油氣藏?cái)?shù)值模擬

油藏流體及其與巖石作用的復(fù)雜性巖石非均質(zhì)性及孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)（孔道大小、孔隙之間關(guān)系）油、氣和水的組分各不相同，各組分間存在相間傳質(zhì)，流體性質(zhì)隨溫度、壓力的變化很大油層中的流體與巖石相互作用產(chǎn)生物理化學(xué)現(xiàn)象如擴(kuò)散、吸附等各種提高采收率方法的使用，如熱力采油、化學(xué)驅(qū)、混相驅(qū)以及各種增產(chǎn)措施如酸化等油藏研究方法直接觀察法如鉆觀察井、井下測試、井下電視、巖心實(shí)驗(yàn)、開辟生產(chǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)區(qū)等)模擬法模擬法

模擬法

物模數(shù)模

數(shù)學(xué)模擬數(shù)學(xué)模型求解方法

解析法數(shù)值方法

數(shù)值模擬利用計(jì)算機(jī)模型模擬仿真油氣復(fù)雜開發(fā)過程，動(dòng)態(tài)重現(xiàn)開發(fā)歷史，預(yù)測未來開發(fā)動(dòng)態(tài)，可在計(jì)算機(jī)上“多次”模擬開發(fā)過程，進(jìn)行油田開發(fā)方案優(yōu)選、產(chǎn)量和地層壓力動(dòng)態(tài)預(yù)報(bào)、尋找開發(fā)中后期剩余油分布和采收率預(yù)測、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益預(yù)測以及對(duì)整個(gè)油田開發(fā)的重大問題進(jìn)行決策的一門有效的工具。實(shí)際上就是通過滲流微分方程方程，借用大型計(jì)算機(jī)，計(jì)算數(shù)學(xué)的求解，結(jié)合油藏地質(zhì)、油藏描述、油藏工程、試井等學(xué)科再現(xiàn)油田開發(fā)的過程，由此來解決油田實(shí)際問題。油氣藏?cái)?shù)值模擬—科學(xué)開發(fā)油氣田的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)WhySimulation?EvaluatingReservoirManagementStrategiesSimulation:

WhyOilCompaniesBuy70%ofoilinthereservoirleftbehindReservoirSimulation“see”insidereservoirsLowriskfindtrappedoil/gaslearnwheretodrilldecidebestexploitationHelpsproducemoreoil/gasHighreturnandyield數(shù)值模擬的基本過程

建立數(shù)學(xué)模型建立數(shù)值模型建立計(jì)算機(jī)模型建立一套描述油藏流體滲流的偏微分方程組。完整的數(shù)學(xué)模型包括定解條件（初始條件和邊界條件）。偏微分方程組非線性有限差分方程組線性代數(shù)方程組離散化線性化將各種數(shù)學(xué)模型的計(jì)算方法編制成計(jì)算機(jī)程序，用計(jì)算機(jī)計(jì)算各種結(jié)果。滲流數(shù)學(xué)模型的建立單相流體基本滲流微分方程三維空間單相滲流的達(dá)西定律多相多組分滲流基本微分方程

基本流動(dòng)方程—多相流

兩相非混相流體油相基本流動(dòng)方程：水相基本流動(dòng)方程：輔助方程數(shù)值模型的建立：微分方程的離散化時(shí)間與空間離散考察函數(shù)u(x),其自變量的一階導(dǎo)數(shù)可定義為下面的各種極限：前差商中心差商后差商一階導(dǎo)數(shù)的差商逼近

導(dǎo)數(shù)的差商逼近混合二階差商逼近二階偏導(dǎo)數(shù)的差商逼近網(wǎng)格系統(tǒng)油藏ab油藏有效網(wǎng)格無效網(wǎng)格。(i,j)。。(i,j)有限差分方程的建立考慮二維橢圓型微分方程：空間離散AerialViewofaReservoirwithSuperimposedGrid空間離散i-1,ji,ji+1,ji,j-1i,j+1五點(diǎn)差分格式Applymaterialbalanceequationforoilandwaterforeachgridblock計(jì)算傳導(dǎo)率（

