英語辯論-智商先天遺傳還是后天培養(yǎng)intelligence

專業(yè)資料WORD完美格式下載可編輯我覺得都有關(guān)系。首先人的智商先天遺傳的。不然世界上怎么會(huì)有那么多先天性的弱者，低能兒？（該詞語毫無貶義，就事論事的說）。其次人是環(huán)境的產(chǎn)物。別人說如果腦子不用就會(huì)銹掉，是很有道理的。以前看過一份調(diào)查，說是找到一對(duì)雙胞胎做試驗(yàn)（他們的智商行為能力當(dāng)時(shí)測(cè)出來相似度幾乎為99%），后來在他們長大一點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，哥哥被送去成為了挖煤工人，整天在不見天日的地方和粗人在一起重復(fù)著機(jī)械勞動(dòng)；而弟弟被送到了一戶很有錢的人家家里受到最良好的教育。等他們20歲的時(shí)候，兩兄弟已截然不同了——弟弟是哈佛大學(xué)的高才生，風(fēng)度翩翩一表人才；而哥哥卻粗魯呆滯。更重要的是他們當(dāng)時(shí)的智商測(cè)下來居然相差甚遠(yuǎn)。所以如果你的智商不是天生有問題，那就多動(dòng)動(dòng)腦子吧，呵呵～～I(xiàn)thinkallrelationships.

First,inherentgeneticIQpeople.

Otherwise,howwouldtherebesomanytheworld'scongenitalweakness,lowenergychild?

(Thetermisnoderogatory,matter-say).

Second,aretheproductoftheenvironment.

Otherssaidthatifthebrainwillnotrustout,itjustmakessense.

Readaprevioussurvey,sayingitwasatesttofindapairoftwins(theyweremeasuringtheIQcapacityoutofalmost99%similarity),theygrowupalittlelater,whenmybrotherwassentintothecoalminingworkers

alldayandnotseethelightofthelocalyokelwithrepeatedmechanicalwork;andhisbrotherweresenttoalotofmoneybymostpeopleagoodeducationathome.

Sowhentheyare20yearsold,thetwobrothershavebeenverydifferent-theyoungerbrotherofthebrilliantstudentatHarvardUniversity,atalentedhandsome;andhisbrotherwasrudesluggish.

Moreimportantly,theywereactuallyfardowntheIQtest.

SoifyourIQisnotinherentlyaproblem,itwouldalwaysthinktwice,huh,huh~~

一般地說是有遺傳的。而且?guī)茁蔬€比較大，但是，隱性遺傳也是存在的，基因突變也是有的。不太聰明的父母生育了很聰明的孩子也是有的。很聰明的父母生育很笨的孩子當(dāng)然也有。其實(shí)，小孩在10歲以前，腦子也是可朔的，通過訓(xùn)練培養(yǎng)，同樣可以能變得聰明起來。Generallyspeaking,thereisgenetic.

Andtheprobabilityisrelativelylarge,butalsotheexistenceofrecessivegenemutationsalsohave.

Nottoosmart

Birthparentsareverysmartkidshave.

Birthparentsofverysmartkids,ofcoursetherearestupid.

