2024北京朝陽區(qū)高二（下）期末英語試題和答案

試題PAGE1試題2024北京朝陽高二（下）期末英語2024.7(考試時間100分鐘滿分100分)本試卷共10頁?？忌鷦?wù)必在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答,在試卷上作答無效。第一部分知識運用(共三節(jié),30分)第一節(jié)完形填空(共10小題;每小題1分,共10分)閱讀下面短文,掌握其大意,從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中,選出最佳選項,并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。TheRedCrossbuspulledintoourschoolparkinglot,welcomingstudentsovertheageofeighteento__1__blood.Honestly,mostwereattractedbythepromiseoffreecookiesandjuice.Teacherswerealsoencouragedtoparticipate.Afterwatchingaheartwarmingvideo,manyofus__2__togiveblood,myselfincluded.Thenursehadjustremovedtheneedlefrommyarmwhenthebellrangforthenextlesson.IclimbedthethreeflightsofstairstomyclassroomandbythetimeIopenedthedoorformystudents,Ifeltslightly__3__,asifwalkingonclouds.Fortherestofthatafternoon,Ievenfeltsicktomystomach,soImadeamentalnotetoleavesuch__4__forafter-schoolhours.__5__,theideaslippedmymindasIgrewbusywithotherresponsibilities.Nevertheless,perception(看法)always__6__withexperience.Earlyinmycancertreatment,Iexperiencedpainfulchemotherapy(化療).Thebloodtransfusionsbreathednewlifeintome.Then,I__7__,foreachbloodproductdonated,therewasaliving,breathingrecipient,justlikeme.Watchingtheliquidentermybody,Iwas__8__bythefactthatplatelets(血小板)arebrightyellow,likethesun.Itistrulyamazingthatapartofonepersoncansavethelifeofanother.Iam__9__tothestranger,whosekindnesshasallowedmetoregeneratemyweakenedbodyandlivetofightanotherday.TheGreekshaveseveralwordstodefinelove.Themostpowerfulisagape,whichmeans“l(fā)ovewithaction,”particularlywhenitisconcernedwiththegreater__10__ofanother.Andtosomany,includingme,that’sexactlywhatblooddonationhasbeen.1.A.draw B.test C.collect D.donate2.A.refused B.hesitated C.pretended D.volunteered3.A.dizzy B.afraid C.down D.ashamed4.A.rights B.opinions C.adventures D.judgements5.A.However B.Therefore C.Instead D.Moreover6.A.appears B.changes C.declines D.remains7.A.denied B.imagined C.recalled D.realised8.A.puzzled B.amused C.fascinated D.embarrassed9.A.open B.polite C.grateful D.generous10.A.mercy B.good C.success D.effort第二節(jié)選詞填空(共10小題;每小題1分,共10分)閱讀下面句子,根據(jù)句意,從方框中選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~或詞組,并用其正確形式填空。reliablefactordeserveappealtogothroughfigureouthavenointentionofbeinvolvedinintermsofheartandsoul11.Ican’t_____________howmuchthetripwillcost.12.Itiswrongtojudgehappinessjust_____________success.13.Ithinkwe_____________agoodrestafterallthathardwork.14.Heworked_____________forhiscountrythroughouthislife.15.Whenyou_____________acrisis,itoftenhelpstotalktosomeone.16.Mostpeoplenow_____________stayingatonejobforthewholelife.17.Itwasahugeprojectandover20softwarecompanies_____________it.18.Studieshaveestablishedthatsmokingisarisk_____________forcancer.19.Theinnovativesmartphonedesign_____________allagesandsocialgroups.20.Companiesalwaysappreciatea_____________personwhotheycantrusttodothejob.(請務(wù)必將第11至20題的答案寫在答題卡指定區(qū)域內(nèi))第三節(jié)語法填空(共10小題;每小題1分,共10分)閱讀下面句子,根據(jù)句子內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫1個恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~,在給出提示詞的空白處用括號內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。21.Heissucha_____________(curiosity)boy,alwaysaskingquestions.22.Scientists_____________(learn)alotaboutthebraininthelastdecade.23.Shewasquitedisappointedtofindthatthey_____________(leave)already.24.Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand_____________(correct)them.25.Simplegymequipment,_____________(use)correctly,canimprovefitnesslevels.26.An_____________(accuracy)descriptionoftheproblemisthefirststepinsolvingit.27.She_____________(practise)thepianosincebreakfast,andherfingersarestartingtoache.28.It’suptoyou_____________(decide)whatyoucandoandhowwellyoucandoitinyourcareer.29.Inthe1950s,anattempt_____________(make)toprove“SixDegreesofSeparation”mathematically.30.Thechildrenstartedplayingwithwaterballoons,_____________(turn)thebackyardintoawetandwildbattlefield.(請務(wù)必將第21至30題的答案寫在答題卡指定區(qū)域內(nèi))第二部分閱讀理解(共兩節(jié),38分)第一節(jié)(共14小題;每小題2分,共28分)閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中,選出最佳選項,并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。AIfyou’realoverofliteratureandwanttostudyitfurther,Harvard’sonlinecoursesareagreatoption!AbouttheCoursesTheAncientGreekHeroexploreswhatitmeanstobehumantodaybystudyingwhatitmeanttobeaheroinancientGreektimes.Toachievethis,learnerswillexperience,inEnglishtranslation,someancientGreekliteraturefromthe8thcenturyBCtothe3rdcenturyAD.NobleCultureandtheCosmopolitanTanglooksathownoblefamiliesandtheircultureandliteraturecontributedtothereunification(重新統(tǒng)一)ofChinaundertheTangDynasty.You’llalsolearnhowtocomposeandanalyzepoetryandcalligraphy.Shakespeare’sLifeandWorkexploresrelationshipsbetweenShakespeare’sworldandpresentday.Throughshortvideosandreadings,youwillseehowthemeaningofaworkofartchangesdependingonthetime,context,andculture.MasterpiecesofWorldLiteraturerevealshowgreatwritersreflectontheirworldandhowtheirworksarechangedintoday’sglobalculture.Ithelpsusunderstandthedeeprootsoftoday’sinterconnectedglobalculture.WaystoTaketheCoursesWhenyousignupforthesecourses,youwillhavetheoptionofauditing(旁聽)thecourseorpursuinganofficialcertificate.Intheauditingtrack,learningisfreeandself-pacedwithin18weeks.Learnershaveaccesstopartofourcourseresources.Besides,coursevideosandhandoutsarenotavailablefordownloading.Pleasenotethatthistrackdoesnotofferanofficialcertificate.Alternatively,learnerscanpay_299topursueanofficialcertificate,whichoffersunlimitedaccesstocourseresourceswithinayear.Attheendofthecourse,learnerswhoearnapassinggradecanreceiveacertificate.Ifyou’reinterestedandwanttolearnmore,clickhere:https://www.harvardonline.harvard.edu31.Ifyouwanttoknowhowtoanalyzepoetry,youcanchoose___________.A.TheAncientGreekHeroB.Shakespeare’sLifeandWorkC.MasterpiecesofWorldLiteratureD.NobleCultureandtheCosmopolitanTang32.Intheauditingtrack,youcan___________.A.determinethelearningpaceB.accesshandoutsforafeeC.earnanofficialcertificateD.downloadcoursevideos33.Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A.Toadvertiseonlinecourses.B.Toexploretherootsofhumanity.C.Tocomparedifferentcultures.D.Tohighlightthevalueofliterature.BItturnsoutpatienceisn’talwaysavirtue.BythetimeNalinKamatwas13,theTorontoteenhadbeenwellonhiswaytobecomingaworkingartist.Hehadalreadyhadhisfirstshowatalocalartscentre.Yethewantedmore—specificallytostartshowinghisworksinajuriedexhibition,whereartexpertswouldevaluateandselectpiecesinacompetitivereviewprocess,ensuringthatonlythemostoutstandingworksareincludedintheexhibition.That’swhenheranintoaproblem,discoveringintheverylastlineofamultiapplicationthattheminimumageforsubmissionwas18.Thatrejectionbecameafuelforcreation.