Transmissibility）ConsistsoftwopartsGeometricpart(flowarea)Saturationandpressuredependentpart(mobility)Useharmonicaverageforpermeabilityinseries計(jì)算傳導(dǎo)率（Transmissibility）SolveforPi+1/2矩陣AP=fwiaijbijcijdijeij二維自然排列時(shí)五對(duì)角矩陣結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖BenefitsofSimulationFieldmanagementstrategiesSupportgeological&engineeringanalysisAddreservesIdentifyremedialmeasures&opportunitiesBenefitsofSimulationIncreaseproductionImproveoperationalefficiencyPreventmistakesCorrectmistakesNegotiations&assettradesPreventMistakesDesignofprocessesTransferofoflaboratoryprocesstothefieldDesignoffieldpilotsDesign&optimizationofnewfieldoperationsCorrectMistakesNewwelldrilledwithoutsimulation-producesonlywaterSimulationdetermineswhatcanbedone-successorabandonSavesfield,savesoperatorSupportGeological&EngineeringAnalysisLargeIndonesianfield4kmx8kmEightsands,faulted,severalhundredfeetthick60yearsofhistorySeverelossofproductionSupportGeological&EngineeringAnalysisWaterfloodimplemented-littleresponseEngineerbelieveswellsaredamaged,modelsfield,getswaterfloodforecastSupportGeological&EngineeringAnalysisOnlywaythatsimulationwillmatchperformanceofprimary&waterfloodistousewelldamagefactorinthesimulatorSupportGeological&EngineeringAnalysisRecommendsworkoverforwellsEachwellgoesfrom4BOPDto400BOPDFieldnowmatchessimulatorforecastCutAwayofReservoir-SeeInsideProductiondecisionsaremoreeffectivewithsimulationOilisRedWaterisBlueHistoryMatchforWell,2-14(WaterCut&GOR)InitialSwYear12InitialSwWaterfloodYear123DVisualizationofSteamChamberGrowth-ElementofSymmetry-3YearsAdditionalConceptsItislessexpensivetoaddhydrocarbonsfromexistingreservoirsthantofindnewones.Simulationcanincreaserecoverybyatleast5%overtheshorttermandevenmoreoverthelongerterm.Simulationprovidesatooltoevaluatefieldmanagementstrategies.Example

CasesLightOil-EcuadorWaterfloodoperationIdentifypoorlysweptareasValueofadditionaloil$30-40MMUSCostofstudy$250MUSProfitabilityratio140:1GasFieldDevelopmentWellcost$3MMUSIndonesia,junglelocation,paddevelopment,deviatedwellsModellingpredicteddevelopmentwith3fewerwells,saved$9MMCostofstudy-US$60,000Profitabilityratio150:1MatureWaterfloodOOIP15.0MillionTonnes,16degreeAPI,

Por=32%,Perm=2500md.,AquiferSupportProductionsince1938=36%OOIP

Currentlyat99%H2Ocut,~100Toil/dayEvaluatetertiarysteamfloodwithcurrentstatus:

1.Highwatercut

2.StrongaquifersupportStudydividedintotwophases:

1.Mechanisticfeasibilitystudy

2.Comprehensive3DfullfieldmodelMatureWaterfloodStructureTop,WellLocationsMatureWaterflood/TertiaryEORMatureWaterfloodSensitivity,screeningrunssuggested:

1.Aquiferintercept

2.CrestalsteaminjectionFieldscalemodelverified;aquiferintercept,crestalinjection,steamquality,steam-oilratio,steamoverride,welllocations,recovery,sensitivityrunsModelprediction:

1.Additional20%OOIPrecovery

2.ReduceH2Oproduction

3.DowndipsteamdrivewithgravityeffectContinueusingmodelduringproduction/drillingoperationsMatureWaterflood/TertiaryEORMatureWaterflood/TertiaryEORMatureWaterflood/TertiaryEORMatureWaterfloodHistoryMatchPredictionOver95%watercutOilincreaseinresponsetoSteaminjectionWatercutdecrease/AssessingWaterfloodPerformanceAssessingWaterfloodPerformanceAssessingWaterfloodPerformanceAssessingWaterfloodPerformanceAssessingWaterfloodPerformanceConclusionsAdvanced,modernsimulatorsareimportanttoolsforstrategyevaluationReservoirsimulationisakeycomponentofreservoirmanagementAdditionalvaluecanbefoundin“depleted”reservoirsIncrementaloilproductioncanbeprofitablyachievedusingtherightIORmethodsBOPDHowintegratedstudiesleadtoincreasedproductionReservoirManagementProcessMulti-disciplinaryTeamsINTEGRATEDRESERVOIRMODELGEOLOGYPETROPHYSICSGEOSTATISTICSENGINEERINGGEOPHYSICSIntegratedStudiesApproachGeophysicsReservoirVisualizationReservoirSimulation3-DModelCorePetrophysicsFeedbackLoopStratigraphyW6LAGUNILLASINFERIOR:MATUREHEAVYOILLAB.RESERVOIRMANAGEMENTIntegratedStudiesApproach由誰來做油藏?cái)?shù)值模擬

油藏?cái)?shù)值模擬是一門綜合性很強(qiáng)的科學(xué)技術(shù)，它涉及的知識(shí)領(lǐng)域很廣，包括油田地質(zhì)學(xué)、油層物理學(xué)、油藏工程學(xué)、采油工程學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)和油藏?cái)?shù)值模擬程序。要做好一個(gè)模擬，需要上述方面專家配合，尤其需要一個(gè)能熟練掌握上述領(lǐng)域的有豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)的油藏工程專家完成油藏模擬工作。什么時(shí)候開始做模擬

在編制油田開發(fā)方案、尋找剩余油分布、研究油田開采機(jī)理、油氣田開發(fā)重大問題決策需要答案和結(jié)果及一般的常規(guī)計(jì)算解決不了問題的時(shí)侯，開始做油藏?cái)?shù)值模擬油藏?cái)?shù)值模擬應(yīng)用--黑油模型的應(yīng)用模擬初期開發(fā)方案

實(shí)施方案的可行性評(píng)價(jià)選擇井網(wǎng)、開發(fā)層系、井?dāng)?shù)和井位選擇注水方式對(duì)比不同的產(chǎn)量效果油藏和流體性質(zhì)的敏感性研究

油藏?cái)?shù)值模擬應(yīng)用--黑油模型的應(yīng)用對(duì)已開發(fā)油田歷史模擬

證明地質(zhì)儲(chǔ)量，確定基本的驅(qū)替機(jī)理確定產(chǎn)液量和生產(chǎn)周期確定油藏和流體特性指出問題、潛力所在區(qū)域

油藏?cái)?shù)值模擬應(yīng)用--黑油模型的應(yīng)用動(dòng)態(tài)預(yù)測

評(píng)價(jià)提高采收率的方法一次采油注水、注氣注聚合物、注膠束、注表面活性劑注CO2和其它混相驅(qū)注蒸汽、火燒油藏?cái)?shù)值模擬應(yīng)用--黑油模型的應(yīng)用研究剩余油飽和度分布

研究剩余油飽和度分布范圍和類型單井進(jìn)行調(diào)整，改變液流方向、改變注采井別、改變注水層位擴(kuò)大水驅(qū)油效率和波及系數(shù)回答油田開發(fā)中所遇到的問題及解決問題的方法

油藏?cái)?shù)值模擬應(yīng)用--黑油模型的應(yīng)用評(píng)價(jià)潛力和提高采收率的方法

確定井位、加密井的位置確定產(chǎn)量、開采方式確定地面和井的設(shè)備油藏?cái)?shù)值模擬應(yīng)用--黑油模型的應(yīng)用專題和機(jī)理問題的研究