Infact,childrenbeforetheageof10,brain

Moon'ssonisalsoavailablethroughtheTrainingandTraining,thesamemaybeabletobecomewiseup億萬富翁建立天才精子庫羅伯特?格雷厄姆是美國一位億萬富翁，1980年他投巨資建立了精子庫，希望為婦女提供生育潛在天才的機(jī)會(huì)，從而彌補(bǔ)人類基因遺傳中的巨大損失。他萌生這樣的想法，是由于他在年輕時(shí)結(jié)識(shí)過一位發(fā)明家，此人聰明絕頂，不但有多項(xiàng)了不起的發(fā)明，同時(shí)既是大學(xué)教授，又是著名醫(yī)生，令格雷厄姆崇拜之至。然而遺憾的是，這位發(fā)明家卻沒有結(jié)婚生子，格雷厄姆因此想到了建精子庫，讓沒有生育孩子但智商高的人能夠有繼承者。他的精子庫設(shè)在自己在南加利福尼亞的別墅地下室里。在他招募的第一批精子捐獻(xiàn)者中，至少有3位諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主，其中包括黑人物理學(xué)家威廉?科金利。但是因種族主義者的“黑人生來劣于白人”觀點(diǎn)，科金利成為一個(gè)有爭議的捐獻(xiàn)者。相關(guān)新聞：記者節(jié)，本報(bào)收到特殊禮物（圖）山東捐精志愿者95%為高校生每年數(shù)千夫婦苦等濟(jì)南95%捐精志愿者是高校生男生集體捐獻(xiàn)精子/圖捐精液變“買精液”對(duì)高校學(xué)子是一種毒害格雷厄姆的做法在社會(huì)上遭到不少批評(píng)，被認(rèn)為是取代了自然規(guī)律，但格雷厄姆的辯解很簡單：如果由此生育的后代中有一人能找到治療癌癥的良方，那么自己的努力就是值得的。但是經(jīng)營精子庫的人，早期也出過兩件不光彩的事情。第一位幫助格雷厄姆經(jīng)營精子庫的經(jīng)理保爾?史密斯，根本就不是什么生物學(xué)家，而是一個(gè)清潔工，他企圖將這些名人的精子與動(dòng)物精子混合在一起，從事一項(xiàng)商業(yè)冒險(xiǎn)活動(dòng)；后來的一位經(jīng)理，經(jīng)查竟是一名人物肖像畫家?；蚶^承人智商高不過，到1998年格雷厄姆逝世，近20年來，世界各地已有230多名孩子有了精子庫中天才的遺傳基因，他們的情況如何呢？第一位精子庫的天才基因繼承人是維基?科爾瓦思基。這個(gè)女孩從小就才華橫溢，智商達(dá)180，幾乎每年都獲得國家數(shù)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金，后來她考上加利福尼亞理工學(xué)院，這是美國的一所名牌高校，培養(yǎng)過幾十名諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主，愛因斯坦也曾在此校任教。因此，不但格雷厄姆對(duì)她寄予厚望，她的養(yǎng)父更希望她創(chuàng)造出奇跡?？茽柾咚蓟壬且幻I(yè)的電子工程師，把希望寄托在維基身上，為此采取了極端手段，在她童年時(shí)不讓她玩玩具，不給她過生日，剝奪了她作為孩子應(yīng)有的樂趣，讓她的生活中除了學(xué)習(xí)還是學(xué)習(xí)。對(duì)維基來說，她的生活目標(biāo)就是取悅父親，為了讓父親高興而拼命學(xué)習(xí)。然而考上大學(xué)以后，遠(yuǎn)離了父親，她感到如釋重負(fù)，對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)喪失興趣，轉(zhuǎn)而追求享樂，成績下降，甚至有的功課不及格。維基目前失業(yè)在家。多倫?布萊克是第二位精子庫天才基因的傳人，他從小所受教育與維基迥然不同。他的母親阿克倫是一位單身媽媽，也是一位心理學(xué)家，她認(rèn)為，只有讓孩子在一個(gè)寬松自由的環(huán)境里成長，才能充分發(fā)展其潛力。“我的想法是讓他開放地迎接一切，”阿克倫說，“如果他是一棵樹，我的任務(wù)就是負(fù)責(zé)澆水，任他自由生長，我的水就是愛和親情。讓孩子朝他感興趣的方向發(fā)展。我的做法反映在多倫身上，就是‘心血來潮’和‘3分鐘的熱度’，他一會(huì)兒對(duì)某個(gè)方面有濃厚的興趣，然而一個(gè)月后可能就會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)向另一個(gè)方面?！倍鄠惖母赣H，即精子捐獻(xiàn)者，是一位電腦專家，同時(shí)對(duì)古典音樂也很有造詣。阿克倫選中他的精子，是參看了長達(dá)兩頁的介紹之后決定的，介紹上還對(duì)這位專家的身體、品行、家庭背景作了描述。多倫的確是一個(gè)聰明的孩子。他兩歲就會(huì)玩電腦，3歲就能識(shí)字，5歲就能看懂莎士比亞戲劇《哈姆萊特》的一些片段。但他很驕傲，總是自夸自己的智商，因此常惹怒一些同學(xué)。他的小學(xué)老師則說他上課不遵守紀(jì)律，缺少持之以恒的精神?，F(xiàn)在多倫是一位頗有影響的音樂家。今年59歲的大衛(wèi)?拉姆和50歲的阿德里安娜是一對(duì)夫妻，大衛(wèi)是電腦程序設(shè)計(jì)員，阿德里安娜是舞蹈家兼鋼琴演奏家，由于不能自然生育，他們決定求助于精子庫?！拔也⒉幌朐炀统鍪裁刺觳?，我只想讓我的孩子像我的丈夫一樣聰明、活躍、健壯?！卑⒌吕锇材日f。他們的第一個(gè)孩子倫納是女孩，今年16歲，提供精子的“父親”是一所名牌大學(xué)的著名教授；第二個(gè)孩子考特妮也是女孩，第三個(gè)孩子羅根是男孩，這兩個(gè)孩子的精子“父親”是一名奧運(yùn)會(huì)金牌獲得者。兩個(gè)女孩很小就表現(xiàn)出聰穎的一面，大女兒18個(gè)月大的時(shí)候就能在鋼琴上彈簡單的曲子，二女兒15個(gè)月大的時(shí)候就能背詩唱歌，兩個(gè)女兒天生都有好嗓子?！半m然每個(gè)孩子都有自己的天賦，但他們今后的成就主要在于后天的培養(yǎng)?！卑⒌吕锇材日f，“我的兩個(gè)女兒都有極高的智商，但她們對(duì)藝術(shù)更感興趣。這或許是家庭的熏陶，因?yàn)槲姨焯於荚诩覐椾撉偬?。”然而，幼子羅根從小就有問題，遲遲不會(huì)說話，雖求診過不少著名醫(yī)院，終查不出原因，最后只得配了一臺(tái)語音合成器，通過鍵盤輸入關(guān)鍵詞后發(fā)出聲音與人交流。以上是精子庫造就的一些“天才”的現(xiàn)狀，對(duì)自然生育的夫妻在培養(yǎng)孩子方面，會(huì)不會(huì)有一些啟示呢？Billionairegeniussperm庫羅伯特格雷GrahamestablishedabillionaireintheUnitedStatesin1980,heinvestedheavilyinbuildingaspermbank,Greece