“Asyoungartists,wedon’tgetasmuchcreditasIthinkwedeserve,andwealsodon’tgetmanyopportunitiestoshowcasetheamountofworkweputintotheart.Ithoughtit’dbereallycoolifIcouldprovidetheopportunityformoreyoungartists,”saysNalin,now15.Withthesupportofhisparents,inJanuary2023,NalinfoundedLittleEGGGallery,acommercialstudioonlyforunderageartists.Thegallery,whichisnowprofitableenough,chargesasmallfeeforanydisplayedworkandtakesa15percentservicefeeonsales.Inturn,LittleEGGGalleryhelpspromoteyoungtalentsbyshowcasingtheirworks.Notlongafteropening,DavidGriffin,aprofessorandartistfromOntarioCollegeofArtandDesignUniversity,happenedtocomeacrossthegallerywhilewalkingwithhiswifeintheirneighbourhood.UponmeetingNalin,Griffinsaysheunderstoodthathewasspeakingwithsomeonespecial,“astrongyoungartistwithareallyexcellentidea,whichwastocreateaspaceforshowingthelocalcommunitytheeasy,naturalgeniusofyoungpeople.”Aconnectionwasformed,andNalinaskedGriffintohelpjudgeanupcomingcompetition.Thefirstjuriedshowwaslastspring,andthetopthreewinnerseachreceiveda_50cashprize.Five-year-oldJackGamblewonforhisabstractpaintingtitledPokemon.GivenhowbusyNaliniswithschoollifeandhisownart,LittleEGGGalleryismostlyopenbyappointmentonly,buthe’sstilldevotedtogrowingthegallerywithseasonalandthemedshowsscheduledafewtimesayear.Nalinbelievesthatyoungartistsarefreetobemorecreative.InaninterviewwithCBCKidsNews,hesaid,“Ithinkwhenyou’reyounger,youhavemorecreativity.Youseebeautyinmorethingsandwhenyougetolder,itkindofstops.Idon’twanttoseeanyonepreventedfromcreatingtheirart.”34.Accordingtothepassage,thejuriedexhibition__________.A.favoursworksofartexpertsB.chargesasmallfeeforentriesC.setsnoagelimitforsubmissionD.displaysprofessionallyselectedworks35.HowdidNalinKamatfeelafterbeingrejected?A.Anxious.B.Motivated.C.Regretful.D.Confused.36.WhydidNalinKamatfoundLittleEGGGallery?A.Toworkwithotheryoungartists.B.Tomeethisparents’expectations.C.Toofferunderageartistsaplatform.D.Toholdanexhibitionofhisownworks.37.WhatcanwelearnfromNalinKamat’sstory?A.Wisdomarisesfromexperience.B.Everythingcomestothosewhowait.C.Luckmatterstoone’scareersuccess.D.Innovativethoughtsincreaseone’schances.CMostpeoplewilllearnoneortwolanguagesintheirlives,butVaughnSmithspeaks24languages,ahyperpolyglot—arareindividualwhospeaksmorethan10languages.However,scientistshavelargelyignoredwhat’sgoingoninsidethebrainsofpolyglots—peoplewhospeakmorethanfivelanguages—saysEvelinaFedorenko,acognitive(認(rèn)知的)neuroscientistattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Sheadds,“That’spartlybecausetheyaccountforonly1%ofpeopleglobally,makingitdifficulttofindenoughparticipantsforresearch.”InanewstudyledbyFedorenko,researcherslookedinsidethemindsofpolyglotslikeSmithtorevealhowlanguage-specificregionsintheirbrainsrespondtohearingdifferentlanguages.“Thisstudywillcontributetoourunderstandingofhowourbrainlearnslanguages,”shesays.Togaininsightsintohowpolyglotsprocessfiveormorelanguages,Fedorenko’steamscannedthebrainsof25polyglots.Theyusedabrainimagingtechniquecalledfunctionalmagneticresonanceimaging(fMRI),whichmeasuresbloodflowinthebrain,tomapouttheselanguagenetworks.InsidethefMRImachine,thepolyglotslistenedtoaseriesof16-second-longrecordingsinoneofeightdifferentlanguages.Theeightlanguagesincludedeachparticipant’snativelanguage,threeotherstheylearnedlaterinlife,andfourunfamiliarlanguages.Twooftheunfamiliarlanguageswerecloselyrelatedtotheparticipant’snativelanguage—forinstance,SpanishforanativeItalianspeaker.Theothertwounfamiliarlanguagescamefromunrelatedlanguagefamilies.Theresearchersfoundthatwhenparticipantsheardanyoftheeightlanguages,bloodalwaysrushedtothesamebrainregions.Inotherwords,theparticipants’brainsappearedtousethesamebasicnetworkasmonolinguals(單語言者)totrytounderstandthesounds,regardlessofwhichlanguagetheyheard.Moreover,theactivityinthebrain’slanguagenetworkschangedbasedonhowwellparticipantsunderstoodalanguage.Themorefamiliarthelanguage,thelargertheresponse.Brainactivityparticularlywasinvigoratedwhenparticipantsheardunfamiliarlanguagesthatwerecloselyrelatedtoonestheyknewwell.Thismighthavehappenedasbrainareasworkedovertimetopuzzleoutthemeaningsbasedonsimilaritiesbetweenthelanguages.Therewasoneexceptiontotherule:Whenparticipantsheardtheirnativetongue,theirlanguagenetworkswereactuallyquieterthanwhentheyheardotherfamiliarlanguages.Thistrendheldevenwhenparticipantswerefluentintheirotherfamiliarlanguages.Thatcouldbesobecauseexpertisereducestheamountofbrainpowerneededforatask,theresearchersnote.Whilethisstudycastslightonmultilinguists’brainactivity,therearestillunansweredquestions.Notably,futureresearchhopestostudypeoplewholearnedmultiplelanguagesfrominfancy(嬰兒期).Nevertheless,“thisstudycouldonedayleadtobettertoolstohelppeoplerelearnlanguagesmoreeasilyafterastrokeorbraindamage.”Fedorenkosays.38.Whatisthemainpurposeofthefirstparagraph?A.Topresentalatestbraintheory.B.Tostressthesignificanceofthestudy.C.Toexplaintheresearchmethod.D.Toprovidethedefinitionsoftwoterms.39.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Thebrainprocessesnativelanguageswithmucheffort.B.Bloodflowinthebrainisunrelatedtolanguagefamiliarity.C.Thebrainusesthesameareastoprocessmultiplelanguages.D.Effectivetreatmentsforlanguagedisordershavebeendiscovered.40.Whatdoestheword“invigorated”underlinedinParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Evaluated.B.Activated.C.Affected.D.Reduced.41.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ImpactofLanguageFamiliarityonBrainB.ChallengesinStudyingLanguageGeniusesC.SecretsofLanguageProcessinginPolyglotsD.EdgeoffMRIinRevealingLanguageProcessingDAthemeatthisyear’sWorldEconomicForum(WEF)meetinginSwitzerlandwastheperceivedneedto“speedupbreakthroughsinresearchandtechnology”.Someofthisframingwasmotivatedbytheclimateemergency;somebytheopportunitiesandchallengespresentedbygenerativeartificialintelligence(AI).Invariousconversations,itseemstobetakenforgrantedthattoaddresstheworld’sproblems,scientificresearchneedstomovefasterandbreakthings.Butwhatifthethingbeingbrokenisscience?Orpublictrust?Inrecentyears,we’veseenimportantpaperswrittenbywell-knownscientistsandpublishedininfluentialjournalswereretracted(召回)becauseofquestionabledataormethods.Inonenotablecase,FrancesH.Arnold,whosharedthe2018NobelPrizeinChemistry,voluntarilyretractedapaperwhenherlabwasunabletoreplicate(復(fù)制)herresults—butafterthepaperhadbeenpublished.Inanopenapology,shestatedthatshewas“abitbusy”whenthepaperwassubmittedand“didnotdomyjobwell”.Arnold’shonestyisadmirable,butitraisesaquestion:ArescholarsatsupercompetitiveplacessuchasHarvard,StanfordandYalerushingtopublishratherthantakingthetimetodotheirworkright?It’simpossibletoanswerthisquestionscientificallybecausethere’snoscientificdefinitionof“rushing”.Butthere’slittledoubtthatweliveinaculturewhereacademicsatleadinguniversitiesareunderenormouspressuretoproduceresults—andalotofthem—quickly.Formalresearchassessmentshaveforyearsjudgedacademicdepartmentslargelyontheoutputquantity.Theexistingsystemhasledtoreducedmotivationforexcellenceandinnovationinacademicresearch.Arecentreformbyacademicswithinthefieldhasurgedforqualityoverquantity.Goodsciencetakestime.Morethan50yearspassedbetweenthe1543publicationofCopernicus’smagnumopus(天體運行論),andthebroadscientificacceptanceoftheheliocentricmodeloftheuniverse.NearlyacenturypassedbetweenbiochemistFriedrichMiescher’sidentificationoftheDNAandtheclarificationofitsdouble-helixstructureinthe1950s.AndittookjustabouthalfacenturyforgeologistsandgeophysiciststoacceptgeophysicistAlfredWegener’sideaofcontinentalmovement.Scientistsandotherscholarsarepushingresultsoutfarfasterthantheyusedto.Considerthevolumeofacademicpapersbeingpublishedthesedays.Onerecentstudyputthenumberatoversevenmillionayear,comparedwithfewerthanamillionasrecentlyas1980.Anotherstudyfound265academicauthors—twothirdsofwhomwereinthemedicalandlifesciences—whopublishedapapereveryfivedaysonaverage.Someofthisgrowthisdrivenbymorescientistsandmoreco-authorshipofpapers,butthenumbersalsosuggestthattheresearchworldhasprioritizedquantityoverquality.Researchersmayneedtoslowdown—notspeedup—ifwearetoproducetrustworthyknowledge.42.TheauthorgivesanexampleofFrancesH.Arnoldtoshowthat__________.A.academicfieldsvaluehonestyB.scientistslacktimeforresearchC.scholarstendtopublishpapersinahurryD.laboratoriesfailtoreplicatescientificresults43.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A.AIandclimateissuesblockresearchprogress.B.Defining“rushing”boostsacademicproductivity.C.IdentifyingDNAiseasierthanclarifyingitsstructure.D.Scholarshaveacknowledgedtheproblemwithacademicevaluation.44.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheauthor’sopiniononscientificresearch?A.Researchcredibilityisatoppriorityinscience.B.Morepublicationsenhanceresearchers’reputation.C.Studiesinmedicalandlifesciencesaresatisfactory.D.Co-authorshipneedstobecancelledforreliableresearch.第二節(jié)(共5小題;每小題2分,共10分)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,從短文后的七個選項中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項,并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Ifyouareaskedtodescribeyourrelationshipwithyourphone,whatwouldyousay?__45__Forthoseofuswhousedigitaltechnologywithregularity,wewillunavoidablythinkwehaveoverdoneit.Butarewereallyaddictedtoourscreens?Forthevastmajorityofusers,theanswerisnobecausethere’snoformalsetofcriteriafordigitaladdiction.__46__Thistestwasgiventoaround800people,usingcriteriapreviouslyadoptedinmanyotherstudies.Theteamfoundthat69%oftheparticipantscouldbediagnosedwithanaddictiontospendingtimewiththeirfriends.__47__Instead,theteamwasshowinghoweasyitistocreatewhatappearstobeadata-drivenmeasureofanaddictivebehavior,whichactuallyisanormalpartofeverydaylife.Theideaofbeingaddictedtoofflinefriendshipsisridiculous,butthatiswhatishappeninginthedigitaltechnologyresearchliterature.Wearestuckwithresearcherscombiningpeople’senjoymentofanactivitywiththeideathatithasthepotentialtobecomeaddictive.__48__Itistruethatwecandevelopbadrelationshipswiththetechnologyweuse,butanemerginglineofresearchsaysweneedtoviewourrelationshipswithdigitaltechnologyintermsofhabits,notintermsofproblematicuse.