四十天突破六級考試講義與筆記―寫作

1、教習(xí)過好幾門課程，深感寫作這一課是最難教的，“危乎高哉！寫作之難難于上青天。一夫當(dāng)關(guān)，萬夫莫開?！睂W(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語寫作多時，大多不能迥脫蹊徑之外，工而入逸者更是寥寥。于是我悲觀起來，認(rèn)定“文不可以教而能”。雖說文字和技法可以也應(yīng)當(dāng)教一些，俾學(xué)生邯鄲學(xué)步，漸次入門，但就本質(zhì)特征而論，寫作遠(yuǎn)不只是一個章法和技巧的問題，而是“氣之所行”，是皮相之下許多深層主觀因素的綜合，是一個厚積薄發(fā)的養(yǎng)成過程。這些主觀因素，在我看來，體現(xiàn)在國內(nèi)的英語寫作考試當(dāng)中只局限于素心爛讀的積累。Reading makes a full man.這是英國學(xué)者的傳世之言，我們的祖先說“讀書破萬卷，下筆如有神”。我們贊嘆一篇文章，往

2、往是因為我們被文章中的語言所吸引、所征服：語匯豐富、句式整齊、語言或精練或華麗，句式安排熟練自如，自然流暢；而者只能來自于 reading。但是我們已沒有那么多的時間去“讀”了，于是乎，語言的總結(jié)就變得極其必要！要?dú)w納記敘文中漂亮、地道的語言是困難的，但是要?dú)w納論說文這個各種英語考試的作文類型中的語言不是不可能的。論說文是由開頭、結(jié)尾、啟轉(zhuǎn)、分析、舉例、比較等部分所組成的，其中都有些固定而漂亮的句型來表達(dá)。由于這些句型都是地道的英語，是經(jīng)過千錘百煉，且能表達(dá)論說文寫作中的不同意思，若能把以論說文為主的當(dāng)代英語essays中的這些句型摘錄歸納成類，供讀者參考，無疑是能有助于提高英語寫作的語言水平

3、。模仿和學(xué)用漂亮和地道的英語表達(dá)法或句型并不是可恥的事。地道的英語不應(yīng)是你用學(xué)過的詞匯和語法規(guī)則按某個意思苦苦思索造出來的，地道的英語應(yīng)是你把英美人對這個意思的習(xí)慣說法用到你自己的文章上來的。該講義收集了論說文常用的一些句型，與六級考試的一些文章結(jié)構(gòu)模式；希望同學(xué)們能以此為依據(jù)，Practice makes perfect，達(dá)到熟能生巧的境界，從而在六級考試作文部分獲得理想的分?jǐn)?shù)！寫作原則內(nèi)容簡單化結(jié)構(gòu)模式化（主題句-分論點(diǎn)-總結(jié)）語言要包裝錯誤要回避萬能理由 (Omnipotence)：1、方便：convenient/convenience2、效率：efficient/efficiently

4、/efficiency3、節(jié)省和浪費(fèi)：save time/money/space; economical, thrift waste time/money/space; costly, lavish4：人的心理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive, considerate, confident, creative, sociable, perseverance; selfish, isolated, conservative5、人的身體健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic6、娛樂：colorf

5、ul, pleasure, joy, recreation, entertainment, relax tired, boring, lonely7、環(huán)境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty8、安全和危險：safe, danger, risk9：經(jīng)驗：experience, social experience, enter the society10、人際：humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely基本表達(dá)(Basic Elements of English Writing)：越來越：be i

6、ncreasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of人們認(rèn)為：it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that許多問題：a host of/a number of problems引起人們注意：claim call/attract general/public/world attention to sth.意識到：there is a growing awareness/realization of/that, awaken sb. to the fact/danger適應(yīng)新的形勢/變

7、化：adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change接觸各種思想/經(jīng)歷：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems接觸社會：come into frequent/close contact with the world/society獲得成功：achieve/accomplish success提出觀點(diǎn)/建議：advance / put forward / come up with the arguments/ideas/suggestions作出努力：make tremendou

8、s/persistent/sustained effort to do sth., take great pains to do(with work/study)影響學(xué)習(xí)/工作：interfere with studies/work產(chǎn)生影響：have/exert a profound influence on life/personality, have a dramatic/undesirable effect on較好地駕馭生活：be a better pilot of ones life剝奪機(jī)會/權(quán)力：deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportu

