題型04 閱讀理解之議論文（講義）

?第04講閱讀理解之議論文【復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)】1.熟練語(yǔ)篇類(lèi)型和語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)2.明確命題規(guī)律和提問(wèn)方式3.掌握不同題型的解題方法【考情分析】閱讀理解議論文命題規(guī)律議論文往往有觀(guān)點(diǎn)，有事實(shí)，邏輯性強(qiáng)，命題往往從事實(shí)的有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)及文章的主旨或作者的表達(dá)意圖等方面著手，考查我們的思維能力和判斷能力。所以考生要培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文猜詞的能力，或者說(shuō)根據(jù)情境能揣測(cè)作者的意圖。議論文的閱讀同其他體裁文章的閱讀理解一樣，可以有主旨大意、細(xì)節(jié)理解、推理判斷、詞義猜測(cè)等幾種出題方式。【名師解難】議論文一般有論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證三個(gè)要素。論點(diǎn)是議論文的核心，是作者對(duì)所論述事件的基本看法和立場(chǎng)；是文章要表達(dá)的主要思想；找準(zhǔn)論點(diǎn)有助干把握文章的整體方向和理解文章主題的深層內(nèi)涵。論據(jù)是作者所引用的用以證明和支持論點(diǎn)的材料，這些材料可以是名人名言、事實(shí)例證，或是統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)等，理清論據(jù)材料的內(nèi)容能夠幫助讀者更深層次地理解論點(diǎn)的含義。論證方法多種多樣，常見(jiàn)的有：1.歸納法，即從分析個(gè)別事例入手，找出事物的共同特點(diǎn)，從而得出結(jié)論；2.演繹法，即從一般原理出發(fā)，對(duì)個(gè)別事物進(jìn)行說(shuō)明、分析后得出結(jié)論；3.比較對(duì)照法，即對(duì)所有事實(shí)、方面進(jìn)行對(duì)照，找出異同之處，然后加以分析，得出結(jié)論；4.駁論法，即先列出錯(cuò)誤的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，然后加以逐條批駁，反證自己觀(guān)點(diǎn)的正確性。1.細(xì)節(jié)理解：細(xì)節(jié)理解題在中考閱讀理解試題中所占比例最大，不過(guò)相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)較簡(jiǎn)單，通過(guò)題干的關(guān)鍵詞，在文中找到相關(guān)信息，仔細(xì)對(duì)比，就能得出答案。其正確選項(xiàng)特征為：同義替換、語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)化、正話(huà)反說(shuō)等。2.主旨大意：主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力，以概括中心大意、段落大意、選擇標(biāo)題及判斷作者寫(xiě)作意圖等形式出現(xiàn)。其正確選項(xiàng)特征為：涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段；確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太??；精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。3.作者觀(guān)點(diǎn)：站在作者的角度，通過(guò)邏輯關(guān)系，研究細(xì)節(jié)，推敲作者的態(tài)度，理解文章寓意的能力；一般不出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)概念。4.詞義猜測(cè)：考查考生在短時(shí)間內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文快速猜測(cè)所指定的某一個(gè)生詞、詞組或者句子含義的能力，而這些詞或詞組往往超出考綱范圍。一般利用上下文線(xiàn)索、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)、上下文邏輯、構(gòu)詞法和常識(shí)等手段。議論文答題技巧夯基·必備基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)梳理一、重視文章標(biāo)題，找準(zhǔn)全文主題句，把握文章主旨標(biāo)題往往是全文的主題，審視標(biāo)題，有利于理解全文，提高解題效率。主題句對(duì)全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用。根據(jù)主題句既可以知道文章議論的是什么，也可以知道作者希望讀者了解主題方面的哪些內(nèi)容。議論文題材偏難，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用總—分—總的結(jié)構(gòu)，交替使用正面和反面的論證方式。通常，先總說(shuō)現(xiàn)象或觀(guān)點(diǎn)；其次，正面陳述、反面論證；最后作者表明自己的態(tài)度，再次總結(jié)文章。通常主題句會(huì)出現(xiàn)在文章的首句或句末，在這些地方要多留意表示歸納的詞匯，也可以在具體事例之后或之前的表示觀(guān)點(diǎn)的陳述句中尋找。二、細(xì)讀文章，注意文章細(xì)節(jié)理解除主旨題外，細(xì)節(jié)理解題也是閱讀理解題中的基礎(chǔ)題，它主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)文中的具體事例、數(shù)字、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)等的理解。經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)排序題(按事情發(fā)展順序排序)，圖表題(按文章內(nèi)容找出正確圖形)，正誤題(依據(jù)文章內(nèi)容對(duì)所列的陳述進(jìn)行正誤判斷)。對(duì)這種題型，無(wú)論細(xì)節(jié)題如何變化形式，立足點(diǎn)都應(yīng)是從文章中找出相應(yīng)詞句作為依據(jù)。雖然答案中有的細(xì)節(jié)在文中很清楚，但可能與問(wèn)題無(wú)關(guān)。細(xì)節(jié)題的破解一般用尋讀法，即先看試題，再讀文章。對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位，再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、分析、對(duì)比，有根據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。假如問(wèn)題采用的是反向思維，題中含有not或except等表示否定意義的詞，則需要更加留意。此法可以加強(qiáng)閱讀的針對(duì)性，提高做題的準(zhǔn)確率。做此類(lèi)題目還要特別注意句子的邏輯關(guān)系。三、理解整體語(yǔ)篇，掌握作者意圖做推理判斷題要求考生在閱讀理解整體語(yǔ)篇的同時(shí)，對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖及文章細(xì)節(jié)的發(fā)展作正確的推理判斷，站在作者的視角，而不是主觀(guān)臆斷、憑空想象，從而走入誤區(qū)。英語(yǔ)文章講究使用主題段與主題句，段與段之間通常有過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)連接，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫。有時(shí)文章還會(huì)在時(shí)間順序、空間順序或邏輯推理上運(yùn)用較高級(jí)的手段進(jìn)行組編。要想準(zhǔn)確、深刻地理解文章，必須對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有所了解，把握全篇的文脈，即句內(nèi)、句間和段落間的修辭手段或邏輯關(guān)系。作者往往在構(gòu)思語(yǔ)篇前會(huì)進(jìn)行預(yù)先設(shè)定：讀者知道什么，不知道什么，讀者可能與自己共同擁有什么樣的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)、思想見(jiàn)地和需求欲望等，然后設(shè)計(jì)一些隱藏在語(yǔ)篇深層的＂潛臺(tái)詞＂。因此，這類(lèi)試題要求考生利用主題句進(jìn)行推測(cè)，揣摩文字背后作者的意圖，運(yùn)用背景知識(shí)去挖掘文章的深層含義，從而正確理解作者的言外之意，同時(shí)認(rèn)真體會(huì)文章的語(yǔ)氣與感情基調(diào)。四、多讀多背，擴(kuò)大詞匯量，掌握猜詞技巧由于當(dāng)今的閱讀文章題材廣泛，體裁多樣，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一詞多義，甚至出現(xiàn)沒(méi)學(xué)過(guò)的詞匯。許多學(xué)生感到困擾很大，有的甚至煩躁得難以堅(jiān)持閱讀下去。要解決閱讀中的生詞問(wèn)題，一是要擴(kuò)大英語(yǔ)詞匯量，二是要學(xué)習(xí)并掌握一些猜測(cè)生詞詞義的方法，如：利用同義、反義、上義、下義、詞的集合、詞的搭配等關(guān)系；利用照應(yīng)、替代、省略、定義、舉例等情境關(guān)系；利用詞綴、轉(zhuǎn)化、合成等構(gòu)詞法；利用后置定語(yǔ)或同位語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)；利用前后對(duì)比或因果推理法等?？傊?，想要提高閱讀能力，尤其是對(duì)考生來(lái)說(shuō)難度較大的議論文閱讀，學(xué)生應(yīng)能從篇章和試題雙方面入手。通過(guò)觀(guān)察、體驗(yàn)、探究等積極主動(dòng)的學(xué)習(xí)方法，優(yōu)化閱讀理解中議論文的解題思路和方法策略，提高學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)的能力。提升·必考題型歸納（一）（2023·安徽·校聯(lián)考模擬預(yù)測(cè)）Noonewantstoworkatamessy（凌亂的）deskandlooklazy.Butdoesamessydesktopactuallymeanthat?Notalldisordersmeanyoumesseverythingup.Peoplewholikeamessydeskhavetheirownideas.Somethinkitmakesthemcomfortable.Somebelieveithelpsthemfocus（專(zhuān)注）moreeasily.Messytablescanmakeiteasiertofocusonthetasks,justlikesomewriterscanwritepatientlyinanoisyplace.Othersmaybethepeoplewhowanttodothingsperfectly.Theyusuallyputawaythelessimportantthingsanddothemostimportantonesperfectly,whichleadstopapermountainsonthedesktop.Researchshowsthatpeopleworkingwithamessydesktopareprobablymorecreativeandliketotakerisks.Butpeoplewithatidyoneoftenfollowtherulesandmaynotliketotrynewthings.Forexample,inanexperiment（實(shí)驗(yàn)）donebyKathleenVohs,peopleinthemessygroupcameupwithmoreinterestingandcreativeideasaboutthenewusesofping-pongballs.Vohssays,“Messyenvironmentsseemtoinspire（激發(fā)）peopletothinkupfreshideas.”Butamessydeskmightnotbethebestchoiceallthetime.Whenyouneednewideas,amessydeskmightbeagoodchoice;butwhenyouwanttodoataskquicklyandsuccessfully,itseemsbettertomakeadeskcleanandtidy.1．Whydosomepeoplelikeamessydesk?A．Becausetheyarelazyanduntidy. B．Becausetheywanttodothingswell.C．Becauseithelpsthemfocusontaskseasily. D．Becauseithelpsthemdotheirworkpatiently.2．WhatdoestheexperimentdonebyKathleenVohsshowus?A．Disorderiswelcomedbymostpeopleinthisworld.B．Amessydesktophasabadinfluenceonpeople'sminds.C．Peopleworkingwithatidydesktopcanalsobesuccessful.D．Peopleworkingwithamessydesktopmaybemorecreative.3．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．MessyDesk:DoPeopleNeedtoChangeIt?B．MessyDesk:DoesItMakePeopleComfortable?C．