第2冊(cè)參考答案

Unit1TheEndocrineSystemTextALabeling1.pinealgland 2.pituitarygland 3.thyroidgland 4.thymus5.adrenalgland 6.pancreas 7.ovary(female) 8.testes(male)ReviewQuestions1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C6.A7.C8.C9.B10.BMatching1.g2.i3.e4.b5.a6.j7.c8.d9.f10.hApplyingTheorytoPractice1.ThedoctormightexplainthatGHadministrationwouldcausehissontogrowtaller.Hemightalsoexplainthathemightdevelopunwantedchangesinhisskeletalstructureconsistentwithacromegaly.Othersideeffectsarealsopossible.Examplesincludeabnormaljointformationanddiabetesmellitus.2.InsufficientvitaminDresultsininsufficientCa2+absorptionbytheintestine.Asaresult,bloodCa2+levelsbegintofall.InresponsetothelowbloodCa2+levels,PTHissecretedfromtheparathyroidglands.PTHactsprimarilyonbone,causingbonetobebrokendownandCa2+tobereleasedintothebloodtomaintainbloodCa2+levelswithinthenormalrange.Inadults,somuchCa2+caneventuallyberemovedfrombonesthattheybecomesoft,fragile,andeasilybroken.Inadults,theconditioniscalledosteomalacia,andinchildren,theconditioniscalledrickets.Thebonesofchildrencanbecomebentanddeformed.3.LargedosesofcortisonecandamagetheadrenalcortexbecausecortisoneinhibitsACTHsecretionfromtheanteriorpituitarygland.ACTHisrequiredtokeeptheadrenalcortexfromundergoingatrophy.ProlongeduseoflargedosesofcortisonecancausetheadrenalglandtoatrophysomuchthatitcannotrecoverifACTHsecretiondoesincreaseagain.MedicalTerminologyWordPartsMeaningExamplesaden(o)-glandadenopathy腺病adenocarcinoma腺癌sialadenitis涎腺炎crin(o)-secreteapocrine頂漿分泌的endocrinologist內(nèi)分泌學(xué)家exocrine外分泌的secret(o)-secretesecretodermatosis皮膚分泌異常antisecretory抗分泌物hypersecretion分泌過多hormon(o)-hormonehormonagogue催激素劑hormonopoiesis激素生成hormonotherapy激素療法pituit(o)-pituitaryglandpituitarism垂體功能障礙pituitectomy垂體切除術(shù)hyperpituitarism垂體功能亢進(jìn)thyr(o)-thyroidglandthyroglobulin甲狀腺球蛋白thyrotoxicosis甲狀腺毒癥hypoparathyroidism甲狀旁腺功能減退thym(o)-thymusglandthymectomy胸腺切除術(shù)euthymism胸腺功能正常prothymocyte前胸腺細(xì)胞pancre(o)-pancreat(o)-pancreaspancreatectomy胰切除術(shù)pancreatolysis胰組織破壞peripancreatitis胰周炎insul(o)-islandpancreaticisletinsulinase胰島素酶insulinoma胰島素瘤gonad(o)-sexglandgonadoblastoma成性腺細(xì)胞瘤gonadotropin促性腺[激]素ovari(o)-ovaryovariohysterectomy卵巢子宮切除術(shù)ovariorrhaphy卵巢縫合術(shù)hyperovarianism卵巢功能亢進(jìn)test(o)-testistestectomy睪丸切除術(shù)testitis睪丸炎testosterone睪酮iod(o)-iodi-iodineiodimetry碘量法triiodothyronine三碘甲狀腺素tetraiodothyronine四碘甲狀腺素andr(o)-maleandrogen雄激素andrology男科學(xué)androsterone雄[甾]酮estr(o)-femaleestradiol雌二醇estrogen雌激素gluc(o)-sugarglucagon高血糖素glucocorticoid糖皮質(zhì)激素glucolysis糖酵解glyc(o)-sugarglycogenolysis糖原分解hyperglycemia高血糖triglyceride甘油三酯trop(o)-actinguponstimulatingadrenocorticotropin促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素gonadotropin促性腺激素somatotropin[促]生長(zhǎng)激素troph(o)-nourishmentdevelopmentdystrophy營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良hypertrophy肥大myatrophy肌萎縮ster(o)-steroidcorticosteroid皮質(zhì)類固醇hypercholersterolemia高膽固醇血癥aldosterone醛固酮myx(o)-mucusmyxadenitis黏液腺炎myxedema黏液水腫myxosarcoma黏液肉瘤QuizonMedicalTerminologyTask11.thyrotoxicosis 2.pancreatectomy 3.hypogonadism 4.estrogenic5.hypophysectomy/pituitectomy 6.hyperglycemia 7.thyroiditis8.endocrinologist 9.hypertrophy 