08-太空探索-2023年高考英語新熱點時文閱讀

2023年高考英語新熱點時文閱讀-太空探索題型主要內(nèi)容1閱讀理解介紹了宇航員在太空中吃什么以及怎樣吃的幾個需要考慮的因素。2閱讀理解介紹了在航空領(lǐng)域的新變化，解釋了私營公司進入航空領(lǐng)域的原因和意義以及太空探索的未來。3閱讀理解介紹了人類往返火星面臨的困難以及可能的解決方案。4閱讀理解講述了關(guān)于太空垃圾清理的問題。5語法填空人們對火星是否適合生命存在的探索。01（2022·江西省樂平中學(xué)高二開學(xué)考試）HowiseatinginspacedifferentfromeatingonEarth?Ifyousendastronautsintospace,youhavetosendalongwithfoodaswell.Butwhatdoastronautseat,andhowdotheyeatit?Scientiststakeseveralfactorsintoconsiderationastheyplanmealsforspace.Themostimportantfactorisitsnutrition.___1___Providingjunkfoodtoeat,suchaspotatochips,sodas,andpizza,wouldmaketheastronautsunhealthy.___2___Ifthefoodthathasbeenprovidedisn’ttasteful,theastronautsmayavoideatingit.Ifyou’veevertiedtofocusonsomethingimportantwhileyourstomachdoesn’tfeelwell,you’llknowwhythescientistsinchargeofaspacetaskwanttheirastronautstoeatregularly.Thelackofgravityinaspacecraftalsodetermineswhatfoodscanorcannotbeeateninspace.Mealsmustbepackagedcarefullysotheywillbesafeinthecabin(艙).Waterortinybitsoffoodcouldgetinsideamachineorelectronicdeviceanddamageit.___3___Alooseknifeinsidethecabinwouldbedangerous.___4___Theweightofeveryobjectincludedinaspacecraftmustbecountedupinordertoensurethatthereisenoughfuelandpowertocarrythecraftsafelyintospaceandbackhomeagain.___5___Mostfoodsarestoredinplasticbags,andoften,thefoodsaredehydrated(脫水的).Whenanastronautisreadytoeat,hotwaterisaddedtothemealtowarmitup.Despitealltheserequirements,muchofthefoodeateninspaceisactuallysimilartowhatyoumighteatonanygivenday.A．Tasteisalsoimportant.B．Nutritionisimportanttoconsider.C．Finally,weightisanimportantconcern.D．Foodpackagingismadetobeaslightaspossible.E．Believeitornot,theyhavefreshfruitsandvegetables.F．Keepingastronautshealthyisatoptaskforanyspacetravel.G．Forthesamereason,sharpknivesandfolksareneverusedonboard.02（2022·浙江·高二開學(xué)考試）Fiftyyearsago,astronautstraveledtospaceinrocketsdesigned,built,andmaintainedbyNASAandpaidforbygovernmentfunding.Today,theastronautsareoftenbillionairesenjoyingajourneyintoloworbitonarockettheypaidforfromtheirbillion-dollarbankaccounts.Thechangefeelslikeagiantleap,butitmakessense,saysLauraSewardForczyk,founderofAstralyticalaspaceconsultingcompany.“Moreandmoreofmoderncivilizationreliesonspace,”shesays.HugenumbersofsatellitesorbittheplanetconnectingustoeverythingfromcellphonestoGPStoNetflixandthereisbigmoneyinmaintainingthosesystems.“Thisdoesn’tgetalotofheadlinestypically,butthereareprofitreasonswhyprivatecompanieswanttogointospace,”saysForczyk.And85privatecompanieslearnmoreaboutputtingrocketsandsatellitesintospace,they’reabletohelpthelikesofNASAontheirmissions.That’simportantbecauseNASAitselfhasbecomefinanciallyconstrainedfromits1966peak,wherespendingonthespaceracetookup4.4percentofthefederalbudget,thatspendingisnowlessthan0.5percentofthecountry’stotalbudget.“NASAusingcommercialcompaniestobuildalotofthehardwaretodoalotofthoseservicesoftakingscientificpayloadstothesurfaceofthemoon,”saysForczyk.Thehopeisthatpeoplewillfollow—possiblyby2025,butmorerealistically,saysForczyk,by2030.Ifyou’rewonderingwhywe’regoingbacktothemoonsincemankindhasalreadywalkeditssurface,theansweristhatweexploredonlypartofit.“Weknowalotmore,butwealsoknowsoverylittle,”saysForczyk.