MessyDesk:DoPeopleGetUsedtoIt?D．MessyDesk:DoesItHelpPeopleWorkPatiently?（二）（2023·四川綿陽(yáng)·統(tǒng)考模擬預(yù)測(cè)）Historyisfullofheroes,whohavemadeanenormousimpact(影響)ontheworld.FullRizerRed(《滿(mǎn)江紅》),oneofthehitmoviesin2023,remindedmeofYueFei,ournationalhero.HeledthearmytofightbravelyagainstJin,nottoyield(屈服)tothetraitor(叛徒)QinHui.YueFei,accordingtoChina’shistory,isarealhero.Hisstoryhasbeenpasseddownthroughtheages,beginningwithhislifeintheSouthernSongDynasty.Thereareheroesineverytimeperiod.Heroesarepeoplewhodosomethingbrave,unusual,orimportant.Heroesaremenandwomenwhotakerisks.Inthefaceofnaturaldisasters,therearealsomanyretrograde(逆行的)heroes.Theymakeapositive(積極的)differenceintheworld.Someheroeslivedlongago.GeorgeWashingtonwasthefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates.Someheroesdidgreatthingsrecently.SallyRidewasanastronautandaneducator,andthefirstAmericanwomantogointospace.Someofthegreatestheroesdidnotjustdoremarkablethingsthatmadethemfamous.Intheireverydaylives,theybehavedinwaysthatmadepeopleadmiretheircharacter.Characterisagroupofqualitiesthatmakeupwhoapersonis.Heroesareoftenpeoplewithgreatcharacter.Manypeoplewithgreatcharacterarehonest.Honestpeopletellthetruth,evenwhenitishardtodoit.Someonewithgreatcharactermayalsobecompassionate.Acompassionatepersoncaresaboutothersandworkstohelpthem.Apersonwithgreatcharactermayalsoberesponsible.Responsiblepeopledothingstheypromisetodo.Otherpeoplecandependonthem.Heroesbuildfromtheirgreatcharactertodelivergreataction.Doyouhaveahero?4．Whatkindofdifferencedoheroesmakeintheworld?A．Asmalldifference. B．Anegative(消極的)difference.C．Apositivedifference. D．Acrueldifference.5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“admire”meaninthisarticle?A．Lookafter. B．Lookfor. C．Lookforwardto. D．Lookupto.6．WhatcanbeconcludedfromParagraph3aboutdoingsomethingbrave?A．Womenaremorelikelytodosomethingbravethanmenare.B．Doingsomethingbravemakesadifferenceintheworld.C．Doingsomethingbraveisthesamethingasdoingsomethingunusual.D．Whataherodoesistakingrisks.7．Fromthisarticle,whatistheveryqualitythatpeopleadmireinothers?A．Honesty. B．Beauty. C．Shyness. D．Humor.8．Whatisthemainideaofthisarticle?A．Heroesarepeoplewhomakeapositivedifferenceintheworldthroughtheiractions.B．SallyRidewasanastronaut,aneducator,andthefirstAmericanwomantogointospace.C．Honesty,compassion,andresponsibilityaresomeofthequalitiesthatcanmakeupaperson’scharacter.D．YueFeiremainsoneofthemostheroicfiguresinChinesehistory.（三）（2023·陜西西安·校考模擬預(yù)測(cè)）Thinkaboutthatifyouarecriticized(批評(píng))fordoingsomethingwrong,howwouldyoufeel?Muchlikeartiststurnsomethinguselessintosomethinguseful,youcanlearntogetsomeusefulexperiencefromcriticism.Formostofus,themistakeistoconsidercriticismasabadthing.Thatleadsustocloseourmindsandlooksdownuponwhatotherssaid.Buttheproblemisthatthetruthisoftenhiddenbehindit.Nomatterhowsmartyouareandhowhardyouwork,thereisalwaysroomforyoutoimprove.Somecriticismmaybewrong.Buteveninthesecases,it’svaluablebecauseithelpsyouseeyouractionsthroughanotherpoint.Learningfromsuchcriticismrequirestheabilitytomakefeelingsworkforyou,insteadofbeingagainstwithyou.Youcanturnnegativefeedback(負(fù)面回饋)intosomethingusefulbyaskingyourselfthefollowingquestions:●

Puttingmypersonalfeelingsaside,whatcanIlearnfromthisperson’scriticism?●

