the people a-long the great stream.蒸汽船的甲板上不僅擠滿了富有開拓精神的人們，而且也載著一些娼妓、賭棍和歹徒等社會(huì)渣滓。從所有這些形形色色的人身上，馬克?吐溫敏銳地

13、認(rèn)識(shí)了人類，認(rèn)識(shí)了人們的言與行之間的差距。 他在蒸汽船上工作的四年半時(shí)間是他真正接受教育的開端，而且也是最具有深遠(yuǎn)意義的教育。到了晚年，馬克?吐溫還聲言是密西西比河使他了解了各種各樣的人的本性。這種生活體驗(yàn)對(duì)他的全部創(chuàng)作都起了促進(jìn)作用，然而他描寫得最為成功的還是那些密西西比河上的人物。When railroads began drying up the demand for steam-boat pilots and the Civil War halted commerce, Mark Twain left the river country. He tried soldiering for

14、 two weeks with a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. Twain quit after deciding, . I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating. 隨著鐵路運(yùn)輸?shù)陌l(fā)展，社會(huì)上對(duì)汽船領(lǐng)航員的需求日漸減少，而內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的爆發(fā)又阻礙了商業(yè)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。這時(shí)，馬克?吐溫便離開了密西西比河流域。他在南方邦聯(lián)游擊隊(duì)的一支雜牌隊(duì)伍里當(dāng)了兩個(gè)星期的兵。 那支隊(duì)伍想方設(shè)法

15、避免與敵軍交戰(zhàn)。 在確信 “我比發(fā)明撤退的人更精通撤退”之后，馬克 ?吐溫離開了那支隊(duì)伍。He went west by stagecoach and succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in Nevadas Washoe region. For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent, and was rebuffed. Broke and discouraged, he accepte

16、d a job as reporter with the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, to literatures enduring gratitude.他乘驛站馬車來(lái)到西部，在內(nèi)華達(dá)州的華蘇地區(qū)受到當(dāng)時(shí)正流行的淘金熱的誘惑。同那只有既幸運(yùn)而又鍥而不舍的追求者才能取得的巨大財(cái)富三心二意地打了八個(gè)月交道之后，他遭到了失敗。在破產(chǎn)和灰心之余，他接受了為弗吉尼亞市領(lǐng)土開發(fā)報(bào)當(dāng)記者的工作，這一行動(dòng)將獲得文學(xué)界永久的感激。From the discouragement of his mining failures, Mark Twain began dig

17、ging his way to regional fame as a newspaper reporter and humorist. The instant riches of a mining strike would not be his in the reporting trade, but for making money, his pen would prove mightier than his pickax. In the spring of 1864, less than two years after joining the Territorial Enterprise,

18、he boarded the stagecoach for San Francisco, then and now a hotbed of hopeful young writers.自從他因淘金失敗而感到心灰意冷之后，馬克?吐溫便開始努力博取作為一名報(bào)社記者和幽默作家的地區(qū)性聲望。從事新聞報(bào)道工作當(dāng)然不能使他像淘金成功者一樣立成巨富，但在掙錢方面他的筆桿卻比他的鋤鎬要有效得多。1864 年春季，在他加盟領(lǐng)土開發(fā)報(bào)還2最新 料推薦不足兩年之 ， 他又乘 站 前往舊金山， 那兒在當(dāng) 和 在都是有前途的年 作家成 的 。Mark Twain honed and experimented with

19、his new writing muscles, but he had to leave the cityfor a while because of some scathing columns he wrote. Attacks on the city government, concerning such issues as mistreatment of Chinese, so angered officials that he fled to the goldfields in the Sacramento Valley. His descriptions of the rough-c

20、ountry settlers there ring familiarly in modern world accustomed to trend setting on the West Coast. It was a splendid population for all the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home. It was that population that gave to California a name for getting up astounding enterprises and rushing