“Sowewanttogobackwithpeopletolearnmore,butmoreimportantly,wewanttogobacktoliveandworkthere.”Someevenseethemoonasaneventualstagingareaforhumanexplorationofdeepspace.Marsisseenasthenextstepping-offpointtowardthefinalfrontier—thoughwhetherwe’llgetthereinourlifetimesisanotherquestion.6．Whatchangehastakenplaceinspacetravelnowadays?A．Themoonisthefinalfrontier,B．Thosewhopayfortherocketcanenjoythejourney.C．ThefederalgovernmentgivesNASAmorefinancialsupport.D．Rocketsaredesigned,built,andmaintainedbyprivatecompanies.7．Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?A．MankindcanliveonMarsby2030. B．Wehaveexploredmostpartofthemoon.C．Spacetravelreliesonmoderncivilization. D．NASAcooperateswithprivatecompaniesonthemissions.8．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Whocangotospace? B．What’snextinspacetravel?C．What’sNASA’sfuturemission? D．Whydoprivatecompanieswanttogointospace?03（2022·陜西西安·高三開學(xué)考試）SendinghumantravelerstoMarswouldrequirescientistsandengineerstoovercomearangeoftechnologicalandsafetyobstacles.Oneofthemisthesevereriskcausedbyparticleradiation(粒子輻射)fromthesun,distantstarsandgalaxies(星系).Answeringtwokeyquestionswouldgoalongwaytowardovercomingthatobstacle:Wouldparticleradiationcausetoosevereathreattohumanlifethroughoutaroundtriptotheredplanet?And,couldtheverytimingofamissiontoMarshelpprotectastronautsandthespacecraftfromtheradiation?InanewarticlepublishedinthejournalSpaceWeather,aninternationalteamofspacescientists,includingresearchersfromUCLA,answersthosetwoquestionswitha“no”anda“yes”.Thatis,humansshouldbeabletosafelytravelandfromMarsifthespacecrafthassufficientprotectionandtheroundtripisshorterthanapproximatelyfouryears.AndthetimingofahumanmissiontoMarswouldindeedmakeadifference:ThescientistsdeterminedthatthebesttimeforaflighttoleaveEarthwouldbewhensolaractivityisatitspeak,knownasthesolarmaximum.Thescientists’calculationsdemonstratethatitwouldbepossibletoprotectaMars-boundspacecraftfromenergeticparticlesfromthesunbecause,duringsolarmaximum,themostdangerousandenergeticparticlesfromdistantgalaxiesaredecreasedbythestrengthenedsolaractivity.Atripofthatlengthwouldbeimaginable.TheaverageflighttoMarstakesaboutninemonths,sodependingonthetimingoflaunchandavailablefuel,itisreasonablethatahumanmissioncouldreachtheplanetandreturntoEarthinlessthantwoyears,accordingtoYuriShprits,aUCLAresearchgeophysicistandco-authorofthepaper.“Thisstudyshowsthatwhilespaceradiationimposes(強加)strictlimitationsonhowheavythespacecraftcanbeandthetimeoflaunch,anditpresentstechnologicaldifficultiesforhumanmissionstoMars,suchamissionispractical,”saidShprits.9．WhatmaypreventhumantravelersbeingsenttoMars?A．Thelongdistance. B．Thelackofknowledge.C．Theextremetemperature. D．Technicalandsecuritychallenges.10．WhichisoneconditionforsafelytravelingtoandfromMars?A．Enoughprotection B．Sufficienttime.C．Shorteneddistance. D．Experiencedguidance.11．WhyissolarmaximumthebesttimetotraveltoMars?A．Particleradiationisweakened. B．Solarradiationisstrengthened.C．Humansmakefullpreparations. D．Thesuncanofferthemostenergy.12．Inwhichsectionofanewspapercanwefindthetext?A．Literature. B．Science. C．Entertainment. D．Figure.04（2022·四川涼山·三模）Chinadeployed（部署）asatelliteonOct24tocarryouttechnologicaltestsforspacedebris（殘?。﹎anagement,accordingtotheChinaAerospaceScienceandTechnologyCorp.Thespacecraftaimstodemonstratetechnologiestoalleviatespacedebris.Sincethedawnofthespaceageinthe1950s,humanshavelaunchedthousandsofrocketsandsentevenmoresatellitesintoorbit.Manyarestillthere,andwearenowfacinganever-increasingriskofspacejunk.Morethan27,000piecesoforbitaldebris,or“spacejunk”,aretrackedinspace,accordingtoNASA．