HowcanIusethisfeedbacktohelpmeimprove?Whenyouseethecriticismasanopportunityforgrowth,itcanhelpyoutoimproveyourideasgreatly.It’snevergoodtohearthatyouarewrong.Whenyoudoeverything,rememberthis:praiseisnice.Butit’sthepeoplewhotellyouthetruththatmakeyoubetter.It’stheoneswhochallengeyouthatwillmakeyougrow.9．Howdidthewriterstartthepassage?A．Bylistingafact. B．Bytellingastory. C．Byaskingaquestion. D．Bygivingareason.10．Whyissomewrongcriticismvaluable?A．Becauseitcanhelpustorealizehowsmartweare.B．Becausewecangetsomeusefulexperiencefromit.C．Becauseitcanhelpustoseeouractionsinanotherway.D．Becauseitcanleadsustocloseourminds.11．What’sthewriter’sopiniononcriticism?A．Hethinksweshouldconsideritasanopportunityforgrowth.B．Hethinksitisabadthing.C．Hethinksallthecriticismiswrong.D．Hethinkswecanhardlyturnitintosomethinguseful.（四）（2023·重慶沙坪壩·重慶南開(kāi)中學(xué)?？级＃〥oestheuniversityyouattendorthemajor(專(zhuān)業(yè))youchoosedecideyoursuccessinthefuture?Accordingtoarecentsurvey,48.6%ofthepeoplebelievethattheuniversityplaysanimportantroleinshapingtheirfuture.But33.8%ofthepeoplethinkone’smajorismoreimportant.FuXiisastudentatPekingUniversity,oneofthetopuniversitiesinChina.Hethinkshisuniversitydoesbringmanyunseenadvantages.“IfIhadnoacademic(學(xué)術(shù)的)trainingorexperiencesofdifferentclubsincollege,Iwouldn’thavesuccessfullygotmyfirstinternship(實(shí)習(xí))inaleadingbank,”FutoldthereporterfromChinaYouthDaily.Asforhim,studentscouldimprovetheirabilitiesthroughinternshipsoracademicactivitiestomakethemselvesreadyforajoborfurtherstudies,nomatterwhichmajortheychoose.However,ChenYufei,20yearsold,whostudiesJapaneseatTianjinUniversity,doesn’tthinkso.▲AftergettinglowerscoresthanexpectedinGaokao,Chenlostthechancetostudyherfavoritemajor—Chinese.“HavingnointerestinJapanese,IfeltunhappywhentakingJapaneseclassesinthefirstyear,”Chensaid.Later,shehadproblemsinfindingherdreamjob.“Differentmajorswillleadtodifferentjobswhichfinallyleadtodifferentincomes(收入),”Chenadded.ShethinksthatevenstudentswhomajorinJapaneseatwell-knownuniversitieswillmostprobablymakelessmoneythanthosewhomajorincomputerscience.Boththeuniversityandone’smajorareimportant,buttheydon’tnecessarilydecideyourlife,accordingtoChuZhaohui,aprofessionalresearcheroftheNationalInstituteofEducationSciences.“Forstudents,personaldevelopmentiscloselyconnectedwiththeirperformanceintheuniversity,”Chusaid.12．FromParagraph2,weknowthat________.A．FuXiisreallythankfultohisuniversityB．FuXidoesn’tenjoyworkinginaleadingbankC．FuXicansucceed,nomatterwhatuniversityhechoosesD．FuXidislikeshismajor,buthetriestoimprovehisabilities13．Whichofthefollowingcanbeputinthe▲?A．ShebelievessheshouldstudycomputerscienceinsteadofJapanese.B．Shebelievesbothuniversityandmajorarethekeytoone’ssuccess.C．Shebelievesthatarightmajorhasmuchmoreweightthanagooduniversity.D．Shebelieveswhateveryourmajoris,youmuststudyhard.14．Inthelastparagraph,ChuZhaohui’swordsarementionedto________.A．teachstudentshowtochooseagoodmajoranduniversityB．showwhatstudentsthinkaboutthesurveyisreasonableC．tellstudentsthatone’sfuturedependsonhismajoranduniversityD．a(chǎn)dvisestudentstopaymoreattentiontowhattheydointheuniversity15．Thewriterdevelopsthewholepassageby________.A．tellingstories B．listingnumbers C．raisingquestions D．