【高二下期末】浙江省新高考導(dǎo)向研究協(xié)作體2021-2022學(xué)年高二下學(xué)期尖子生統(tǒng)測(cè)英語(yǔ)試題（解析版）

2/2浙江省新高考導(dǎo)向研究協(xié)作體2021學(xué)年第二學(xué)期尖子生統(tǒng)測(cè)試題高二年級(jí)英語(yǔ)試題考生須知：1.本試卷分第Ⅰ卷（選擇題）和第Ⅱ卷（非選擇題）。滿分為150分，考試時(shí)間為120分鐘。2.請(qǐng)用黑色簽字筆將學(xué)校、班級(jí)、姓名、考號(hào)分別填寫在答題卷和機(jī)讀卡的相應(yīng)位置上。第Ⅰ卷（選擇題部分）第一部分聽力（共兩節(jié)，20小題，每小題1.5分，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面5段對(duì)話。每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來(lái)回答有關(guān)小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。例:Howmuchistheshirt?A.￡19.15.B.￡9.18.C.￡9.15.答案是C。1.Whatdoesthemanoffertodo?A.Payforthebill.B.LendthewomanmoneyC.Getsomethingtoeat.2.Whydoesn’tthemanwanttogotothebeach?A.Heawaitsthematch.B.Hehasnointerestinthebeach.C.Theweatherdoesn’tpermit.3.Whatdoesthewomanmean?A.Themanisannoying.B.Herhomeworkistoohard.C.Themanisabsent-minded.4.Howdidthewomanknowtheplace?A.OntheInternet.B.Onherwaytowork.C.Fromhercolleague.5.Whomighthavemadethereservation?A.David.B.Mary.C.Burton.第二節(jié)（共15小題;每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并標(biāo)在試卷的相應(yīng)位置。聽每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前，你將有時(shí)間閱讀各個(gè)小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時(shí)間。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。聽下面一段對(duì)話，回答第6和第7兩個(gè)小題。6.Whatdoesthemanlikeabouthishometown?A.It’sreallyverybig.B.Ithascolorfulnightlife.C.It’snotexpensivetolivethere7.Whatistheweatherlikeinthefallintheman’shometown?A.Cold.B.Sunny.C.Wet.聽下面一段對(duì)話，回答第8和第9兩個(gè)小題。8.Whenwilltheplanetakeoff?A.At4:50.B.At6:30.C.At7:30.9.Howwillthespeakersgototheairport?A.Bytaxi.B.Byunderground.C.Bybus.聽下面一段對(duì)話，回答第10至第12三個(gè)小題。10.Whereistheman?A.Atatheater.B.Atahotel.C.Atasnackbar.11.Whatwillthemanprobablydoat6:00p.m.tomorrow?A.Spendhis20thbirthday.B.Attendaweddingceremony.C.Celebratetheirweddinganniversary.12.Howmuchshouldthemanpay?A.$100.B.$200.C.$300.聽下面一段對(duì)話，回答第13至第16四個(gè)小題。13.WhatencouragedthemanandhiswifetogototheAntarctic?A.Anarticle.B.ATVprogram.C.Atrainingcourse.14.Whatwastheworstdangeraccordingtotheman?A.Livinginextremeclimate.B.Fallingintoiceholes.C.Comingacrossaterriblewind.15.Whatcausedthefunnynoise?A.Theequipment.B.Thewind.C.Theplane.16.Whatwasasurpriseforthemanandhiswife?A.Theygotsomefreshfood.B.TheycouldleavetheAntarcticearlier.C.Someonewaslivingouttherenearthem.聽下面一段獨(dú)白，回答第17至第20四個(gè)小題。17.Whatisthepurposeofsettinguptheproject?A.Tohelpstudentsbereadyforreallife.B.Toteachstudentstowriteapplicationletters.C.Toletstudentsknowaboutsometypicaljobs.18.Whatistheheadmasterexpectedtodo?A.Recommendjobstostudents.B.Asktheteachertoexplaintheproject.C.Announcethenewsoftheprojectclearly.19.Whowillhelpstudentstowriteapplicationletters?A.Theheadmaster.B.Ateacher.C.Amemberofthecommittee.20.Whatisthelaststepofdoingtheproject?A.Gatherstudents’opinions.B.Makealistofsuitablejobs.C.Askstudentstotakeonresponsibility.第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2.5分,滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C、D）四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。A

ThisdocumentsetsoutthedisplaystandardsforGlasgowMuseums.Thisguidewillhelpexhibitionplannersprovideaccesstoexhibitionsinourmuseums.GlasgowMuseums’aimistoimproveaccesstocollectionsbyhavingasmanyitemsaspossibleondisplayandwithoutphysicalbarriers.Wealsotryoutbesttoprotecttheseobjectswithoutlimitingaccesstothem.ObjectPlacement·Don’tplaceobjectsinsuchawaythattheycouldpresentadangertovisitors.·Allobjectdisplays,casedorotherwise,mustbeviewablebyall,includingpeoplewhoaresmallinfigureorinwheelchairs.OpenDisplay·Allobjectsonopendisplaymustbesecurefromtheftanddamage.·Allobjectsidentifiedforpotentialopendisplaymustbeviewedandagreedonanobject-to-objectbasisbytheSecurityManagerofthemuseum.RecommendationsDistanceRecommendeddistancetoplaceobjectsoutof“casualarm’slength”(takenfromtheedgeoftheobjecttotheedgeofanyproposedformofbarrier)700mm*Insomecases,600mmmaybeacceptable,providedtheplinthheightisabove350mm.CasedObjects·Allcaseddisplaysshouldfallwithinthegeneraloptimum（最優(yōu)的）viewingbandof750-2000mm.Ensureeverythingisvisuallyaccessiblefromawheelchair.·Positionsmallobjectsorthosewithfinedetailinthefrontpartofacase,withlargeritemsbehind.·Positionsmallitemsorthosewithfinedetailnohigherthan1015mmfromfloorlevel.Objectsplacedabovethisheightareonlyseenfrombelowbypeopleinwheelchairsorpeoplewhoaresmallinfigure.