Muchmoredebrisistoosmalltobetrackedbutlargeenoughtothreatenhumanspaceflightandroboticmissions.Sinceapieceofdebriscanmovefasterthanaspeedingbullet,collisionswiththesetinypiecesoftenleavepitsinmanysatellites,telescopesandotherobjectsorbitingourplanet.In2006,forexample,atinypieceofspacejunkcollidedwiththeInternationalSpaceStation,takingachipoutoftheheavilyreinforcedwindow,accordingtoNationalGeographic.Spacejunkisahugethreattospacemissionsthatinvolvehumanlife.“Thisisparticularlyimportantsincecarefulconsiderationneedstobemadeabouttheorbitalpathofspacejunkbeforespacewalkexercisesareconducted,”JoonWaynCheong,asatellitesystemsexpert,toldScienceX,asciencewebsite.Luckily,scientistsarefullyawareoftheissue,andtheyareapproachingitindifferentways.Oneinvolvesusingagiantnet.In2018,theUK’sSurreySpaceCenterusedanettocatchspacejunkinanexperiment.Itwasthefirstsuccessfuldemonstrationofspacecleanuptechnology,CNNreported.Itinvolvedtargetingdebrisandcatchingitwithanetandaharpoon（魚叉）.Anothersolutionistouseroboticarms.ClearSpace1,theEuropeanSpaceAgency’smissiontoremovespacejunkfromorbit,isexpectedtolaunchin2025,whichwilladoptroboticarmstocapturethedebris,BBCScienceFocusMagazinereported.Themissionplanstolocate,captureandthrowdebrisintotheatmosphere,whereitwillburnupintheintensepressureandfriction（摩擦）ofre-entryintotheEarth’satmosphere.13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“alleviate”inparagraph1mean?A．Track. B．Increase. C．Reduce. D．Destroy.14．Whatcanbeinferredaboutspacejunkaccordingtothepassage?A．AgreatmanysatellitesorbitingtheEarthdon’tworkefficiently.B．About27,000satellitesareworkingontheorbitoftheEarth.C．Manysatelliteshavebeendamagedbyspeedingbullets.D．Spacewalkexercisescanbeahugethreattospacejunk.15．Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthepassage?（P=paragraph）A． B． C． D．16．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Achievementinaerospace B．RisksofspacejunkC．Solutionstosolvingdebris D．Spacedebriscleanup05（2022·湖南師大附中高三開學(xué)考試）閱讀下面短文，在空白處填入1個適當?shù)膯卧~或括號內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。Overthepastfewyears,theinterestinexploringMarshasgrown,withsomeimportant___17___(discovery)aboutit.TheyraisefurtherquestionsaboutthepastatmosphereofMarsandscientistsultimatelywanttoknowwhetherornotitwas___18___(suit)forlife.ImagestakenbytheEuropeanSpaceAgency’sMarsExpresssatelliteshowthemarksthat___19___ancientnetworkofriversleftonthe___20___(planet)surface.Thevalleysformedastheywouldonearth,___21___astrongflowofwatercarvingitswaythroughthelandscape.___22___islesscleariswherethewatercamefrom.DuetoalackofknowledgeaboutthepastclimateofMars,scientistscannottellwhetheritcamefrommeltingglaciers(冰川),groundwater___23___somethingunheardof,thoughsomeresearchersaredoubtfulwhetherliquidwaterwasresponsibleforthemarks___24___(see)bythesatellite.Theysayothermaterialssuchassandordustcanflowlikealiquidandproducesimilarresults.Marsformedmorethan4.5billionyearsagoandthereisnoliquidwateronthesurfaceofittoday.Butscientistsgenerallybelieveit___25___(go)throughanearlywetandwarmerathatendedafter1.5billionto2.5billionyears,___26___(leave)theplanetextremelydryandcold.參考答案：1．F