10.somatotropinTask21.adenocarcinomaadeno/carcin/oma腺癌2.secretodermatosissecreto/dermat/osis皮膚分泌異常3.hormonopoiesishormone/poies/is激素生成4.hypoparathyroidismhypo/para/thyr/oid/ism甲狀旁腺功能減退5.prothymocytepro/thymo/cyt/e前胸腺細(xì)胞6.pancreatolysispancreato/lys/is胰組織破壞7.peripancreatitisperi/pancreat/itis胰周炎8.gonadoblastomagonado/blast/oma成性腺細(xì)胞瘤9.ovariohysterectomyovario/hyster/ec/tom/y卵巢子宮切除術(shù)10.triiodothyroninetri/iodo/thyr/on/ine三碘甲狀腺素11.estradiolestra/di/ol雌二醇12.myatrophymy/a/troph/y肌萎縮13.myxosarcomamyxo/sarc/oma黏液肉瘤14.adrenocorticotropinadreno/cortico/trop/in促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素15.tetraiodothyroninetetra/iodo/thyr/on/ine四碘甲狀腺素TextBReviewQuestions1.B2.C3.A4.D5.A6.D7.B8.C9.B10.ACaseStudy1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.B7.A8.B9.A10.BTextCComprehensionQuestions1.TheprimaryculpritsfordiabetesepidemicintheUnitedStatesarepoorglycemiccontroloverthelongtermandothermajorriskfactors,suchashypertension,cigarettesmoking,obesity,andelevatedlevelsofcholesterolorbloodlipids.2.TheNewYorkCityBoardofHealthapprovedanovelresponsetothediabetesepidemic:mandatoryelectronicreportingofglycosylatedhemoglobinvaluesbylaboratoriestothecity'sDepartmentofHealthandMentalHygiene.3.Friedensayspublichealthofficialshavebeen“asleepattheswitch”whenitcomestochronicdiseases.Hisviewisthat“l(fā)ocalhealthdepartmentsgenerallydoagoodjobofmonitoringandcontrollingconditionsthatkilledpeopleintheUnitedStates100yearsago.Yetnoncommunicablediseases,whichaccountedforlessthan20percentofU.S.deathsin1900,nowaccountforabout80percentofdeaths.Ourlocalpublichealthinfrastructurehasnotkeptpacewiththistransition.”4.Theglycosylatedhemoglobinvalueistheprimarytargetforglycemiccontrol.5.TheAmericanDiabetesAssociationrecommendsthatthebloodtestbeperformedatleasttwiceayearinpatientswhohavestableglycemiccontrolandquarterlyinpatientswhosetreatmenthaschangedorwhosegoalsarenotbeingmet.6.Theprimaryproblemsremainedinthediseaseregistryistheconcernaboutprivacyandconfidentiality.

Unit2TheNervousSystemTextAReviewQuestions1.A2.B3.C4.D5.D6.A7.B8.B9.D10.DLabeling1.nucleus2.collateralaxon3.presynapticterminal4.Schwanncell5.axon6.cellbody7.dendritesMatching1.j2.e3.g4.d5.a6.b7.i8.h9.f10.cMedicalTerminologyWordPartsMeaningExamplesnerv(o)-neur(o)-nerveinnervation神經(jīng)支配neuroglioma神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤perineural神經(jīng)周的myel(o)-bonemarrowspinalcordmyeloencephalitis腦脊髓炎myelofibrosis骨髓纖維化promyelocyte前髓細(xì)胞ax(o)-axi(o)-axonaxolysis軸突分解polyaxonic多軸突的subaxial軸下的cephal(o)-headcephalocentesis頭顱穿刺術(shù)cephalosporin頭孢菌素encephal(o)-brainencephalitis腦炎encephalomyelitis腦脊髓炎encephalomeningitis腦膜炎cerebell(o)-littlebraincerebellumcerebellar小腦的cerebellitis小腦炎cerebr(o)-largebraincerebrumcerebroma腦瘤cerebromalacia腦軟化cerebrovascular腦血管的intracerebral腦內(nèi)的cortic(o)-cortexcorticoadrenal腎上腺皮質(zhì)的subcortical皮質(zhì)下的，皮層下的medull(o)-medullamedullectomy髓質(zhì)切除術(shù)medulloepithelioma髓上皮瘤mening(o)-meningesmeningocele腦脊膜膨出meningococcemia腦膜炎球菌血癥extrameningeal腦脊膜外的gangli(o)-gangliongangliectomy神經(jīng)結(jié)切除術(shù)ganglioglioneuroma神經(jīng)節(jié)膠質(zhì)神經(jīng)瘤gli(o)-gliaglial膠質(zhì)的gliosarcoma膠質(zhì)肉瘤thalam(o)-thalamusthalamotomy丘腦切開術(shù)hypothalamus下丘腦pont(o)-ponsponticular小橋的cerebropontile大腦腦橋的poli(o)-greymatterpolioencephalitis腦灰質(zhì)炎poliovirus脊髓灰質(zhì)炎病毒sympath(o)-sympathysympathia交感作用；感應(yīng)；同情sympathicopathy交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)病cept-receivebiceptor雙受體motoceptor運(yùn)動(dòng)感受器gnos-knowledgediagnosis診斷prognosis預(yù)后kin(o)-kines(o)-kinet(o)-movementkinase激酶kinesiotherapy運(yùn)動(dòng)療法dyskinetic運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙的esthesi(o)-feelingsensationakinesthesia運(yùn)動(dòng)覺缺失bradyesthesia感覺遲鈍anesthesia感覺缺失，麻醉sthen(o)-strengthsthenometry體力測(cè)量法asthenia無力，衰弱myasthenia肌無力，肌衰弱phren(o)-diaphragmmindphrenalgia膈痛paraphrenitis膈周炎schizophrenia精神分裂癥psych(o)-mindpsychiatrist精神病學(xué)家antipsychotic抗精神病藥pleg(i)-paralysisbronchoplegia支氣管麻痹quadriplegia四肢麻痹hemiplegia偏癱schiz(o)-splittingschizophrenia精神分裂癥schizotonia肌張力分裂somn(o)-somni-sleepinsomnia失眠h(yuǎn)ypersomnia睡眠過度hypn(o)-inducedsleephypnotherapy催眠療法hypnoanesthesia催眠麻醉法man-maniamacromania夸大妄想narcomania麻醉劑狂QuizonMedicalTerminologyTask11.c2.b3.h4.e5.d6.g7.f8.i9.j10.aTask21.B2.A3.D4.C5.A6.ATextBReviewQuestions1.B2.A3.D4.A5.A6.D7.D8.A9.D10.CTrueorfalse1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.T8.F9.F10.TCaseStudyessentialhypertension:elevatedbloodpressure,oftenforindividualseighteenyearsofageandolder,asystolicpressuregreaterthan140mmHgand/oradiastolicpressuregreaterthan90mmHg,thatdevelopswithoutanapparentcausehypercholesterolemia:elevatedconcentrationsofcholesterolintheblood,usuallygreaterthan220mg/100mLblood,however,theamountofcholesterolpresentinhighdensitylipoproteinsandlowdensitylipoproteinsmustalsobetakenintoaccountafebrile:withoutafeverstroke:alsoknownasacerebrovascularaccident;damagetothecerebrumduetothesuddenblockageofbloodflowtothebrainduetobloodvesselrupture,bleedingintothebrain,orathrombusorembolusinacerebralbloodvesselthrombosis:formationordevelopmentofabloodclotorthrombusdysarthia:difficultyspeakinghemiparesis:paralysisaffectingonlyonesideofthebodystenosis:anabnormalnarrowingorconstrictionofapassageororificeThesymptomsthatindicatedastrokearerelatedtothedepressedfunctionofthenervoussystemduetoalackofbloodflowtothebrain.Thesesymptomsincludedtheweaknessontherightsideofhisbody,thelackoffeelingonhisrightside,slurredspeech,decreasedstrengthoftherightextremities,diminishedgagreflex,diminisheddeeprighttendonreflexes,andrightfacialdroop.TheheadachesthatAlberthadpreviouslybeenexperiencingwerealsoindicativeofpossibletransientischemicattacks,wherethereisatemporarylossofbloodflowtocertainbrainregions,thatmayprecedeastroke.TheriskfactorsthatwouldpredisposeAlbertforastrokeincludehypertension,hypercholesterolemia,andapositivefamilyhistory(hisparentsbothdiedofstrokes).ThefactthatAlberthasstoppedtakinghisantihypertensivemedicationwouldincreasetheriskduetohypertension.Hypertensionputshimatriskforbloodvesselrupture,whilehypercholesterolemiacanleadtodecreasedbloodflowandthepossibilityofbloodvesselocclusion.Thesymptomsweremostprobablylocalizedtoasinglesideofthebodybecauseofthelocationofthebloodvesselocclusionorrupture.Sincethemajorityofthedescendingnervetractsdecussate,therightsideofthebodywouldbe"controlled"bytheleftsideofthebrainandviceversa.ThefactthatAlbert'ssymptomswerelocalizedtotherightsideofthebodyindicatesthattheleftsideofthebrainisbeingaffected.Thetypeandlocationofthesymptomscanbeusedtodiagnosethelocationofthestrokeduetothefactthatspecificbrainregionsareinvolvedintheregulationofspecificfunctions.Forexample,themotorcortexislocatedinthefrontallobejustinfrontofthecentralsulcus.Damagetothisbrainregionwouldhavethegreatesteffectonmotorfunction.Damagetotheoccipitallobewouldhaveagreatereffectonvisionthanonotherfunctions.Inaddition,sincethecranialnervesarelocatedinspecificregionsofthebrain,changesintheafferentand/orefferentfunctionassociatedwithagivencranialnervecanbeindicativeofdamagetothatcranialnerveand/orthebrainregionassociatedwiththatcranialnerve.Stenosisofthecarotidarterieswoulddecreasetheflowofbloodtothebrain.Theinternalcarotidarteriesenterthecranialcavityandarethemajorbloodvesselssupplyingthebrainwithblood.Ifthecarotidarteriesarenarrowedorconstricted,thebrainwouldbemoresusceptibletobothtransientischemicattacksandstrokes.InAlbert'scase,thestenosismaybeduetohypercholesterolemia.AspirinisprescribedasatreatmentforAlbert'sconditiontominimizethedevelopmentofthrombi.Aspirinactstoblocktheproductionofprostaglandins,adiversegroupofcompoundsderivedfromarachadonicacid.Includedinthisgrouparethethromboxanes.Thromboxanesareinvolvedinstimulatingplateletsduringtheprocessofbloodclotting.Byminimizingtheamountofplateletstimulationtherisksfordevelopingathrombusaredecreased

Unit3TheUrinarySystemTextAReviewQuestions1.C2.B3.A4.B5.D6.A7.D8.C9.D10.AMatching1.d2.g3.j4.i5.h6.a7.c8.e9.b10.fMedicalTerminologyWordPartsMeaningExamplesur(o)-urineuremia尿毒癥urogravimeter尿比重計(jì)hypercalciuria高鈣尿ureter(o)-ureterureterography輸尿管造影術(shù)ureterolithotomy輸尿管切開取石術(shù)ureterostenosis輸尿管狹窄urethr(o)-urethraurethralgia尿道痛urethrorrhagia尿道出血urethroscopy尿道鏡檢查meat(o)-meatusmeatoscopy尿道口鏡檢查meatotomy尿道口切開術(shù)cyst(o)-bladdercystitis膀胱炎cystocele膀胱突出癥cholecystectomy膽囊切除術(shù)vesic(o)-bladdervesicocele膀胱突出vesiculitis精囊炎vesiculotomy囊切開術(shù)ren(o)-kidneycircumrenal腎周的renculus腎小葉renopathy腎病nephr(o)-kidneynephrolith腎結(jié)石nephrology腎臟學(xué)nephrorrhagia腎出血cortic(o)-cortexadrenocorticotropin促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素corticosteroid皮質(zhì)類固醇cortisol皮質(zhì)醇，氫化可的松medull(o)-medullamedullary髓質(zhì)的，骨髓的medullectomy髓質(zhì)切除術(shù)glom-glomer(o)-ballglomerular腎小球的glomerulitis腎小球炎glomerulonephritis腎小球性腎炎pyel(o)-pelvispyelonephritis腎盂腎炎pyelolithotomy腎盂石切除術(shù)pyelogram腎盂造影照片calc(o)-calci(o)-calciumcalcitonin降鈣素calcinosis鈣質(zhì)沉著癥hypercalcemia高血鈣癥lith(o)-stonecalculuslithotripsy碎石術(shù)lithogenesis結(jié)石形成lithotomy切石術(shù)azot(o)-nitrogenazothermia氮血熱azotemia氮血癥azotenesis氮質(zhì)過多癥py(o)-puspyogenic生膿的，化膿的pyorrhea膿漏，膿溢pyuria膿尿noct(o)-nocti-nightnocturia夜尿癥，遺尿癥nocturnal夜間的olig(o)-fewlittlescantyoligotrophy營(yíng)養(yǎng)不足oligomenorrhea月經(jīng)過少oliguria少尿poly-manymuchpolymyositis多肌炎polyphagia貪食癥polydipsia煩渴ptos(o)-droopgastroptosis胃下垂nephroptosis腎下垂hepatoptosis肝下垂pex(o)-fixnephropexy腎固定術(shù)hysteropexy子宮固定術(shù)ket(o)-ketoneketamine克他命，氯胺酮ketosis酮病ketoacidosis酮酸中毒albumin(o)-albumin(protein)albuminuria蛋白尿albuminemia白蛋白血癥albuminoid類蛋白，蛋白質(zhì)的QuizonMedicalTerminology1.C2.D3.B4.B5.C6.B7.D8.D9.A10.BApplyingTheorytoPracticeThesodiumchlorideincreasedtheconcentration(osmolarity)ofhisbloodwithoutaffectingthevolumeofblood.TheincreasedconcentrationofhisbloodstimulatedADHsecretionfromtheposteriorpituitarygland.TheADHcausedthekidneytoproduceasmallvolumeofconcentratedurine.TextBTrueorFalse1.F2.T3.T4.F5.T6.F7.F8.T9.F10.TBlankFilling1.Edema2.stagnation3.dysuria4.dyspnea5.intravenous6.arteriosclerosis7.catheter8.metaboliteMatching1.b2.c3.d4.e5.aApplyingTheorytoPracticeThefemaleurinarybladderismoreaccessibletobacteriafromtheexteriorbecausetheurethraofafemaleismuchshorterthanthatofthemale.Forthisreasonurinarybladderinfectionsaremorecommoninfemalesthaninmales.CaseStudy1.C2.B3.C4.B5.A6.B

Unit4TheReproductiveSystemTextAReviewQuestions1.D2.D3.C4.B5.A6.B7.A8.B9.C10.A11.A12.BTrueorfalse1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.T8.F9.T10.TMatchingTask11.j2.c3.f4.h5.d6.b7.g8.e9.a10.iTask21.i2.c3.b4.e5.f6.g7.j8.h9.d10.aMedicalTerminologyWordpartsMeaningExamplestest(o)-testistesticletestitis睪丸炎testalgia睪丸痛orch(o)-orchi(o)-testis(malegonad)cryptorchidism隱睪epiorchium睪丸外膜synorchidism睪丸粘連sperm(o)-spermat(o)-spermi(o)-spermantispermatotoxin抗精子毒素spermatorrhea遺精spherospermia球狀精子，無尾精子balan(o)-headofthepenisbalanitis龜頭炎balanorrhagia龜頭膿溢vas(o)-vasi-vesselductvasoligation輸精管結(jié)扎術(shù)vasovasostomy輸精管輸精管吻合術(shù)andr(o)-maleandropathy男性病androsterone雄酮ovari(o)-ovaryovarium卵巢transovarial經(jīng)卵巢的oophor(o)-ovaryoophorocystectomy卵巢囊腫切除術(shù)perioophoritis卵巢周圍炎u(yù)ter(o)-uteruswombuterotonic子宮收縮藥uterotubography子宮輸卵管造影術(shù)postuterine子宮后的metr(o)-uteruswombmetrorrhagia子宮不規(guī)則出血endometriosis子宮內(nèi)膜異位癥hyster(o)-uteruswombhysteromyoma子宮肌瘤hysteroscope宮腔鏡cervic(o)-cervixneckcervicectomy宮頸切除術(shù)endocervicitis宮頸內(nèi)膜炎o(hù)o-eggovumoogenesis卵子發(fā)生oosome卵小體ov(o)-ovi-eggovumoviparity卵生ovoglobulin卵球蛋白salping(o)-Fallopiantubesalpingolysis輸卵管粘連分離術(shù)salpingotomy輸卵管切開術(shù)colp(o)-vaginacolpitis陰道炎colposcopy陰道鏡檢查men(o)-menstruationmenorrhea行經(jīng)menarche月經(jīng)初潮mamm(o)-mammi-breastmammitis乳腺炎mammotropin催乳激素，催乳素mast(o)-breastmastadenoma乳腺瘤mastocarcinoma乳房癌lact(o)-milklactase乳糖酶delactation斷乳，停乳galact(o)-milkgalactase半乳糖酶galactoma乳腺囊腫，積乳囊腫omphal(o)-navelomphalocele臍膨出omphaloncus臍瘤gravid(o)-pregnancygravidocardiac妊娠心臟病的primigravida初孕婦par(a)-laborbirthdeliveryprimipara初產(chǎn)婦multipara經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦oviparity卵生part(o)-laborbirthdeliverypostpartum產(chǎn)后parturition分娩prepartal分娩前的toc(o)-laborbirthdeliveryoxytocin催產(chǎn)素dystocia難產(chǎn)eutocia順產(chǎn)nat(o)-givebirthtoneonate新生兒natality出生率perinatology圍產(chǎn)醫(yī)學(xué)QuizonMedicalTerminology1.D2.B3.D4.D5.C6.A7.C8.D9.A10.BTextBReviewQuestions1.A2.D3.A4.C5.B6.A7.D8.A9.D10.BQuizonTerminology1.\o"Nucleolus"menorrhagia 2.\o"Cellnucleus"vaginitis 3.\o"Ribosome"leucorrhea 4.\o"Vesicle(biology)"Paptest 5.mammography6.\o"Golgiapparatus"cervicitis 7.\o"Cytoskeleton"endometriosis 8.conization 9.\o"Mitochondrion"PID 10.\o"Vacuole"dysmenorrheaTrueorfalse1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F6.F7.T8.T9.F10.FTextCReviewQuestions1.C2.D3.A4.B5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D10.ACaseStudy1.Benignprostatichypertrophy.2.Digitalrectalexamination,urodynamictesting,endoscopy,PSAtoruleoutprostatecancer,andultrasoundoftheprostate.