21、them through with a magnificent dash and daring and a recklessness of cost or consequences, which she bears unto this day and when she projects a new surprise, the grave world smiles as usual, and says Well, that is California all over. 克 ?吐溫磨 并 了他的新筆力，但他卻因?qū)懥艘恍┘?的 文章而被迫 離開 座城市。他 著虐待 人等一 市政府提出的尖 批 惹得

22、一些官 大 火，因之他只好逃到 克拉 托山谷的金 區(qū) 避 。他 那兒的拓荒者 的描寫使西海岸地區(qū)富有 新精神的 代人倍感 切。 “ 兒的人 真是了不起因 那些笨手笨腳、無(wú)精打彩、呆 呆 的 都呆在家里正是那些人 加利福尼 得了 的聲譽(yù)：當(dāng)他 著手 行一 宏 的事 ，他 會(huì)不 代價(jià)或 而以一種豪 的氣概和 勇往直前， 一千到底。加利福尼 人至今仍保持著 的聲譽(yù)，因而，每當(dāng)他 起一 新的驚天 地的壯 ，那些素來(lái) 重的人便會(huì)像往常一 微笑著 ：看吧， 完全是加利福尼 的 格?！盜n the dreary winter of 1864-65 in Angels Camp, he kept a note

23、book. Scattered among notationsabout the weather and the tedious mining-camp meals lies an entry noting a story he had heardthat day an entry that would determine his course forever: Coleman with his jumping frogbetstranger $50 stranger had no frog, and C. got him one in the meantime stranger filled

24、 C. s frogfull of shot and he couldnt jump. The strangers frog won.1864 年與 1865 年之交的那個(gè)冬天， 克 ?吐溫是在安吉 斯 區(qū)度 的。在 段沉 的日子里， 他 了一本筆 。 在 亂無(wú)章的有關(guān)天氣情況和乏味無(wú)趣的有關(guān) 區(qū) 食情況的 條目中 著一條敘述當(dāng)天聽到的一 故事的 條 決定了他一生事 的 展方向：“科 曼用他的跳蛙與陌生人 50 美元陌生人沒有跳蛙，科 曼去 他弄來(lái)一只陌生人利用 段 將科的跳蛙肚子塞 ， ，科的跳蛙跳不起來(lái)，陌生人的跳蛙便得以 。 ”Retold with his descriptive ge

25、nius, the story was printed in newspapers across the United States and became known as The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County. Mark Twains national reputation was now well established as the wild humorist of the Pacific slope. 克 ?吐溫的生花妙筆改寫之后， 個(gè)故事登在美國(guó)各地的 上， 成了家 的“卡拉 拉斯 有名的跳蛙” 。至此， 克 ?吐溫作 “太平

26、洋海岸狂放的幽默大 ”的聲望已在全國(guó)范 內(nèi)牢固地確立起來(lái)了。Two year s later the opportunity came for him to take a distinctly American look at the Old World. In New York City the steamship Quaker City prepared to sail on a pleasure cruise to Europe and the Holy Land. For the first time, a sizable group of United States citizens

27、 planned to journey as tourists - a milestone , of sorts, in a countrys development. Twain was assigned to accompany3最新 料推薦them, as correspondent 工 for a California newspaper. If readers expected the usual glowing travelogue , they were sorely surprised.兩年之后， 他得到了一個(gè)以美國(guó)人特有的眼光去觀察歐洲舊大陸的機(jī)會(huì)。在紐約市，“費(fèi)城號(hào)”蒸汽船

28、準(zhǔn)備進(jìn)行一次到歐洲和圣地的觀光航行。這是美國(guó)人第一次組織較大規(guī)模的團(tuán)體觀光旅行也可以看作是一個(gè)國(guó)家發(fā)展史上的某種里程碑。馬克?吐溫作為加利福尼亞一家報(bào)紙的記者被委派隨同觀光團(tuán)采訪。 如果讀者們期望能讀到有關(guān)這次旅行見聞的神采飛揚(yáng)的描寫的話，那他們是要倍感意外的。Unimpressed by the Sultan of Turkey, for example, he reported,“ . one could set a trap anywhereand catch a dozen abler men in a night.” Casually he debunked revered arti