1.Fromthispassage,wecanlearnthatGlasgowMuseums______.A.limitaccesstoexhibitionsonadailybasisB.aremostfamousforitslargecollectionC.makegenerousdonationstothedisabledD.valuetheexperiencesofallvisitors2.Accordingtotheguide,objectstobeplacedonopendisplaymust______.A.beequippedwithanti-theftsystemB.beviewedfromadistanceof700mmC.receiveapprovalfromthemuseumfirstD.fallwithinarms’reachofastandingman3.Amotherandher10-year-oldsonarelikelytobothfeelcomfortableinfrontofadiamondplacedinaglasscaseattheheightof______.A.1250mm B.950mmC.650mm D.450mm【答案】1.D2.C3.B【解析】這是一篇應(yīng)用文。這份文件規(guī)定了格拉斯哥博物館的陳列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)ObjectPlacement部分第二句“Allobjectdisplays,casedorotherwise,mustbeviewablebyall,includingpeoplewhoaresmallinfigureorinwheelchairs.”（所有的展品，不論大小寫，都必須被所有人看到，包括身材矮小或坐在輪椅上的人。）可知，GlasgowMuseums珍惜所有游客的體驗(yàn)。故選D?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)OpenDisplay部分第二句“Allobjectsidentifiedforpotentialopendisplaymustbeviewedandagreedonanobject-to-objectbasisbytheSecurityManagerofthemuseum.”（所有被確定為可能公開展示的物品都必須經(jīng)過(guò)博物館保安經(jīng)理的檢查并在物品對(duì)物品的基礎(chǔ)上達(dá)成一致。）可知，公開展出的物品必須先得到博物館的批準(zhǔn)。故選C?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)CasedObjects部分第一句“Allcaseddisplaysshouldfallwithinthegeneraloptimum（最優(yōu)的）viewingbandof750-2000mm.”（所有的展品都應(yīng)該在750-2000毫米的最佳觀察范圍內(nèi)。）可知，一位母親和她10歲的兒子面對(duì)一顆950毫米高的玻璃柜里的鉆石，可能都感到很舒服。故選B。B“Runners,toyourmark,Getset…”Bang!AndIwasoff,alongwithabunchofotherteenagecross-countryrunnersfromhighschoolsacrossthecounty.Thedaywaslikeanyotherfair-weatherautumndayinMaryland.Buttheracethatdayfeltuniquefromtheget-go.Foronething,Ilikedthecourse.Itwasmyteam’shomecourse,oneIwasusedtorunningduringpractices.Ittookrunnersalonganareaoflandthatincludedopenfields,hillsandevenwindingdirtpathsthroughasmallforest.Itwasabeautiful5-kilometercourse.Thisparticularracewasourteam’sinvite,andIwasproudtobesharingthecoursewithcompetitorsfromotherschools.Italsomeantalot―morethannormalthatmyparentsweretheretocheermeon.Withsomuchtoexpectthatday,Iwasreadytorun!AndIdidn’twanttobestuckwiththepackofotherrunners,asistypicalatthebeginningofmostcross-countryraces.Sowhenthegunsounded,Itookoffrunning,leavingeveryoneelseinthedust.Thefirstpartofourcoursefollowedtheoutsideedgeofalargeopenfieldbeforedisappearingintotheforest.Withinsecondsofthestart,Iwasfaraheadofeveryone,andallofthefanscouldseeit.Itfeltmagnificent.Butthatfeelingdidn’tlastlong.LittledidIknowmycoachwaslaughingtohimself,thinking,“Gabeisdonefor!”AndIwas.Mybodywastellingmetoslowdown.Mypride,however,said“No!Notuntilyou’reoutofsightofthespectators!”Iwasinagony,butIkeptupmypaceuntilIreachedtheforest.Onceinamongthetrees.Islowedwaydown.Ienjoyedmostracesevenwhilepushingmyself,butthisonewasnotenjoyableintheleast.Ifinishedtherace,butinnowherenearthetimeIcouldhaveifI’dpacedmyselfwellfromthebeginning.EverytimeIreflectonthatcross-countryseason,I’mremindedofsomething:Prideisnosubstituteforpace.4.Whatisspecialtotheauthorabouttherace?A.Theweatherconditionwasanythingbutfair.B.Hewasfamiliarwiththehomecourse.C.Hetookprideincompetitorsfromotherschools.D.Hisparentscametosupporthimasusual.5.Theunderlinedword“agony”mostprobablymeans________.A.intensesuffering