__49__Whethertheyhavepositiveornegativeeffectsonourwell-beingdependsnotjustonthetypeofhabit,butonthecontextinwhichitoccurs,howfrequentlyitoccursandwhatotherfactorsmightbecontributingtoit.Thinkingaboutourtechnologyuseintermsofhabitoffersusamuchwiderrangeofoptions.Ratherthangettingridoftechnologyaltogether,wecanseekourdigitalexperiencethatpromotepositiveeffectswhileminimizingnegativeimpacts.A.Manyofusarelikelytodevelopbadhabits.B.Habits,likecheckingourphones,areneutral.C.Formany,theword“addicted”wouldspringtomind.D.Thisleadsultimatelytothebeliefthattheactivityisnaturallybad.E.Obviously,theaimwasn’ttofuelanewmoralpanicaboutsocializing.F.Arecentstudyhasrevealedevidencethatshowspositiveeffectsofdigitaluse.G.Backin2020,ateamusedstandardtechniquestodoanoffline-friendaddictionquestionnaire.第三部分書面表達(共兩節(jié),32分)第一節(jié)(共4小題;第50、51題各2分,第52題3分,第53題5分,共12分)閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)題目要求用英文回答問題。請在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答。SurveydatashowthatAmericancustomerstodayaremorethantwiceaslikelytocomplainaboutaproductorserviceastheywerein1976.Peoplearegrumbling(抱怨)moreatworktoo.NearlyathirdofemployersinoneUK-basedsurveywitnessedanincreaseinemployeecomplaintsoveratwo-yearperiod.Ofcourse,youcanalwaysfindsomethingtocomplainabout.Butifyoudosohabitually,thatisprobablyhurtingyou,makingothersfeeldown,andmakingyoualessattractivepersontobearound.Soyoumightwanttoresistthetrendtowardacultureofcomplaint.Sometimes,complainingis“instrumental,”designedtogainredress(補償)fordispleasure,suchaspoorserviceorannoyingbehaviourfromafamilymember.Complainingcanalsobe“chronic,”astateofdissatisfactioninwhichgrumblersconstantlythinkabouttheirmiseryandrefusetobecomforted.Moretypically,however,complainingissimplytoletoutdispleasureorobtainsympathy.Theproblemwithcomplainingisthateventhoughitcanfeeltherapeutic(有療效的),ittypicallyisn’t.Althoughcomplainingmightoffertemporaryrelief,it’sbadforyourhappinessinthelongrun.Scholarshaveshownthatpeoplewhosharenegativeemotionsonsocialmediaexperiencelowerlevelsofwell-being.Complainingcanalsolowerthehappinessofthepeoplearoundyou.Researchersshowedthatsimplyhearinganother’scomplaintlowersone’smood.Evenworse,insomerelationships,thenegativeeffectcanpasslikeavirustothoseexposed.Let’sassume,however,thatyourlivelihooddoesnotrelyonspreadingmisery.Muchmorelikelyisthatitwillbeinyourinterest,ifyouhaveacomplaininghabit,tobreakit.Thepeopleyoucareaboutwillbehappiertoo.50.Whatisthepurposeof“instrumental”complaining?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________51.Whatarethenegativeeffectsofcomplaining?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________52.Pleasedecidewhichpartisfalseinthefollowingstatement,thenunderlineitandexplainwhy.“Chronic”complainingisastateofdissatisfactioninwhichgrumblersconstantlythinkabouttheirmiseryandtrytoobtainsympathy.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________53.Insteadofcomplaining,howwouldyoudealwithdissatisfactioninlife?(Inabout40words)____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________(請務(wù)必將第50至53題的答案寫在答題卡指定區(qū)域內(nèi))第二節(jié)(20分)假設(shè)你是紅星中學(xué)高二學(xué)生李華。你校國際部即將舉辦“校園科技節(jié)”,現(xiàn)正在全校招募英語志愿者。請你用英語給活動負(fù)責(zé)人寫一封申請信,內(nèi)容包括:1.闡述申請理由;2.介紹個人優(yōu)勢。注意:1.詞數(shù)100左右;2.開頭和結(jié)尾已給出,不計入總詞數(shù)。提示詞:ScienceandTechnologyFestivalDearSir/Madam,_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________