Fertilityhopeforwomenthechanceofpotentialtalent,whichmakeupthehumangeneticinheritanceofthehugelosses.

Hesproutedtheideais

Hehadmetinaninventoratayoungage,whoaresmart,notonlyhavemanygreatinventions,whilebothuniversityprofessors,and

Isafamousdoctor,sothatmattertoGrahamworship.

Butunfortunately,theinventordidnotmarryandhavechildren,sothinkofGraham

Theconstructionofthespermbank,sodonothavechildrenbutpeoplewithhighIQstohavesuccessors.

HisspermbankinhisvillainthebasementofSouthernCalifornia.

Inhisfirstrecruitingspermdonors,atleast3

NobelPrizewinners,includingphysicist威廉科金利black.

Butbecauseofracist"blackborninferiortowhites"concept

Point,WilliamMckinley,acontroversialdonors.

RelatedNews:

Presssection,thenewspaperreceivedaspecialgift(Figure)

95%ofsperminShandongcollegestudents,volunteers,thousandsofcoupleseachyearwaitingfor

Jinan,95%ofthevolunteersarecollegestudents,malespermdonorspermgroup/map

Donatedsemenchange"tobuysemen"isapoisonofcollegestudents

Graham'sapproachwasalotofcriticisminsociety,isconsideredtoreplacethenaturallaw,butGraham'sdefenseissimple:

Iftheresultingoffspringhaveonegoodwaytofindacureforcancer,thenhiseffortisworthit.

Butthespermbankbusinesspeoplehavebeenoutearlytwoshamefulthings.

ThefirstspermbanktohelpGraham,managerofsecurityoperations

Ershimisi,thereissimplynotabiologist,butacleaner,heattemptedthespermofthesecelebritiesmixedwithanimalsperm

Together,engagedinabusinessventure;lateramanager,anduponinspectionwasactuallyacharacterportrait.

HeirhighIQgenes,however,Graham'sdeathin1998,nearly20years,hasmorethan230childrenaroundtheworldhavesperm

Geniusofthegeneticlibrary,andtheirsituation?

Thefirstspermbankgeniusgenesuccessoris維基科爾瓦Siji.