Unit5TheIntegumentarySystemTextAReviewQuestions1.lunula2.collagen3.melanin4.basallayer5.stratumcorneum6.sebum7.nailmatrix8.keratin9.cuticle10.SudoriferousglandsMatching1.c2.i3.e4.g5.d6.b7.f8.a9.j10.hMedicalTerminologyWordpartsMeaningExamplescut-cuti-skinsubcutaneous皮下的cutisector取皮器cuticle皮膚，表皮derm(o)-dermat(o)-skinepidermis表皮dermatosclerosis硬皮病dermabrasion磨皮法onych(o)-nailonychomycosis甲癬，甲真菌病onycholysis甲剝離paronychia甲溝炎pil(o)-hairhairfolliclepilosebaceous毛[囊]皮脂腺的pilosis多毛pilosomycin毛發(fā)霉素trich(o)-hairtrichomycosis毛發(fā)菌病trichology毛發(fā)學(xué)atrichosis無毛癥lip(o)-fatlipocyte脂肪細(xì)胞liposuction吸脂術(shù)hyperlipoproteinemia高脂蛋白血癥adip(o)-fatadipocyte脂肪細(xì)胞adipofibroma脂肪纖維瘤adipogenesis脂肪形成seb(o)-sebi-sebumsebaceousgland皮脂腺seborrhea皮脂溢hidr(o)-idr(o)-sweathidradenitis汗腺炎anidrosis無汗[癥]chromathidrosis色汗癥kerat(o)-hard,hornytissuecorneakeratin角質(zhì)，角蛋白keratinization角化keratomalacia角膜軟化keratoplasty角膜移植術(shù)，角膜成形術(shù)melan(o)-blackmelanin黑色素melanocyte黑素細(xì)胞melanotropin促黑素leuc(o)-leuk(o)-whiteleucopenia白細(xì)胞減少leukemia白血病leukorrhea白帶alb(o)-albi-albu-whitealbino白化病患者albinism白化病albinuria乳糜尿，白尿erythr(o)-rederythrochloropsia紅綠視癥，青黃色盲erythropoiesis紅細(xì)胞生成erythromycin紅霉素rub(e)-redbilirubin膽紅素rubella風(fēng)疹rubeola麻疹xanth(o)-yellowxanthochromic黃色的xanthocyanopsia紅綠色盲，青黃視癥xanthoderma皮膚變黃cyan(o)-bluecyanosis發(fā)紺，青紫cyanopsia藍(lán)視癥acrocyanosis肢端發(fā)紺chlor(o)-greenchlorinehydrochloricacid鹽酸erythrochloropsia紅綠視癥hyperchlorhydria胃酸過多[癥]coll(o)-colla-colloidgluecollagen膠原collagenase膠原酶myc(o)-fungusdermatomycosis皮膚真菌病erythromycin紅霉素caus(o)-burnburningcausalgia灼性神經(jīng)痛caustic腐蝕劑cauter(o)-heatburncauterant腐蝕劑electrocautery電烙術(shù)ichthy(o)-scalydry(fish-like)ichthyosis魚鱗癬ichthyotoxicology魚毒學(xué)squam(o)-scale-likesquamousepithelium鱗狀上皮squamotemporal顳鱗的QuizonMedicalTerminology1.毛囊皮脂腺的2.皮真菌病3.角化癥（皮膚的角質(zhì)生長(zhǎng)）4.皮膚炎5.黑瘤6.白血球,白細(xì)胞7.甲真菌病8.黃瘤9.皮下組織10.脂肪瘤ApplyingTheorytoPracticeTheintegumentarysystemperformsmanyprotectivefunctions.Theintactskinplaysanimportantroleinpreventingwaterlossbecauseitslipidsactasabarriertothediffusionofwater.Theskinpreventstheentryofmicroorganismsandotherforeignsubstancesintothebody.Secretionsfromskinglandsalsoproduceanenvironmentunsuitableforsomemicroorganisms.Thestratifiedsquamousepitheliumoftheskinprotectsunderlyingstructuresagainstabrasion.Melaninabsorbsultravioletlightandprotectsunderlyingstructuresformitsdamagingeffects.Hairprovidesprotectioninseveralways:thehairontheheadactsasaheatinsulator,eyebrowskeepsweatoutoftheeyes,eyelashesprotecttheeyesfromforeignobjects,andhairinthenoseandearspreventstheentryofdustandothermaterials.Thenailsprotecttheendsofthedigitsfromdamageandcanbeusedindefense.Asthebodyages,theskinismoreeasilydamagedbecausetheepidermisthinsandtheamountofcollageninthedermisdecreases.Skininfectionsaremorelikelyandrepairoftheskinoccursmoreslowly.Adecreaseinthenumberofelasticfibersinthedermisandlossoffatfromthehypodermiscausetheskintosagandwrinkle.Adecreaseintheactivityofsweatglandsandadecreaseinthebloodsupplytothedermisresultinapoorabilitytoregulatebodytemperature.Theskinbecomesdrierassebaceousglandactivitydecreases.Thenumberofmelanocytesgenerallydecreases,butinsomeareas,thenumberofmelanocytesincreasestoproduceagespots.Notethatagespotsaredifferentfromfreckles,whicharecausedbyincreasedmelaninproduction.Grayorwhitehairalsoresultsbecauseofadecreaseinoralackofmelaninproduction.Skinthatisexposedtosunlightshowssignsofagingmorerapidlythannonexposedskin,soavoidingoverexposuretosunlightandusingsunblockersisadvisable.Theskinhasreceptorsintheepidermisanddermisthatcandetectpain,heat,cold,andpressure.Howeverhairdoesnothaveanervesupplyandmovementofthehaircanonlybedetectedbysensoryreceptorsaroundthehairfollicle.Thisalsoexplainswhypullingonhaircanbequitepainful.TextBReviewQuestions1.C2.D3.A4.C5.A6.A7.D8.D9.C10.BTrueorFalse1.F2.T3.F4.F5.F6.T7.F8.T9.T10.FApplyingTheorytoPractice1.Onewayonhowtopreventacneistoadaptastrictskincareregimen.Youshouldalwayswashyourfaceusingmildfacialfoamtoensurethatallofthedust,dirt,andexcessoilareremovedfromyourskin.Also,exfoliateyourskinregularlytoremoveanydeadskincellsandotherforeignsubstancesthatcouldleadtoirritation.Whenusingcleansers,makesureyouavoidalcohol-andoil-basedcleansersbecausetheycanresulttoskindryness,makingyourskinmorepronetodevelopingacne.Drinkinglotsofwaterisanotheroneofthegreatwayswhichyoucaneasilypreventacnefromoccurring.Drinkinglotsofwaterwillkeepyourskinashydratedasitneedstobe.Itwillalsohelpreducethetoxinsinyourbodywhichmaybetoblameforyourbreakouts.Stressisalsoknowntobeoneofthecausesofacne.Bykeepingyourstressundercontrol,throughmethodssuchasexercisingandgettinginvolvedinactivities,youalsomaybeabletokeepyouracneundercontrol.Althoughthebodiesofmanypeopletendtodiffer,oneofthemainreasonsthatacneoccursisbecauseofpeople'sdiets.Whetheryouareeatingtoomuchgreaseortoomanysweets,thesecanbothbethemaincauseofyouracne.Bycuttingbackonbothofthesethingsandeatinghealthierfoodssuchasfruitsandvegetables,youmaybeabletopreventyouracnefromoccurring.Incasetheacneisalreadythere,youcantryusingantibioticsforacnebecausethisisproventobeeffectiveinprovidingquickremedy.Oralantibioticsforacnehelpstofightthebacteriathatiscausingtheacnetoappearonyourskin.Theseantibioticsincludeerythromycin,tetracycline,doxycycline,clindamycin,anderythromycin.Makesuretovisityourdermatologistfirstbeforeintakingtheseantibioticssotheycanprescribewhatisbestforyourskintypeandacneproblem.Becauseacneisalsoassociatedwithexcessiveandrogenlevels,andoralcontraceptivescanreducetheamountofandrogenthatisavailable,takingcontraceptivedrugsisalsosuggestedbysomedoctorsasaneffectivewaytotreatacne.Justhowthisworksdependsonthespecifichormonecombinationinaparticularoralcontraceptive.2.a)psoriasisb)malignantmelanomac)rubeolad)cuticle,paronychiae)urticaria

