contrastive linguistics lecture 4 ppt.ppt

1、Lecture 4，grammatical contrastive studies，1 .an outline of the study of grammar，1.1 what is grammar？grammar is a description of the structure of a language and the way in which linguistic units such as words and phrases are combined to produce senten center，morphology : inflectional morphology lexic

2、al morphology morphology(inflections)syntax，Wang lit is commonly known in moown and morphology can be taken out . it follows that Chinese grammar is left with syntax only . LV Shu Xiang 3360 Chinese does not have morphologian S in the syntax .for indo-European languages to include morphology and syn

3、tax as the two components in their grammatical frameworks even though their content MEMS，1.2 grammatical description Halliday(19613360274)four categories : Unit，structure，class，and system three scallidayrank-the order in which linguistic units are arranged to show that higher units include lower one

4、s。(rank scale)(級別)five such units for Chinese(Halliday): sentence-clause-group-word-character Anande . g . the structure of the unit clause in English : subject，predica tor，Complement and adjunct the structure of a nominal phrr這些成員可能出現(xiàn)在上一級單位的結(jié)構(gòu)中的相同位置)e . g . next Thursday is an example of the class

5、of adverbial phrase 。it typically occurs as as System the category set up to account for“the occurrence of one rather than another from a number of like events”Systems of sentences，of clauses，of groups，of words and of morphemes。typical systems at clause rank are 3360 mood、tranning And information .

6、indicative、imperative declarative、interrogative、 delicacy refers to the degree of specification when a category is described . e . g the delicacy of a clause may be 3360 sp SPC SPC 1.3 models Mary has many beautiful stamps . Mary has many beautiful stamps。、S (he is a very good student)。)NP (he) VP v

7、 (is) NP det。(a)n AP n adv . adj . n(very)(good)Light house keeper Light house keeper，2.1 surface syntactic ca at the surface structure is to compare the surface structures of sentences in different languages。lado 3360 surface syntactic ca 1)To find out the differences between the forms of the corre

8、spondent syntactic structures of the two languages the twolado(1957)-three steps 1)To get the most complete description of the structure in each language . 2)To list all forms that the stat，an example a contrastive study of ma-type of interrogative in Chinese and yes-no interrogative in engline你是學(xué)生嗎

9、？first，a description of the ma-type of interrogative in Chinese and the yes-no interrogative in English(from grammar book)lish，a)我是工人。A) I am a worker。(be) a)你是工人嗎？A) Are you a worker？b)他能游泳。B) He can swim。(modal verb) b)他能游泳嗎？B) Can he swim？c)昨晚有人打了電話。someone called last night.c .昨晚有人來過電話嗎？C) Did anyone call last night？C) Did someone call last night？d)船已經(jīng)開了。d) The boat has left already。船已經(jīng)開了嗎？