Talentedgirlfromanearlyage,IQof180,several

Almosteveryyear,theStatemathematicsscholarships,andlatersheadmittedtotheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,whichisaprestigiousU.S.universities,trainingthrough

DozensofNobelLaureates,AlbertEinsteinoncetaughtinthisschool.

Therefore,theGrahamnotonlyhavehighhopesforher,heradoptivefatherismorehope

Hopeshecreatedamiracle.

Mr.科爾瓦思基anunemployedelectricalengineer,whoputtheirhopesinthewiki,fortakingavery

Endmeans,inherchildhoodwouldnotletherplaywithtoys,donotgiveherbirthdayasachildshouldbedeprivedofthepleasureofher,letherlife,inadditionto

Learningorlearning.

Onthewiki,hergoalinlifeistopleasehisfather,tomakehisfatherhappyandhardstudying.

However,admitted

College,awayfromhisfather,shefeltrelievedtoloseinterestinlearninginfavorofthepursuitofpleasure,performancedeclined,andevensomepower

Classfailed.

Wikipediacurrentlyunemployedathome.

多倫布萊克geniusspermbankisthesecondgenetransmission,hesufferedsincechildhoodeducationandwikidifferent.

HismotherAkron

Isasinglemother,alsoapsychologist,shebelievesthatonlyletthechildrenlooseinafreeenvironmenttogrow,tobefully

Developtheirpotential.

"Myideaistolethimopentowelcomeall,"Akronsaid,"Ifhewereatree,mytaskistonegative

Responsibleforwateringandlethimfreegrowth,thewaterismyloveandaffection.Interestedinthechildtowardshisdirection.

MyapproachisreflectedinToronto

Whoisthe'whim'and'3-minuteheat,'hehasamomentofinterest,however,maybeamonthlater

Willturntoanothermatter.

"Toronto'sfather,thespermdonor,isacomputerexpert,butisalsousefulformakingclassicalmusic

Yi.

Akronwasselectedsperm,isseeatwointroduction,thedecisiontointroducealsotheexpertonthebody,goods

OK,familybackgroundisdescribed.

Torontoisindeedacleverboy.

Hewastwoyearsoldwillplayonthecomputer,3yearsoldwillbeabletoread,5-year-oldwillbeabletosee

UnderstandShakespeare,"Hamlet"someofthefragments.

Buthewasproud,alwaysprideourselvesonourintelligence,sooftenangeredsomeofthesame

Science.

Hiselementaryschoolteachersaidthathedidnotdiscipline,lackofperseverance.

Torontoisnowaninfluentialmusic

Home.

DavidRamsey,59and50-year-oldAdrianaisahusbandandwife,Davidisacomputerprogrammer,isadanceAdriana

Danceathomeandthepianoplayer,becauseitisnotnaturalbirth,theydecidedtoturntoaspermbank.

"Idonotwanttobringupagenius,Ijust

Wantmychildrenlikemyhusband,smart,activeandrobust.

"Adrianasaid.Rennertheirfirstchildisagirl

16yearsold,providedthesperm,"father"isawell-knownprofessoratprestigiousuniversities;secondchild,Courtneyisalsoagirl,thethirdchild

Loganisaboychild,thespermoftwochildren,"Father"isanOlympicgoldmedalist.

Twolittlegirlsontheshowbrightside,theireldestdaughter,when18monthsoldwillbeabletoplaythesimplesongsonthepiano,theseconddaughter

15monthswhenyoucanBeishisinging,twodaughtersborntohaveagoodvoice."Whileeachchildhastheirowntalent,butthey

Themainachievementsofthefutureistonurture.

"Adrianasaid,"MytwodaughtershaveahighIQ,buttheirart

Moreinterested.

Thismaybetheinfluenceofthefamily,becauseIdanceeverydayathomeplayingthepiano.

"However,theyoungestsonLoganisaproblemsincechildhood,

Delaycannotspeak,althoughthepatienthadalotofwell-knownhospitals,thefinalcausecouldlastonlyonewithavoicesynthesizer,akeyboardinput

Afterthesoundintothekeywordstocommunicatewithothers.