Unit6SpecialSensesTextAReviewQuestions1.B2.A3.B4.C5.A6.B7.C8.A9.D10.CBlankFilling1.opticdisc2.accommodation3.macula4.foveacentralis5.refraction6.anteriorchamber7.cones8.rodsMatching1.e2.g3.h4.j5.f6.i7.b8.c9.a10.dLabeling1.conjunctiva2.cornea3.anteriorcompartment4.iris5.pupil6.lens7.suspensoryligaments8.ciliarybody9.sclera10.choroid11.retina12.vitreoushumor13.opticnerve14.posteriorcompartmentTranslation1.當(dāng)我們眨眼的時(shí)候，眼睛就會(huì)不斷地沉浸在位于眼睛側(cè)面的淚腺分泌的液體中。2.鞏膜幫助保持眼睛的形狀，保護(hù)眼睛內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)，連接眼睛外部肌肉。3.聚集在視網(wǎng)膜上的光能引起視桿細(xì)胞和視錐發(fā)生化學(xué)變化，從而促使神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)通過視神經(jīng)從眼睛傳遞到大腦。4.內(nèi)耳由幾個(gè)膜襯通道組成，這些通道位于顳骨深處。5.耳蝸包括一些特殊的被稱之為外淋巴和內(nèi)淋巴的聽覺液體，通過這些液體，震動(dòng)得以傳遞。MedicalterminologyWordpartsMeaningExamplesocul(o)-eyeintraocular眼內(nèi)的oculist眼科醫(yī)師ophthalm(o)-eyeophthalmologist眼科學(xué)家ophthalmoplegia眼肌麻痹exophthalmos眼球突出ops(o)-opsi(o)-visionopsiometer視力計(jì)achromatopsia全色盲chloropsia綠視癥opt(o)-visionoptesthesia視覺optometrist驗(yàn)光師cili(o)-hairciliary睫毛的ciliectomy睫狀體切除術(shù)corne(o)-corneacorneal角膜的corneitis角膜炎pupill(o)-pupilpupillary瞳孔的pupillatonia瞳孔反應(yīng)消失pupillostatometer瞳孔距離劑retin(o)-retinaretinopapillitis視網(wǎng)膜視乳頭炎retinopathy視網(wǎng)膜病retinosis視網(wǎng)膜變性scler(o)-hardening;scleraatherosclerosis粥樣硬化dermatosclerosis硬皮病sclerectome鞏膜刀sclerocentesis鞏膜穿刺術(shù)irid(o)-irisiridokeratitis虹膜角膜炎iridoparalysis虹膜麻痹scleriridotomy鞏膜虹膜切開術(shù)kerat(o)-corneakeratectomy角膜切除術(shù)keratoplasty角膜成形術(shù)keratoconjunctivitis角膜結(jié)膜炎presby-oldagepresbycardia老年心臟病presbyacusia老年（性）聾presbyopia老視lens(o)-lent(o)-lenslensectomy晶狀體摘除術(shù)lentitis晶狀體炎lacrim(o)-tearslacrimal淚的lacrimation流淚lacrimator催淚劑dacry(o)-tearsdacryoadenitis淚腺炎dacryocystoptosis淚囊脫垂dacryostenosis淚管狹窄conjunctiv(o)-conjunctivaconjunctivitis結(jié)膜炎conjunctivoplasty結(jié)膜成形術(shù)blephar(o)-eyelidblepharitis瞼炎blepharoptosis（上）瞼下垂blepharospasm瞼痙攣ot(o)-earotitis耳炎o(hù)torhinolaryngology耳鼻咽喉科學(xué)otoscopy耳鏡檢查aur(o)-auri-earhearingaurinasal耳鼻的auriphone助聽器postaurale耳郭后點(diǎn)ac(o)u(o)-ac(o)us-hearingacouesthesia聽覺anacousia聾hyperacusis聽覺過敏audi(o)-hearingaudiometrician測(cè)聽專家audiometry測(cè)聽法dysaudia聽力障礙tympan(o)-eardrumtympanocentesis鼓膜穿刺術(shù)tympanoplasty鼓室成形術(shù)tympanosclerosis鼓膜硬化（癥）labyrinth(o)-labyrinthlabyrinthectomy迷路切除術(shù)endolabyrinthitis迷路內(nèi)膜炎cochle(o)-cochleacochleitis耳蝸炎retrocochlear耳蝸后的Quizonmedicalterminology1.A2.C3.B4.D5.D6.A7.B8.CWordFormation1.blepharitis2.conjunctivitis3.dacryoadenitis4.iritis5.keratitis6.scleritis7.retinitis8.blepharoptosis9.lacrimal10.intraocularTextBReviewQuestions1.B2.C3.A4.D5.B6.A7.D8.B9.D10.C11.A12.D13.CApplyingTheorytoPractice Acataractcloudsthelenssothatlightcannotentertheeyetoproduceanimageontheretina.Removalofthelensletslightin,butitisnolongerproperlyfocused.Withouttherefractingabilityofthelens,lightraysdonotconvergeenoughandthefoca