對(duì)比注水、注氣和天然枯竭開采動(dòng)態(tài)研究各種注水方式的效果研究井距、井網(wǎng)對(duì)油藏動(dòng)態(tài)的影響研究不同開發(fā)層系對(duì)油藏動(dòng)態(tài)的影響研究在各種不同開發(fā)方案的各種指標(biāo)研究單井產(chǎn)量對(duì)采收率的影響

油藏?cái)?shù)值模擬應(yīng)用--黑油模型的應(yīng)用

研究注水速度對(duì)產(chǎn)油量和采收率的影響研究油藏平面性質(zhì)和層間非均質(zhì)性對(duì)油藏動(dòng)態(tài)的影響驗(yàn)證油藏的面積和地質(zhì)儲(chǔ)量檢驗(yàn)油藏?cái)?shù)據(jù)為談判和開發(fā)提供必要的數(shù)據(jù)

BenefitsofIntegratedStudiesPreventmisapplications processfeasibilityanddesign labscale-up pilotdesign designandoptimizenewfieldoperationsImproveimplementation

minimizesurprises simulationallows“whatif” incorporateresultsdynamically identifyandquantifylatelifeoptionsSupportgeological&engineeringanalysisIdentifyremedialmeasures&opportunitiesSTEAMZONEOIL+WATERSTEAM+HOTWATERSTEAMPRODUCERINJECTORBASEROCKGRAVITYCONDENSATEDSTEAMHOTOILCOLDOILPRODUCINGZONEHEATLOSSESW6LAGUNILLASINFERIPOMATUREHEAVYOILLAB.THEPROCESSProcessConceptualizationandVisualizationW6LAGUNILLASINFERIOR:MATUREHEAVYOILLAB.OTHERAPPLICATIONSProcessConceptualizationandVisualizationHexagonpatternat133mTOTALWells/block=108133m231m72additionalplus36existingDrainageOptimizationProposedspacingConceptualBlockDiagramLenticularDevelopmentFORGAS/IMEXGas