Thesearethespermbankcreatedbysome"genius"statusquo,onthenaturalfertilityofthecouplesintermsoftrainingchildren,willhavesomestart

Showit?無數(shù)事實(shí)表明，智慧與才能雖不是完全由遺傳所決定，但是與遺傳有一定的關(guān)系。遺傳對(duì)智力發(fā)展的作用是客觀存在的。目前普遍使用的智力測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是“智商”。智商為200分制，即最高的分?jǐn)?shù)是200，最低的是0。90-110分者屬于正常智力的范圍；120-140分者為聰明人；140分以上的則是絕頂聰明的人或稱天才，分?jǐn)?shù)越低，表示智力越差。70分以下的為智力低下，其中50-70分者屬于愚笨，25-50分者為癡呆，0-25分者為白癡。較高智商父母的子女往往比較聰明，反之亦然。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，父母的智力高、孩子的智力往往也高；父母智力平常，孩子智力也一般；父母智力有缺陷，孩子有可能智力發(fā)育不全。有人長期研究過一群智商在140分以上的孩子，發(fā)現(xiàn)這些孩子長大后一直保持優(yōu)秀的才智。他們子女的智商平均為128分，也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過一般孩子的水平。而對(duì)于精神缺陷者，他們的孩子有59%精神缺陷或智力遲鈍。但是，智力的實(shí)際表現(xiàn)還要受到主觀努力和社會(huì)環(huán)境的很大影響，后天的教育，訓(xùn)練以及營養(yǎng)等因素起到相當(dāng)大的作用。沒有這一條，再好的遺傳基礎(chǔ)也不行?？梢栽O(shè)想，即使是具有特殊腦結(jié)構(gòu)的“神童”，如果一出生就落入狼穴，也只能長成“狼孩”。自古以來，出現(xiàn)了許多高智能結(jié)構(gòu)的家族，如音樂家巴赫家族的8代136人中，有50個(gè)男是著名的音樂家；莫扎特和韋伯家族的幾代人中都有著名的音樂家。我國南北朝時(shí)著名的科學(xué)家祖沖之的兒子祖恒之、孫子祖皓都是機(jī)械發(fā)明家，又都是著名的天文學(xué)家和數(shù)學(xué)家。智力的這種家族聚集性，一度被認(rèn)為遺傳決定智力的例證。然而，家庭也是智力發(fā)展最基本的環(huán)境因素，家庭提供了定向教育培養(yǎng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)條件。智力的家族聚集性現(xiàn)象，恰恰說明了先天和后天因素對(duì)智力發(fā)展的作用。由此可見，遺傳提供了智力的基本素質(zhì)，后天因素則影響其發(fā)展的可能性。因此，要想使后代智力超群，就必須在優(yōu)生和優(yōu)育上一起下功夫，使孩子的智能潛力得到最充分的發(fā)揮。Numerousfactsindicatethatthewisdomandability,whilenotentirelydeterminedbygenetics,buttherearecertaingeneticrelationship.

Geneticroleindevelopmentofintelligenceisanobjectivereality.

Currentlywidelyusedmeasureofintelligenceis"intelligence."

IQof200points

System,thatisthehighestscoreis200,thelowestis0.

90-110pointsbelongtothenormalrangeofintelligence;120-140pointswillbewiseperson;140pointsormoreisaverysmartperson,orcallday

Only,lowerscores,indicatingworsemental.

70pointsorlessformentalretardation,whichis50-70minutesbythosestupid25-50wascrazy

,0-25minwerespentasanidiot.

ChildrenofhighIQparentstendtobemoreintelligent,andviceversa.

Accordingtostatistics,thehighintelligenceofparents,thechild'sintelligenceisoftentoohigh;parentsnormalintelligence,childrenintelligencealsogenerally;parentsarelackofintelligence

Depression,thechildmaybeintellectualhypoplasia.

Somepeoplehaveagroupoflong-termstudyofmorethan140pointsIQchildren,foundthatthesechildrengrowupa

Straighttomaintaingoodintelligence.

TheaverageIQoftheirchildrenis128points,farmorethantheaveragechild'slevel.

Asforthementaldefective,

59%oftheirchildrenthespiritofdefectsormentalretardation.

However,theactualperformanceofintelligenceeffortsandalsobysubjectivegreatimpactonthesocialenvironment,acquiredtheeducation,trainingandnutrition,etc.

Factorsplayaconsiderablerole.

Notthisone,nomatterhowgoodthegeneticbasisofnogood.

Itcanbeimagined,evenwithspecialbrainstructure

The"childprodigy",ifabirthintoLangxue,theycanonlygrowintoa"wolf-cub."

Sinceancienttimes,therehavebeenmanyintelligentstructureofthefamily,suchasmusicians,8onbehalfoftheBachfamily,136people,50menandafamous

Musician;MozartandWeberarewell-knownfamilyofgenerationsofmusicians.FamousscientistofNorthernandSouthernDynastiessonofZu

Hangtheancestors,HaoSunZaizuaremechanicalinventor,andbotharewell-knownastronomerandmathematician.

Thisfamilialaggregationofintelligence,once

Isconsideredanexampleofgeneticallydeterminedintelligence.

However,thefamilyisthebasicenvironmentforintellectualdevelopment,familyorientededucationandtrainingprovided

Theadvantages.

Thephenomenonoffamilialaggregationofintelligence,preciselydescribestheinnateandacquiredfactorsontheroleofintellectualdevelopment.

Thus,geneticprovidingbasicqualityofintelligence,acquiredfactorsaffectedthelikelihoodofitsdevelopment.

Therefore,toenablefuturegenerationstoChile

Superiorforce,tobeexcellentstudentsandgiftededucationintogetheroneffortstokeepthechild'sintellectualpotentialtothefullestplay.Mostoftenhumanmothersonlygivebirthtoonechildatonetime.Yetstillnaturesometimesintervenes,andtwinsareborn.Sometimesthetwinsaremonozygoticidentical.Inotherwordstheybothdevelopfromthesameegg.Consequentlytheyshareexactlythesamegenes,andarealways,ofcourse,thesamesex.Otherwisetheymaybedizygoticorfraternaltwins.Dizygotictwinsdevelopfromtwoseparateeggs,andthereforearenomorealikegeneticallythanordinarysiblings.Twinshaveraisedtheinterestofscientistsformanyyears,andsincethe19th

centuryhavebecomethefocusofmanystudiesthattrytodeterminewhatmakesusthewayweare.Itisourgenesthatareresponsible,ordoestheenvironmentinwhichweliveshapeourcharacter?Or,indeed,isitamixtureofboth?Butifitisdowntoamixtureofnatureandnurturethenwhatexactlyistheratiobetweengeneticpredeterminationandenvironmentalinfluences?Duringthe18th

century,theEnglishman,FrancisGalton,acousinofCharlesDarwin,studiedtheachievementsofchildrenfromdifferentsocialbackgrounds.Notsurprisinglyhefoundthatchildrenwhowerebornintowealthyfamilies,andwhoreceivedagoodeducation,wentontoachievehighsocialpositionslaterinlife:thereversebeingtrueforchildrenfrompoorordeprivedbackgrounds.Thisspawnedtheeugenicsmovementthatclaimedthatthegeneticallyinferiormassesshouldnotbeallowedtobreed,lestthequalityofthecountry’scitizenshipshouldbediminished.AftertheSecondWorldWar,CyrilBurt,seizinguponGalton’swork,carriedoutextensivestudiesontwins,mainlysubjectingthemtoanarrayofIQtests.HecomparedtheIQscoresofbothidenticalandfraternaltwins,andcontrastedthemtotheIQscoresofordinarysiblings.HeallegedlydiscoveredthattheIQscoresofbothidenticaltwinswerealwaysverysimilarifnotthesame,yettheIQscoresoffraternaltwins,andchildrenwhowerenottwins,butbornofthesameparents,oftendifferedwidely.Thisledhimtoarguethatintelligencewas,infact,genetic.Thus,hereasoned,itwasawasteofthestate’stime,moneyandresourcestoeducatechildrenbeyondtheleveltowhichtheywerecapableofbeingeducated,whichhadaprofoundeffectupontheEnglisheducationsystem.FollowingBurt’srecommendations,thegovernmentforcedallchildrenattheageof11totakeanexam.Iftheyscoredhighlythey’dbeallowedtocontinuetheireducationinschoolsthatemployedthebestteachers,themostup-to-dateresources,andencouragedthestudentstogoontouniversity.However,iftheyfailedtodowellinthetesttheyweresenttoasecondr