物理學(xué)家英文_第1頁
物理學(xué)家英文_第2頁
物理學(xué)家英文_第3頁
全文預(yù)覽已結(jié)束

下載本文檔

版權(quán)說明：本文檔由用戶提供并上傳，收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方，若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán)，請進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)

文檔簡介

物理學(xué)家英文

Possibleanswer:

APhysicist:WernerHeisenberg(1901-1976)

WernerHeisenbergwasaGermanphysicistwhoseground-breakingworkinquantummechanicstransformedourunderstandingofthemicrocosmandearnedhimtheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1932.Heiswidelyregardedasoneofthemostinfluentialphysicistsofthe20thcentury,andhislegacyextendstomanyfieldsofscienceandtechnology.

EarlyLifeandEducation

HeisenbergwasbornonDecember5,1901,inWürzburg,Bavaria,thesonofaprominentacademicfamily.HisfatherwasaprofessorofGreekphilology,andhismotherwasthedaughterofaphysician.Hewasthethirdoffivechildren,andgrewupinaculturedandintellectualenvironment,wheremusic,literature,andsciencewerevalued.

Heisenbergshowedanearlyaptitudeformathematicsandphysics,andwasencouragedbyhisschoolteacherstopursuethesesubjects.HeenteredtheUniversityofMunichin1920,attheageof18,andstudiedphysics,mathematics,andphilosophyundersomeofthemostdistinguishedprofessorsofthetime,suchasArnoldSommerfeld,MaxBorn,andDavidHilbert.

Healsobecameinvolvedinthestudentmovement,whichwascriticalofthepost-warsocialandpoliticalconditionsinGermany.HeisenbergjoinedasecretsocietycalledtheVereinfürJugendundHochschule,whichaimedtopromoteanewsenseofnationalidentityandculturalrenewalbasedonspiritualvaluesandscientificprogress.

DoctoralThesisandEarlyResearch

In1923,Heisenbergcompletedhisdoctoralthesisonthetopicofturbulenceinfluiddynamics,whichearnedhimamagnacumlaudedegree.Thethesisshowedhistalentformathematicalanalysisandexperimentalobservation,andattractedtheattentionofphysicistssuchasErwinSchr?dingerandNielsBohr.

HeisenbergwenttopostdoctoralworkatG?ttingenUniversity,wherehejoinedthegroupledbyMaxBorn,whowasanexpertinquantummechanics.Bornhadrecentlydevelopedanewmathematicalandconceptualframeworkforunderstandingthebehaviorofelectronsandotherparticlesattheatomicscale,basedonthewave-particledualityprinciple.

Heisenbergwasfascinatedbythisnewfieldofphysics,whichchallengedtheclassicalconceptsofcausality,determinism,andobjectivity.Heworkedonseveralproblemsrelatedtothequantumtheoryofatomsandmolecules,suchasthecalculationofspectraandthepredictionofchemicalreactions.

HealsocollaboratedwithBornonapaperthatproposedanewinterpretationoftheuncertaintyprinciple,whichstatesthatcertainpairsofphysicalquantities,suchaspositionandmomentum,cannotbemeasuredwitharbitraryaccuracyatthesametime.Thepaperarguedthattheuncertaintywasnotduetothelimitationsofthemeasuringinstrumentsortheobserver,butwasaninherentfeatureofthequantumworld.

MatrixMechanicsandNobelPrize

In1925,Heisenbergmadearemarkablebreakthroughinhisworkonquantummechanics,whichwouldrevolutionizethefieldandmakehimworldfamous.Heinventedanewmethodofrepresentingthequantumstatesofparticles,basedonmatricesorarraysofnumbers,insteadofthetraditionalwavefunctions.

Thismethod,knownasmatrixmechanics,allowedHeisenbergtoderiveaseriesoffundamentalequationsthatdescribedthedynamicsofparticles,thenatureofinteractions,andthepropertiesofobservablequantities.Heisenberg'smatrixmechanicswasmathematicallyequivalenttoSchr?dinger'swavemechanics,whichhadbeendevelopedindependentlyaroundthesametime,butwasmoreconciseandabstract.

Heisenberg'smatrixmechanicsalsorevealedanewconceptofcomplementarity,whichstatedthatcertainpairsofphysicalobservables,suchaspositionandmomentum,couldnotbesimultaneouslyknownwitharbitraryprecision.Thisprinciplewasmoregeneralthantheuncertaintyprinciple,andappliednotonlytomeasurements,butalsotophysicalpropertiesthemselves.

Heisenberg'sbreakthroughwaspraisedandcriticizedbyhiscolleagues,andspa

溫馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明，都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
  • 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等，如果需要附件，請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙，網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽，若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
  • 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間，僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理，對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯，并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
  • 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容，請與我們聯(lián)系，我們立即糾正。
  • 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。

評論

0/150

提交評論