sharingopinions（五）（2023·四川瀘州·統(tǒng)考二模）Socialmediaisoneofthefastest-growingindustriesintheworldtoday.AstudycarriedoutbythePewResearchCentershowedthat92percentofteenagersgoonlinedaily.Thewideuseofsocialmediahaschangednearlyallpartsofteenagerslives.Changingrelationships:HighschoolstudentEllyCooperfromIllinoissaidsocialmediaoftenreducesface-to-facecommunication.“Itmakesin-personrelationshipsharderbecausepeoplegiveattentiontotheirphonesinsteadoftheirboyfriendsorgirlfriends,”Coopersaid.Yet,somepeoplebelievesocialmediahasmadeiteasiertostartrelationshipswithanyonefromanywhere.BethKaplanfromIllinoismetherlong-distancefriendthroughsocialmedia.NowhelivesinScotland,butthey’restilloftenabletocommunicatewitheachother.“IcanfeelclosetosomeonethatI’mtalkingtobyFaceTime,”Kaplansaid.Wantingtobe“l(fā)iked”:Theriseofsocialmediahaschangedthewayteenagersseethemselves.The19-year-oldEssenaO’NeillannouncedonthesocialnetworkingserviceInstagramthatshehadstoppedusingsocialmedia.Shethoughtshehadgottenlostinappearingperfectonline.Negativecommentscanalsododamagetoateenagerself-esteem(自尊).Teenagerswhogetnegativecommentscan’thelpbutfeelhurt.Inparticular,somesocialmediaappssuchasYikYakmayprovideopportunitiesforcyberbullying(網(wǎng)絡(luò)欺凌).Openingnewdoors:However,ArminKorsos,astudentfromIllinois,takesadvantageofthecommentshereceivesoversocialmediatoimprovehisvideosonthesocialnetworkingsiteYouTube.“Socialmediacanhelppeopleshowthemselvesandtheirtalentstotheworldinawaythatwasneverpossiblebefore,”Korsossaid.ButKorsosrealizesthatsocialmediahasbecomeadistraction(讓人分心的事).“Socialmediaisnotallnecessary,thoughithelpspeopleconnectwiththeirfriendsandknoweachotherwellanytime.”16．Howdoessocialmediachangerelationships,accordingtothearticle?________A．Itpushespeopletomeettheirfriendsmoreoftenoffline.B．Itencouragespeopletopaymoreattentiontothosearoundthem.C．Itenablesuserstounderstandcorrectlywhatothersaretalkingaboutonline.D．Itallowspeopletokeepintouchwiththeirfriendswholivefarawaymoreeasily.17．Theunderlinedword“comments”means________inthepassage.A．opinions B．suggestions C．conversations D．orders18．WhatdoesEssenaO’Neillthinkofsocialmedia?________A．Itdevelopsherconfidence.B．Ithelpshermakefriends.C．Ithurtsherseriously.D．ItmakeshertiredofusingsocialmediaappYikYak.19．WhichstatementabouttheuseofsocialmediawouldArminKorsosprobablyagreewith?________A．Usingsocialmediacanonlygetnegativecomments.B．Usingsocialmediacanonlyreduceface-to-facecommunication.C．Usingsocialmediaisnecessarybecauseitcanhelpknowfriendswellanytime.D．Socialmediacancreateopportunitiesforteenagerstodevelopthemselves.20．Whatisthearticlemainlyabout?________A．Themajorproblemswithsocialmedia.B．Socialmedia’sinfluenceonteenagers.C．Howteenagersbenefit(受益)fromsocialmedia.D．Whysocialmediaattractssomanyteenagers.（六）（2023·安徽宿州·統(tǒng)考二模）HuangYu’sbelovedcatDasuandied.Huangwasquitesad.But66dayslater,Dasuan“comeback”.HuanggotanewcatthatlooksalmostthesameasDasuanthankstocloning(克隆)technology.DasuanisChina’sfirstclonedcat.ThecatwasborninsidealabownedbyacompanyinBeijing.Toclonethecat,thecompany’sexpertstookcells(細(xì)胞)fromDasuanandcreatedanembryo(胚胎).Thentheyputitintoacatmother.Infact,cloningpetsisnotanewthing.In2001,theworld’sfirstclonedcatwasbornintheUS.In2005,theworld’sfirstcloneddogwasborninSouthKorea.Sincecatshaveuniquereproductivefeatures