9、nity取代就的方式：substitute for/take the place of the old way采取措施：take effective steps/measures to控制我們的環(huán)境：take/gain increasing control over our own environment躲避危險/挑戰(zhàn)：shy/run away from the dangers/challenge滿足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodate the demand of補(bǔ)償損失：compensate for/make up for the loss/damage解釋某現(xiàn)象：acco

10、unt for/explain the phenomenon對很好的了解：have a better understanding/appreciation of, have a new perspective on. provide/gain an insight into把某因素考慮進(jìn)去：take sth. Into account(consideration), give much thought to品位人生/自由/青春：savor the life/freedom/youth培養(yǎng)對的信心：develop/foster ones interest/confidence in經(jīng)歷變化/困難

11、/艱險：undergo/experience great changes/hardships/experience表現(xiàn)出自信心等：project ones confidence/feeling/image生活充滿不公正的地方：life is full of minor irritation/injustice追求學(xué)習(xí)/職業(yè)：pursue ones academic interest/professional career學(xué)習(xí)知識/技術(shù)：pursue/acquire knowledge/technology/skill被看作學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣：be held up as a good example交流

12、經(jīng)驗/知識：share experience/ideas/problems/knowledge發(fā)揮/起到重要作用：play an (important/active/great) role/part逃學(xué)/缺課：skip school/a class/a meeting/a lecture知識/經(jīng)驗豐富：rich in knowledge/experience確立/追求目標(biāo)：set/pursue a goal/higher standard到達(dá)目標(biāo)：achieve/accomplish/stain the goal/aim/objective克服困難：overcome obstacles/dif

13、ficulty面臨危險/困難：be confronted/faced with/in the face of danger/difficulty阻礙了成功：stand in the way of success, be an obstacle/barrier to success/growth阻礙了發(fā)展：hamper/impede/stunt the development of持傳統(tǒng)的看法：hold conventional wisdom發(fā)表看法：voice/express ones opinion持相反/合理的觀點(diǎn)：take the opposite/fresh view揭穿某種一貫的說法

14、：shatter the myth of求得幫助：enlist ones support/help縮小差別：bridge/narrow/fill the gap/gulf (between city and country)把成功/錯誤歸咎于：attribute/own the success/failure to對重要：be indispensable/important/vital to施加壓力：put/exert a academic pressure on重視：assign/attach much importance/significance to強(qiáng)調(diào)：place/put much

15、emphasis/stress/value on把注意力集中在：focus/concentrate ones attention/efforts/thoughts upon提供機(jī)會/信息：provide/offer/furnish an opportunity/information for sb.抓住機(jī)會：grab/seize/take the opportunity得到機(jī)會：enjoy/gain access to a opportunity/information有可能：there is (little/much) possibility/likelihood that, chances

16、/the odds are that展開競爭：compete against/with sb. for the prize/position/control/the mastery of開展運(yùn)動：conduct(carryon/undertake/initiate/launch/wage) a (vigorous/nation-wide/publicity/advertising) campaign (for/against)對我很有/沒有什么意義：make much/little sense to me帶來無窮的幸福/滿足：be a source of happiness satisfact

17、ion/contentment/pride/complaint獻(xiàn)身于：devote/dedicate/commit oneself to a cause/career大不（沒什么）兩樣：make much(little/no) difference真正重要的是：what really matters/accounts is 改變生活旅程：change/alter the course of life建立在大量的學(xué)習(xí)/實踐上：built on tremendous amount of study/practice進(jìn)行調(diào)查/執(zhí)行任務(wù)：conduct/carry out an study/task/

18、experiment辭去工作/學(xué)習(xí)：leave/quit ones job/work/school參加考試/競賽等：enter (for) the examination/contest, race參加活動/討論：take part/participate/be engaged in sports/activities/discussion影響思想/態(tài)度/事件的形成：shape ones thinking/attitude進(jìn)入大學(xué)/社會/家庭/勞力市場/職業(yè)：enter a school/college/society/the work force/professionals實現(xiàn)自己的理想/愿

19、望：realize/fulfill/achieve ones dream(hops/wish/desire)減輕壓力/緊張：reduce/alleviate/relieve the stress/pressure/tension提高社會地位：enhance/improve/upgrade social status/position/standing rise to the position of leadership提高技術(shù)/能力：sharpen (increase/improve/enhance/boost) ones skill/ability加快/促進(jìn)發(fā)展：accelerate/fac