29、sts and art treasures,and took unholy verbal shots at the Holy Land. Back home, more newspapers began printing his articles. America laughed with him. Upon his return to the States the book version of his travels, The Innocents Abroad, became an instant best-seller.舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，他對(duì)于那沒有給他留下什么好印象的土耳其君主蘇丹是這樣報(bào)道的

30、，“人們可以任意選擇一個(gè)地方設(shè)一個(gè)陷阱，一夜之間準(zhǔn)可捕捉到十幾個(gè)更有能耐的人。”他信口開河地對(duì)一些受人景仰的藝術(shù)家和藝術(shù)珍品加以鄙薄，甚至對(duì)宗教圣地也敢于以褻瀆性的言辭加以侮蔑。 回國(guó)以后，越來(lái)越多的報(bào)紙開始刊登他的文章，整個(gè)美國(guó)都同他一齊歡笑。他一回到美國(guó)，他的旅行雜記傻子出國(guó)旅行記立即成為暢銷書。At the age of 36 Twain settled in Hartford, Connecticut. His best books were published while he lived there.三十六歲時(shí)，馬克 ?吐溫開始定居于康涅狄格州哈特福德鎮(zhèn)，他的最優(yōu)秀的作品全是在那段

31、時(shí)間里問(wèn)世的。As early as 1870 Twain had experimented with a story about the boyhood adventures of a lad he named Billy Rogers. Two years later, he changed the name to Tom, and began shaping his adventures into a stage play. Not until 1874 did the story begin developing in ear nest. After publication in 18

32、76, Tom Sawyer quickly became a classic tale of American boyhood. Tomsmischievous daring, ingenuity, and the sweet innocence of his affection for BeckyThatcher arealmost as sure to be studied in American schools to-day as is the Declaration of Independence.早在 1870 年，馬克 ?吐溫就試著寫了一篇關(guān)于一個(gè)他名之為比利?羅杰斯的男孩子的童

33、年歷險(xiǎn)故事。 兩年后， 他又將主人公的名字改為湯姆， 并著手將故事改編成劇本。 直到 1874 年他才開始認(rèn)真地?cái)U(kuò)展故事情節(jié)。 湯姆 ?索亞于 1876 年出版后，很快成為美國(guó)兒童故事的經(jīng)典之作。這部描寫湯姆的頑皮、勇敢、機(jī)智以及他對(duì)貝琪?莎切爾的天真純潔的感情的故事幾乎像獨(dú)立宣言一樣成了今天美國(guó)學(xué)校里的必讀書本。Mark Twains own declaration of independence came from another character. Six chapters into Tom Sawyer, he drags in the juvenile pariah of the

34、village, Huckleberry Finn, son of the town drunkard. Fleeing a respectable life with the puritanical Widow Douglas, Huck protests to his friend, Tom Sawyer: Ive tried it, and it dont work; it dont work, Tom. It aint for me . The widder eats by a bell; she goes to bed by a bell; she gits up by a bell

35、 everythings so awful reglar a body cant stand it.馬克 ?吐溫本人的獨(dú)立宣言卻是由另一個(gè)人物表達(dá)出來(lái)的。在湯姆?索亞第六章里，他引出了 “村里的流浪少年，鎮(zhèn)上酒鬼的兒子哈克貝利?費(fèi)恩”。哈克不愿在清教徒道格拉斯4最新 料推薦寡 家 上等人的體面生活，從那里逃出來(lái)后 他的朋友 姆?索 牢 ： “我 了， 是不行；不行啊， 姆。那不是我 的日子那寡 家吃 要聽 聲，睡 要聽 聲，起床也要聽 聲，什么事情都得 矩矩， 直叫人受不了?！盢ine years after Tom Sawyer swept the nation, Huck was give