2．A

3．G

4．C

5．D【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了宇航員在太空中吃什么以及怎樣吃的幾個需要考慮的因素。1．根據(jù)上文“Themostimportantfactorisitsnutrition.”（最重要的因素是它的營養(yǎng)）和下文“Providingjunkfoodtoeat,suchaspotatochips,sodas,andpizza,wouldmaketheastronautsunhealthy.”（提供垃圾食品，如薯片、蘇打水和披薩，會使宇航員不健康）可知，選項與本段主旨一致，且與下文形成對比關(guān)系，說明健康對于宇航員的重要性。故F選項“保持宇航員健康是任何太空旅行的首要任務(wù)”切題。故選F項。2．下文的“Ifthefoodthathasbeenprovidedisn’ttasteful,theastronautsmayavoideatingit.”（如果提供的食物不好吃，宇航員可能會避免吃）可知，說明了食物味道的重要性。故A選項“味道也很重要”切題。其中的“Taste”與下文的“isn’ttasteful”相對應(yīng)。故選A項。3．根據(jù)下文“Alooseknifeinsidethecabinwouldbedangerous.”（太空艙里有把松動的刀會很危險）說明太空艙中有刀是很危險的，由此推知，空處不用刀具的原因。G選項的“knives”與后文的“knife”相對應(yīng)。故G選項“出于同樣的原因，太空艙上從來不用鋒利的刀具”切題。故選G項。4．根據(jù)下文“Theweightofeveryobjectincludedinaspacecraftmustbecountedupinordertoensurethatthereisenoughfuelandpowertocarrythecraftsafelyintospaceandbackhomeagain.”（航天器中每一個物體的重量都必須計算出來，以確保有足夠的燃料和動力將航天器安全送入太空并再次返回。）可知，重量也是宇航員飲食中要考慮的因素。C選項與下文的“weight”相對應(yīng)，且“Finally”與前文也形成了并列關(guān)系。故C選項“重量也是宇航員飲食中要考慮的因素”切題。故選C項。5．根據(jù)下文的“Mostfoodsarestoredinplasticbags,andoften,thefoodsaredehydrated(脫水的).Whenanastronautisreadytoeat,hotwaterisaddedtothemealtowarmitup.”（大多數(shù)食物都儲存在塑料袋里，而且通常都是脫水的。當宇航員準備吃飯時，會在食物中加入熱水來加熱。）可知，宇航員食物的包裝很重要。D選項中的“packaging”與下文的“stored”相對應(yīng)，“l(fā)ight”與本段的論點“weight”相對應(yīng)。故D選項“食品包裝要盡可能的輕”切題。故選D項。6．B

7．D

8．B【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了在航空領(lǐng)域的新變化，解釋了私營公司進入航空領(lǐng)域的原因和意義以及太空探索的未來。6．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段的句子“Fiftyyearsago,astronautstraveledtospaceinrocketsdesigned,built,andmaintainedbyNASAandpaidforbygovernmentfunding.Today,theastronautsareoftenbillionairesenjoyingajourneyintoloworbitonarockettheypaidforfromtheirbillion-dollarbankaccounts.(50年前，宇航員乘坐由美國國家航空航天局設(shè)計、制造和維護、由政府資助的火箭前往太空。今天，宇航員通常是億萬富翁，他們用十億美元的銀行賬戶支付火箭費用，享受著乘坐火箭進入低軌道的旅程)”可知，50年前，宇航員進入太空所需的費用是由政府來支付的。而現(xiàn)在，億萬富翁付錢，就可以乘坐火箭進入太空旅行。故選B項。7．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段的句子“And85privatecompanieslearnmoreaboutputtingrocketsandsatellitesintospace,they’reabletohelpthelikesofNASAontheirmissions(85家私營公司了解到更多關(guān)于將火箭和衛(wèi)星送入太空的信息，他們能夠幫助NASA等機構(gòu)執(zhí)行任務(wù))”和第五段的句子“NASAusingcommercialcompaniestobuildalotofthehardwaretodoalotofthoseservicesoftakingscientificpayloadstothesurfaceofthemoon(NASA利用商業(yè)公司來建造很多硬件來做很多服務(wù)把科學(xué)載荷帶到月球表面)”可知，NASA和私營公司在執(zhí)行任務(wù)時進行合作。故選D項。8．主旨大意題。文章先講述了在航空領(lǐng)域的新變化，解釋了私營公司進入航空領(lǐng)域的原因和意義，最后又說人類對太空的探索還遠遠沒有結(jié)束。結(jié)合最后一段“Someevenseethemoonasaneventualstagingareaforhumanexplorationofdeepspace.Marsisseenasthenextstepping-offpointtowardthefinalfrontier—thoughwhetherwe’llgetthereinourlifetimesisanotherquestion.(有些人甚至將月球視為人類探索深空的最終集結(jié)地?；鹦潜灰暈橥ㄍK極邊疆的下一個起點——盡管我們是否能在有生之年到達那里是另一個問題)”可知，B項“What’snextinspacetravel?(太空旅行的下一個目標是什么?)”可以作為本文的最佳標題。故選B項。9．D