,theyaremoredifficulttoclone.However,thereareargumentsagainstpetcloning.Thoughtheclonedpetscopythedeadpet’sappearance,theyhavedifferentpersonalities.That’swhypetownershavedifferentopinionsaboutthis.SomepetloverslikeHuangthinkacloneisagoodreplacementfortheirdeadpets.Butothersworrythathavingthesameappearancebutadifferentpersonalitywillleadtomorepaininthelongrun.Knowingthis,thecompanysaysithopestouseAIandothertechnologiestomovememoriestoclonedpetsinthefuture.Moreover,scientiststhinkclonedpetsaren’tashealthyasnaturallybornpets.Theymayliveshorterlives.Someanimalloversthinkcloningpetsisunacceptablebecausealargenumberofhomelessanimalsstillneedhomes.Theysaythereisnoneedtoclone.21．Howdoesthewriterbeginthetext?A．Bygivinganexample. B．Bylistingsomenumbers.C．Byaskingaquestion. D．Byexplainingsomefacts.22．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph2referto(指的是)?A．Theembryo. B．Thecell. C．Thepet. D．Thecat.23．Whatisthebesttitle(標(biāo)題)forthetext?A．Thefirstclonedcat. B．Abelovedpetcat.C．Howtoclonepets? D．Shouldweclonepets?（七）（2023·江西九江·統(tǒng)考二模）ChinaandWesterncountriesmayhavedifferentculturalbeliefsaboutcertainanimals,butwhenitcomestopigs,wehavesomehowreachedanagreement—thatpigsareugly,lazy,stupidandshameless.Justlookattheidioms(習(xí)語(yǔ))andphrasesinourlanguages.InChinese,wehavethelikesof“boilingadeadpig”,and“apiglookinginthemirrorisstillapig”.AndinEnglish,thereareidiomssuchas“eatinglikeapig”and“sweatinglikeapig”.Noneofthemareaboutthegoodones.Infact,sciencelongagoprovedthatpigsaren’tstupidatall.Accordingtoapaperpublishedin2017intheInternationalJournalofComparativePsychology,pigsare“mentallyandsociallysimilartodogsandchimpanzees”.Theyliketoplay.Theyhavegoodlong-termmemories.Andtheyknowthedifferencebetweenthosewhotreatthemwellandthosewhodon’t.Therearelovablepigcharactersincartoons,too.PeppaPig,forexample,aUKtelevisionseriesthatbeganin2004,hasnowbecomeoneofthemostpopularcartoonsin180countriesandregions.Thefourmembersinthecartoon’spigfamilyteachchildrenfromallaroundtheworldaboutlove,friendshipandthevalueoffamily.AndinChina,theadventuresofMcDullshowthestoryofapigletwhoworkshardforhisdreams.Eventhoughhekeepsfailing,heisneverdefeated.“Peopleareputtingtoomuchfocusonefficiency(效率)andimmediateresults,butMcDullisslowandpatient,andnotafraidofrepeatedfailures,”saidMcDull’screatorBrianTsewhenshewaspromotingthefilmMcDull,KungFuDingDingDonginBeijing.“Hehasaheartofgold.”P(pán)erhapsthesearethequalitiesofpigstokeepinmindwhenwethinkofpigsagain—theirintelligence,cuteness,patienceandinnocence(純真).24．WhichisNOTthecommonbeliefthatChinaandWesterncountriesmayhaveaboutpigs?A．Ugly. B．Lovely. C．Lazy. D．Stupid.25．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inthesecondparagraphreferto?A．theidioms B．somepigs C．certaincartoons D．a(chǎn)llpigcharacters26．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．Pigshavegoodshort-termmemories.B．McDullputstoomuchfocusonefficiency.C．PeppaPigteachespeopleaboutlove,friendshipandthevalueoffamily.D．McDull,KungFuDingDingDongisapopulartelevisionseriesthatbeganin2004.27．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“defeated”inParagraph4mean?A．succeeded B．beaten C．a(chǎn)chieved D．challenged28．Whatisthepurposeofwritingthispassage?A．Tointroducetwointerestingcartoonsaboutpigs.B．