36、n a life of his own, in a book often considered the best ever written about Americans. His raft flight down the Mississippi with a runaway slave presents a moving panorama for exploration of American society. 姆 ?索 靡美國(guó)九年之后，哈克被 予獨(dú)立的生命，成 一本被 多人 是最成功的描寫美國(guó)人的作品的 中的主人公。 他同一個(gè)逃跑出來(lái)的奴隸一起乘坐木筏沿著密西西比河 流而下的漂流航程展 了

37、一幅幅揭示美國(guó)社會(huì)生活全貌的生 畫面。On the river, and especially with Huck Finn, Twain found the ultimate expression of escape from the pace he lived by and often deplored, from lifes regularities and the energy-sapping clamor for success.通 密西西比河，尤其是 哈克 ? 恩 一人物的描寫， 克 ?吐溫將自己想從那束 著自己并常常令自己苦 的生活步 中 脫出來(lái)， 從生活中的各種清 戒律以及 了

38、事 成功而 行的 苦 扎中解放出來(lái)的愿望表達(dá)得淋漓盡致。Mark Twain suggested that an ingredient was missing in the American ambition when he said:What a robust people, what a nation of thinkers we might be, if we would only lay ourselves onthe shelf occasionally and renew our edges. 克 ?吐溫 ， 美國(guó)人的理想中缺少了一種成分。他 ：“我 只消偶 地躺下來(lái)好好放松休息一

39、下， 保持 棱利角， 我 將有可能成 一個(gè)多么朝氣蓬勃的民族，一個(gè)多么富有思想的民族啊 !”Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones: his father, dying of pneumonia when Sam was 12; his brother Henry, killed by a steamboat explosion; the death of his son, Langdon, at 19 months. His eldest daughter, Susy, died of spi

40、nal meningitis, Mrs. Clemens succumbed to a heart attack in Florence, and youngest daughter. Jean, an epileptic, drowned in an upstairs bathtub. 克 ?吐溫的一生都 罩在悲 的陰影之中，自己的 人一個(gè)接一個(gè)地去世：他的父 在他十二 那年死于肺炎，他的兄弟亨利在一次汽船爆炸事故中遇 ；他的兒子朗 才 十九個(gè)月即離開人世。 他的大女兒 茜死于脊膜炎； 克萊 斯夫人在佛 死于心 ??； 而他的小女兒也因 病的 作淹死在樓上的浴盆里。Bitterness fed

41、 on the man who had made the world laugh. The moralizing of his earlier writing had been well padded with humor. Now the gloves came off with biting satire. He pretended to praise the U. S. military for the massacre of 600 Philippine Moros in the bowl of a volcanic, crater.In The Mysterious Stranger

42、, he insisted that man drop his religious illusions and depend upon himself, not Providence, to make a better world. 位曾令全世界 笑的人自己卻 了人世的辛酸。 他早期作品中的道德 教厚厚地包著一 幽默的外衣， 在幽默 成了辛辣的 刺。 于美國(guó) 在一個(gè)火山口上屠 六百名菲律 摩洛人的行 ， 他沒有直接 行抨 ， 而是假裝 之高唱 歌。 在神秘的陌生人 中，他指出人 拋棄宗教幻想，依靠自己而不是上帝的力量去 造一個(gè)更加美好的世界。The last of his own illusi

43、ons seemed to have crumbled near the end. Dictating his autobiography late in life, he commented with a crushing sense of despair on mens final release from earthly5最新 料推薦struggles: . they vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake a

44、nd a failure and a foolishness; where they have left no signthat they had existed a world which will lament them a day and for-get them forever.”他自己的最后一個(gè)幻想到后來(lái)似乎也破 了。 在晚年口述自 的 候， 他以極端 望的心情 到人從 世的苦 中的最 解脫： “他 從世界上消失了，在 個(gè)世界上他 無(wú)足 重，無(wú)所成就；甚至他 的存在本身就是個(gè) ，是個(gè)失 ，是種愚蠢。 個(gè)世界上也沒有留下 毫能表明他 存在 的痕跡。 個(gè)世界 他 的只是一日的哀 和永久的 忘?！?最新 料推薦Devices of figurationMetaphorMark Twain - Mirror of Americasaw clearly ahead a bla