10．A

11．A

12．B【導(dǎo)語】本文是說明文。文章介紹了人類往返火星面臨的困難以及可能的解決方案。9．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“SendinghumantravelerstoMarswouldrequirescientistsandengineerstoovercomearangeoftechnologicalandsafetyobstacles.(將人類送上火星需要科學(xué)家和工程師克服一系列技術(shù)和安全障礙)”可知，人類飛向火星要克服技術(shù)和安全阻礙。故選D。10．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Thatis,humansshouldbeabletosafelytravelandfromMarsifthespacecrafthassufficientprotectionandtheroundtripisshorterthanapproximatelyfouryears.(也就是說，如果宇宙飛船有足夠的保護，并且往返時間少于大約四年，那么人類應(yīng)該能夠安全地從火星出發(fā))”可知，人類往返火星要有足夠的保護措施。故選A。11．細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Thescientists’calculationsdemonstratethatitwouldbepossibletoprotectaMars-boundspacecraftfromenergeticparticlesfromthesunbecause,duringsolarmaximum,themostdangerousandenergeticparticlesfromdistantgalaxiesaredecreasedbythestrengthenedsolaractivity.(科學(xué)家們的計算表明，保護飛往火星的宇宙飛船不受來自太陽的高能粒子的傷害是可能的，因為在太陽活動高峰期，來自遙遠星系的最危險的高能粒子會因太陽活動的加強而減少)”可知，因為在太陽活動高峰期，粒子輻射被削弱，所以太陽活動高峰期是人類飛向火星的最佳時間。故選A。12．推理判斷題。根據(jù)本文內(nèi)容可知，文章介紹了人類往返火星面臨的困難以及可能的解決方案，所以本文出自報紙的科學(xué)版。故選B。13．C

14．A

15．B

16．D【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了關(guān)于太空垃圾清理的問題。13．詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第一段中“China

deployed（部署）asatelliteonOct24tocarryouttechnologicaltestsforspacedebris（殘?。﹎anagement”（中國于10月24日部署了一顆衛(wèi)星，進行空間殘骸管理的技術(shù)測試。）可知，這顆衛(wèi)星是用來進行空間殘骸技術(shù)測試的，所以劃線句說明該航天器旨在展示減少空間碎片排放的技術(shù)。故劃線此處的含義為“減少、緩解太空垃圾”。故選C。14．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段“Sincethedawnofthespaceageinthe1950s,humanshavelaunchedthousandsofrocketsandsentevenmoresatellitesintoorbit.Manyarestillthere,andwearenowfacinganever-increasingriskofspacejunk.”（自20世紀50年代太空時代開始以來，人類已經(jīng)發(fā)射了數(shù)千枚火箭，并將更多的衛(wèi)星送入軌道。許多仍然存在，我們現(xiàn)在面臨著越來越多的太空垃圾的風險。）可知，上世紀50年代以來發(fā)射了眾多衛(wèi)星，很多依然滯留太空軌道，使地球面臨一個太空垃圾日益增加的風險。暗指很多衛(wèi)星已經(jīng)成為不能再有效工作的垃圾，故選A。15．推理判斷題。文章第一段用一個新聞引出話題，第二段提出太空垃圾帶來威脅，第三段進一步解釋危險，第四、五段舉了兩個例子來說明威脅；第六段提出科學(xué)家們想辦法解決這一難題，第七、八段又舉例分別介紹UK和EUROPE的解決辦法?？赏浦x項B的結(jié)構(gòu)圖示與文章的論述一致，故選B。16．主旨大意題。閱讀全文以及根據(jù)第一段“Chinadeployed（部署）asatellit