20、ilitate/advance/enhance/boost the development of隨著生活節(jié)奏的加快：with the quickening pace/rhythm/tempo of modern life/society開闊眼界/興趣：broaden ones interest/outlook, expand(broaden/enlarge) ones mental horizons有助于了解/發(fā)展/宣傳/解決：contribute much/little/greatly/to a better understanding of/the popularity of/the gr

21、owth of/the solution of有助于解決問題：go a long way to(towards) solving the problem迷戀名利/分?jǐn)?shù)：be obsessed/preoccupied with grades/fame/fortune把時間花/浪費(fèi)在：spend/waste time doing sth., put in hours doing sth.利用機(jī)會/技術(shù)：make (full/better) use of/take advantage of opportunity/time, tap/harness technology potential/skil

22、ls/talent把知識/經(jīng)驗運(yùn)用到：apply/put the theory/knowledge/experience to practice/daily life/good use取得進(jìn)步：make much progress/strides/gains in充分發(fā)揮潛力/能力：develop ones ability/potential to the full, give full play to ones ability充滿激情/渴望：have a burning desire/a great passion for實例二 99年6月真題Reading Selectively Or E

23、xtensively?Outline: 1.有人認(rèn)為讀書要有選擇 2.有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)博覽群書 3.我的想法11分When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe t

24、hat good books are as many as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never touch the bad books.But, the other people, who hold that reading extensi

25、vely is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read more”. So they believe that reading extensively is better.To my point, we should ch

26、oose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading. 5分I think reading not only selectively but also extensively. Because the two sides are not contradict. Our time is limited. So we can not read every book in the world. H

27、owever, we will not be interested in every book. We should read those books may be useful to ours, read those books which we like. But those books which we choose must be extensively so it can give ours all kinds of knowledge, news and so on, it also make ours become a wise man. On the one hand read

28、ing selectively let ours not waste our time which it is limited. Moreover it can emphasis among all books that we can read. On the other hand reading extensively can deal with all kinds of need in our life. They are all useful to ours.失分原因：分段太少，語法錯誤太多2分Most people thought that read books should have

29、 been selective. But others believed reading extensively was correction.Selective books or reading extensively?Sure, you can choice one from previous ideas, on one hand, There are too book to read for us. We should choose those which we interested, and it would be helpful for us. On another hand. So

30、meones interesting was wide. Each book could bring you specific contain we couldnt reading at only one level.I confirmed all of these ideas were good but werent wise.As a reader, the main task is to discover more and more books the second task is to held some which wonderful and helpful for us. Dont

31、 treat these books with reckless abandon.The best technology of reading is connect.失分原因：分段太多，語法錯誤太多14分How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and tech

32、nology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. Whats more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldnt read them. Since we cant read all the books and we shouldnt read bad books, we must read selectively.But others may not agree

33、, they emphasize that todays society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.Whos righ

34、t? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.8分Some people think reading shall be chosen. Because some books are good to human beings and some books are harmful to people.Some people

35、 think that men should read books widely. Because wide reading can help man get much knowledge. And man can use it to change the world.It is my point that reading must be selectively. Because reading is important to man. Some books can help man but some books can lead some people to crime. It can be

36、 seen in the newspapers and watched on TV. We can make full use of some good books and gain more useful knowledge. It can make our life more beautiful. We must give up those unhelpful books. They are not good to us. Reading them is wasting time and money. So reading selectively is an important part

37、in reading. 失分原因：結(jié)構(gòu)失調(diào)，表述方式單一典型的對比觀點(diǎn)選擇題的文章邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)：（啟）Paragraph I：（1）引出將要評論的事物或者是觀點(diǎn)； （2）簡明扼要的提出人們在這個問題上的兩種不同看法。（承）Paragraph II：（1）提出一種觀點(diǎn)或優(yōu)點(diǎn)； （2）本段的支持性分論點(diǎn)； （3）本段總結(jié)（可以省略）。（轉(zhuǎn)）Paragraph III：（1）承上啟下的過渡句； （2）提出另一種觀點(diǎn)或缺點(diǎn)； （3）本段的支持性分論點(diǎn) （4）本段總（可以省略）。（合）Paragraph IV：（1）平衡兩種看法； （2）給出自己的觀點(diǎn)。14分How should we read? Shou

38、ld we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.（啟）注：1.第一句提出問題，第二句提出兩種見解Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books. Whats more,

39、there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldnt read them. Since we cant read all the books and we shouldnt read bad books, we must read selectively.（承）注：1.本段總分總結(jié)構(gòu) 2.they argue that = they think that 3.with the development of. 4.whats more 遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，moreoverBut others may not agr

40、ee, they emphasize that todays society is not what it was. If one man has many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we must read extensively.（轉(zhuǎn)）注：1.

41、But 轉(zhuǎn)折詞 2.they emphasize that = they think that 3.todays society is not what it was 現(xiàn)代社會今昔非比 4.許多知識 a wide range of/a large scope of/much；獲取知識 acquire/get knowledge 5.knows nothinglittle；he may be uselesshe may not be of great use to the society 后者比前者更委婉Whos right? I think both of them have somethin

42、g right. But I think we should read extensively first. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.（合）11分When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is

43、 better.Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and n

44、ever touch the bad books.注：1.“people, who”應(yīng)去掉逗號，改為非限制定語從句。 2.they suggest that = they think that 3.touch 碰，閃光點(diǎn)詞匯，如教材P7：shoulder the responsibility of doing sth. 肩負(fù)起責(zé)任But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowle

45、dge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read more”. So they believe that reading extensively is better.To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we c

46、an increase the quality and quantity of reading.Directions: Write a composition about 120/150 words based on the following outline:1） 當(dāng)前社會上存在許多不誠實的現(xiàn)象2） 誠實利人利己，做人應(yīng)該誠實2002.6Topic: Student Use of Computers (at least150 words) Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week1、上圖所示為1990、

47、1995、2000年某校大學(xué)生使用計算機(jī)的情況，請描述其變化；2、請說明發(fā)生這些變化的原因（可從計算機(jī)的用途、價格或社會發(fā)展等方面加以說明）； 3、你認(rèn)為目前大學(xué)生在計算機(jī)使用中有什么困難或問題。2002.1Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus You should write at least 12

48、0 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below: 假設(shè)你是李明，請你就本校食堂的狀況給校長寫一封信，內(nèi)容應(yīng)涉及食堂的飯菜質(zhì)量、價格、環(huán)境、服務(wù)等，可以是表揚(yáng)，可以是批評建議，也可以兼而有之。 January 12th, 2002 Dear Mr. President, Li Ming2001.6Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter.Suppose you are Zhang Ying.

49、 Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the week-long holiday. You should write at least 120 words according to the suggestions given below in Chinese. 1.表示歡迎 2.提出過度假安排的建議 3.提醒應(yīng)注意的事項 A Letter to a Schoolmate June 23,2001 Dear Xiao Wang 2001.1Directions: F

50、or this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Succeed in a Job Interview? You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:1. 面試在求職過程中的作用。2. 取得面試成功的因素：儀表、舉止談吐、能力、專業(yè)知識、自信、實事求是2000.6Directions: For this part,

51、 you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? The first sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 120 words, and bas your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:1. 很多認(rèn)為有必要舉行英語口語考試，理由是2. 也有人持不同意見，3. 我的看

52、法和打算2000.1Direction: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance My College Education. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1. 上大學(xué)的費(fèi)用（tuition and fees）可以通過多種途徑解決2. 哪種途徑適合于我（說明理由）1999

53、.6Direction: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading Selectively Or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words, and base you composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 有人認(rèn)為讀書要有選擇。2. 有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)博覽群書。3. 我的看法。1999.1Directions: For this part

54、, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic. Dont Hesitate to Say NoYou should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1.別人請求幫助時，在什么情況下我們說不。2.為什么有些人在該說不的時候不說不。3.該說不時不說不的壞處。1998.6Directions: For this part, you are

55、allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck?You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1. 有些人認(rèn)為某些數(shù)字會帶來好運(yùn)。2. 我認(rèn)為數(shù)字和運(yùn)氣無關(guān)，1998.1Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty

56、minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Fake Commodities. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given on Chinese) below:1. 假冒偽劣商品的危害。2. 怎樣杜絕假冒偽劣商品。1997.6Directions: For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic My View on Job-HoppingYou should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the