Toprovethatpigsareugly,lazy,stupidandshameless.C．Toshowpigscanbeintelligent,cute,patientandinnocent.D．TosharedifferentbeliefsaboutpigsinChinaandWesterncountries.（八）（2023·福建廈門(mén)·福建省廈門(mén)第六中學(xué)?？级＃㎝ydadgavemeapieceofadvicewhenIwasaknow-it-allteenager.Hesaid,“Neversayinangerwhatyoudon’tmean,becauseyoucansayyou’resorry,butyoucan’ttakeitback.Ithasthepoweroflifeanddeath.”Thatmeansourwordscaneitherspeakoflife,orcanspeakofdeath.Wemayallexperiencethepowerofwordsinourlife,evenwhenwewereveryyoung.Achildiscriticizedbyteachersorparentsforbadgrades,andafterthat,hemightprobablythinkofhimselfasastupidchild.Mostofushavethatexperience.Theysayitisimportanttopraisechildrenfourtimesforeachnegativeword.Criticizingwillmakethingsworse,whilepositivewordsarehelpfulespeciallywhensomeoneisintroubleorinneed.Whenwefailtheexam,encouragingwordsfromourteachersorparentsmakeusworkharderatourlessons.Encouragingwordscangoquitealongway.Theycheerpeopleup.Forexample,encouragingwordstosomeonewhoissadcanhelphimmakeitthroughtheday.Wordscanhaveapowerfuleffectonyourbrain.Anditwillhaveagreatinfluenceonyouraction,too.Everythingyoudodependsonwhatyouchoosetodo.It’snotyourparents,yourpastrelationshipsoryourjob,butit’syouwhoareresponsibleforeverygoalyouset.Ifyouhavedreamsinlife,writethemdownandspeakthemout.Yourwordsarelikelytobringyououtsomethingamazing.Sohowdowedealwithourtonguelater?29．Theunderlinedword“It”inParagraph1refersto“______”.A．ouranger B．thewriter’sadviceC．whatyousay D．ourexperience30．Afterbeingcriticizedforbadgrades,Mikemaythink______.A．heisnotsmart B．theteacherisunfairC．thepaperistoodifficult D．hewillbelucky31．Whatdoesastudentneedthemostwhenintrouble?A．Somesafetytips. B．Someusefulpractice.C．Negativewords. D．Positivewords.32．Whatcanhaveapositiveeffectonaperson’sbrain?A．Failinganexam. B．Encouragingwords.C．Criticizingwords. D．Easylessons.33．Thepassagemainlytalksabout______.A．howtocoolourselves B．howtopraisechildrenC．theexperienceofthewriter D．thepowerofwords（九）（2023·浙江紹興·校聯(lián)考三模）Wetakeselfies(自拍)whenwetryonanewhat,playwithourpetsorwhenwemeetafriendwhomwehaven’tseeninawhile.Butdoesthiscrazyactuallymakesense?Isthereanyscientificexplanationforit?Well,youshouldprobablyaskJamesKilner,aneuroscientist(神經(jīng)科學(xué)家)atUniversityCollegeLondon.Throughourlifetimewebecomeexpertsatreadingandtellingotherpeople’sfacesandfacialexpressions.However,accordingtoKilner,wehaveaverypoorunderstandingofourownfacessincewehavelittleexperienceoflookingatthem—wejustfeelthemmostofthetime.Thishasbeenprovedinsomestudiesinwhichpeoplewereshownphotosofthemselvesandaskedtomatchtheirfacialexpressionsinthepictures.Inmostcases,theyfailedtocorrectlyproducethesamefacialexpressionswithoutbeingabletoseethemselvesinthemirror,accordingtoBBC．Tofurthertesthowweactuallysenseourownfaces,Kilnercarriedoutanotherstudy.Heshowedpeopletwokindsoftheirownpictures—onehadbeenedited(編輯)tolooklessbeautifulandtheonewasmademorebeautiful—andaskedthemtopicktheversionwhichtheythoughtlookedmostlikethem.Kilnerfoundthatmostpeoplechosethemorebeautifulpicture.Thissuggeststhatweusuallythinkofourselvesasbetter-lookingthanweactuallyare.Butwhatdoesitsayaboutselfies?Well,isn’tthatclear?Selfiesgiveusthepowertocreateaphoto—bytakingitfromdifferentangles(角度),withdifferentposes,usingfilters(濾鏡)andsoon—thatbettermatchesourexpectationswithouractualfaces.