Deliverability

Forecasting

WellboreGatheringSystemContractsSandfacePlantReservoirAdditionalConceptsItisgenerallylessexpensivetoimproverecoveryofhydrocarbonsfromexistingreservoirsthantofindnewones.Simulationcanincreaserecoverybyatleast5%overtheshorttermandevenmoreoverthelongerterm.Simulationprovidesatooltoevaluatefieldmanagementstrategies.ReservoirModellingforAdvancedProcessesAdvancedRecoveryProcessesConventionOilWaterInjectionMosteffective,applicabletomostofthereservoir.Recoveryfactorbasedondisplacementefficiency,volumetricsweepefficiencyApplicablewithhorizontal,multi-lateralwellsAdvancedRecoveryProcessesGasInjectionImmiscibleorMisciblegasdisplacementDisplacementefficiencyaffectedbydegreeofmiscibilityIfmiscible,highdisplacement,ifimmiscible,moderatedisplacementefficientSweepefficiencycouldbepoorduetogaschannellingandgascuspingMoreextensiveuseofmulti-lateralandhorizontalwellstoincreasesweepefficiencyAdvancedRecoveryProcessesPolymerInjectionIncreasesweepefficiencyEffectivewithhighviscositycontrast,improvemobilityratioHighconsumptionofpolymerifreservoirconditionisunfavorable(ie,highsaltcontent,hightemperature)AdvancedRecoveryProcessesTertiaryRecoverySchemeMiscibleflood-FirstcontactorMultiplecontactMultiplecontactdividedintovaporizationandcondensationtypeSolventused,CO2,LPGPhasebehaviourofmixtureplaysimportantroleinmisciblefloodHighdisplacementefficiency>80percentUsehorizontal/multi-lateralwellstoimprovesweepefficiencyAdvancedRecoveryProcessesChemicalfloodUseofgel,polymertoimprovesweepefficiencyUseofalkali,surfactanttoreducesurfacetensionandincreasedisplacementefficiencyin-situchemicalreactiontakesplacetogenerategelorsurfactantMasstransfer,dispersionofcomponentsindifferentphases(oleicoraqueous)AdvancedRecoveryProcessesHeavyOilRecoveryProcessesSteamInjectiontolowerresidualoilsaturationReductionofviscosityduetotemperaturechangesGeneratinggasphaseindistillationprocessandhelpsweepefficiencyFlowlargelydependsonmaintainingsteam,hotwaterfrontAdvancedRecoveryProcessesCombustionprocessMostlyinjectionofairorenriched(Oxygen)airBurningofhydrocarbonin-situgeneratesfluegas,CO2,steam,lightdistillatetoreduceviscosityofoilCombinationofgasdrive,steamdrive,waterdriveSolid(coke)depositionisfrequentHardtocontrolfirefrontprogressionAdvancedRecoveryProcessesChemicalInjectionPolymer,Alkaline,Surfactantreducesurfacetensionandlowerresidualoil,increasemobilityratiocontrolDecreaseoilviscosity,enhanceswellingofoiltoincreaseoilmovementSignificantincreaseoilrecoverywheresteaminjectionisnotfeasible(ieHighpressureheavyoilreservoir)AdvancedRecoveryProcessesSAGDDualorSinglewellSteamAssistedGravityDrainageProcessSteamchamberformation,keytosuccessinSAGDprocessSteammustbeinjectedathightemperatureandqualityOilviscosityreducedandflowalongsteam/oilinterfaceCountercurrentfluidflow,highrecovery>70%AdvancedRecoveryProcessesVAPEXProcessInjectionofvaporizedfluid(LPGorCO2)intoheavyoilreservoirSolventChamberformanddiffuseintoheavyoilOilviscosityreduceandflowalonginterfacebetweenoil/solventHighrecovery>70percentAdvancedRecoveryProcessesColdProductionCoproductionofsandandoiltogetherSandcutrangefrom3to50percentWormholeformation,dilationofformationrockSuspectedfoamyoil,gassuspendedinoilasdisperseddropletenhancefluidflowwithsmalldropletsoffoamybubbleinoilAdvancedRecoveryProcessesElectricalheatingElectricalenergyistransmittedtoreservoirviaelectricprobeReservoirfluid(formationwater)isbeingheatedupbyelectricalcurrentflowHeatedwatertransmitenergytooilandreduceviscosityOil/waterflowonacyclicprocess,similartosteamcyclingprocessAdvancedRecoveryProcessesMicrobesprocessInjectionofMicrobesandnutrientsintoreservoirBio-surfactantsarebeinggeneratedbymicrobesin-situSurfactantsreducedoil/waterinterfacialtensionandreduceviscosityOilflowwitheachbatchinjectionofMicrobeshardtocontrolmicrobesgrowthAdvancedRecoveryProcessesAdvancedrecoveryprocessesincludingsecondary/tertiaryprocessescanbesimulatedmathematicallyResultsofsimulationcanbevisualizedusingadvancedgraphicfeaturessuchas3-D,crosssectiondisplaytounderstandtheprocessmechanismSimulationofrecoveryprocesshelpsprofessionalstodesigndifferentoperatingconditionsbasedontheactualreservoirconditions.Avoidexpensivefieldtestandlaboratoryexperimentby“simulating”differentrecoveryscenarioAdvancedRecoveryProcessesAdvancedsimulatorswithpreandpostprocessorshelpengineerstounderstandandresolvealotoftechnicalquestionsRigidformulationinsimulatorsandflexibleuserdefinedreactionkineticshelpstocreatedifferenttypesofprocessescombinationSuperior3-Dgraphicshelpsengineersreviewdifferentproductionscenariowithoutactualfieldoperation.AdvancedRecoveryProcessesTypesofSimulatorsavailableBlackOil(IMEX)Compositional(GEM)Advancedprocessincludingthermal/Chemical(STARS)GridBuilder/ModelBuilder-PreprocessingResults3-D,Graphs,Reportwriter-PostProcessingWhoaretheplayerstoday?113AllTypesofReservoirModels

WithAdvancedWindowsSystemsSuperiorTechnologyHeavyOilThermal

Non-Thermal

STARSSTARSIMEXWaterFlood

ConventionalOil/GasChemical

Volatile