“Yousuddenlyhavecontrolinawaythatyoudon’thaveintherealworld.”KilnertoldtheCanada-basedCTANews.“Selfiesallowyoutokeeptakingpicturesuntilyoumanagetotakeoneyou’rehappywith”,heexplained.34．Howdoesthewriterleadinthetopic“selfie”inParagraph1?A．Byaskingquestions. B．Bycomparingfacts.C．Bygivingexamples. D．Byexplainingreasons.35．WecanlearnfromParagraph2andParagraph3thatpeopleare________.A．proudofthephotosoftheirownB．a(chǎn)bletoremembertheirownfaceseasilyC．moreinterestedintheirfacesinthemirrorD．goodatunderstandingothersbytheirfaces36．AccordingtoKilner,takingselfies________.A．helpspeopletoimprovetheirskillsoftakingphotosB．meetspeople’sneedstoknowtheirownfacesbetterC．makespeoplepossibletoreachtheirexpectationD．offerspeopleawaytocontroltheworld37．Whichmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．WhatIstheSelfies B．WhyDoYouTakeSelfiesC．HowCanWeTakeSelfies D．WhoLikesTakingSelfies真題感悟（一）（2023·浙江湖州·統(tǒng)考中考真題）①Chinesecalligraphy(書(shū)法)wasonceconsideredanimportantpartoftheschoolcurriculum(課程).However,formanyreasons,somepeoplethinkit’slessimportanttoteachthisartformatschoolnow.Inthisarticle,IwilllookatboththeprosandconsoflearningChinesecalligraphyatschool.②OnereasonwhyChinesecalligraphyshouldbelearnedatschoolisthatitisanimportantformofcultureexpression.Clearly,itisnotjustaboutpracticinghandwriting.ItisalsoaboutconnectingwithatraditionalChineseartform.Whenstudentslearnthisartinclass,theywillbecomemoreinterestedintheworksoffamousChineseartists.③Anotherreasonisthatitmayhelpstudentstodeveloppatience.Atthetimesofhightechnology,studentsaregettinglesspatientfortraditionalclassroomlearning.ByintroducingChinesecalligraphyintotheclassroom,students’patiencecanbeimprovedbecausetheyhavetopracticefocusingoneachbrushmovement.④Fromtheabove,itcanbeseenthatthereareclearadvantages.However,othersthinktherearesomedisadvantages.Thefirstoneisthatithaslittletodowithstudents’life.Livinginamodernage,pensandpaperwilllosetheirimportancebyandby.So,wouldn’titbeabackward(倒退的)stepifstudentswereaskedtospendtheirvaluabletimeatschoollearningChinesecalligraphy?⑤ThesecondargumentagainstlearningChinesecalligraphyatschoolisthatittakesalongtimetomaster.Thetimeatschoolisbetterspentonmoreimportantsubjects.Afterall,learningChinesecalligraphycanalwaysbedoneasanafter-schoolactivityifstudentsarereallyinterestedinit.⑥Inmyopinion,theadvantagesfaroutweighthedisadvantages.ThisspecialartformisoneofChina’snationaltreasures.Italsohelpstoenrichstudents’lifeandimprovetheirsenseofbeauty.Sowithoutdoubt,itisworthbeingincludedintheschoolcurriculum.38．Whichofthefollowingisthestructureofthepassage?A． B． C． D．39．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Hightechnologycanhelpstudentsbecomemorepatient.B．Studentsshouldspendmoretimeonafter-schoolactivities.C．LearningChinesecalligraphygetsmorepopularinthemodernage.D．StudentsmaylikeartworksbetterafterlearningChinesecalligraphy.40．WhatdoesthewriterprobablythinkoflearningChinesecalligraphy?A．Importantandnecessary. B．Valuablebutbackward.C．Popularandinteresting. D．Meaningfulbutboring.（二）（2023·內(nèi)蒙古·統(tǒng)考中考真題）Iamsureyouknowthestoryoftheturtle（烏龜）andtherabbit.Ittaughtpeoplemanylessons.Oneoftheselessonsisthatpeoplewhohavealltheadvantages（thefast-jumpingrabbit）canbebeatenbythosewhohaven