B.mentaltortureC.somehowrelief D.utterdespair6.Whatresultoftheracecanbeconcludedabouttheauthorfromthepassage?A.Hegainedmasterybystrikingonlyaftertheopponents.BHetooktheleadconsistentlyandvanishedamongtrees.C.Hewontheraceunderthepressureofhissterncoach.D.Hefinishedtheracebutfailedtomeethisexpectation.7.What’stheauthor’sreflectionontherace?A.Itisparents’encouragementthatleadstotheresult.B.It’sofsignificancetopaceyourselfwithnopride.C.It’sanobligationtoliveuptoyourfans’expectations.D.It’swisetodosolidworkandnottoindulgeinfantasy.【答案】4.B5.A6.D7.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇記敘文。作者在參加一次跑步比賽時(shí)，由于想把對(duì)手們甩在后面，因此打亂了自己的比賽節(jié)奏，最終的比賽結(jié)果不盡人意。通過(guò)反思這次經(jīng)歷，作者悟出了一個(gè)道理：驕傲不能代替節(jié)奏?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Buttheracethatdayfeltuniquefromtheget-go.Foronething,Ilikedthecourse.Itwasmyteam’shomecourse,oneIwasusedtorunningduringpractices.(但是那天的比賽從一開始就給人一種獨(dú)特的感覺。首先，我喜歡這門課。這是我的球隊(duì)的主場(chǎng)，也是我在訓(xùn)練時(shí)習(xí)慣跑的)”可知，這場(chǎng)比賽對(duì)作者來(lái)說(shuō)很特別是因?yàn)樽髡邔?duì)主場(chǎng)很熟悉。故選B?！?題詳解】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上文“Mybodywastellingmetoslowdown.Mypride,however,said“No!Notuntilyou’reoutofsightofthespectators!”(我的身體告訴我要慢下來(lái)。然而，我的自尊心卻說(shuō)：‘不！直到你離開觀眾的視線！’)”可知，作者想要放慢速度，但是自尊心告訴自己不能慢下來(lái)。由此可推知，劃線詞所在句子意為“我很痛苦，但我還是保持著前進(jìn)的步伐，一直走到了森林里?！保碼gony意為“很痛苦”。故選A?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Ifinishedtherace,butinnowherenearthetimeIcouldhaveifI’dpacedmyselfwellfromthebeginning.(我跑完了全程，但如果我從一開始就能很好地控制好自己的速度的話，我所用的時(shí)間將會(huì)更短)”推知，作者完成了比賽，但沒有達(dá)到自己的預(yù)期。故選D?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“EverytimeIreflectonthatcross-countryseason,I’mremindedofsomething:Prideisnosubstituteforpace.(每次我回想那個(gè)越野賽季，我都會(huì)想起一些事情：驕傲不能代替速度)”推知，作者對(duì)比賽的反思是：毫無(wú)驕傲地調(diào)整自己的步伐是很重要的。故選B。CYoucantellalotaboutpeople’sgeneralstateofmindbasedontheirsocialmediafeeds.Aretheyalwaystweeting（發(fā)微博）abouttheirbiggestannoyancesorpostingpicturesofparticularlycutekitties?Inasimilarfashion,researchersareturningtoTwitterforcluesabouttheoverallhappinessofentiregeographiccommunities.Whatthey’refindingisthatregionalvariationintheuseofcommonphrasesproducespredictionsthatdon’talwaysreflectthelocalstateofwellbeing.Butremovingfromtheiranalysesjustthreespecificterms--good,loveandLOL-greatlyimprovestheaccuracyofthemethods.“We’relivinginacrazyCOVID-19era.Andnowmorethanever,we’reusingsocialmediatoadapttoanewnormalandreachouttothefriendsandfamilythatwecan’tmeetface-to-face.”KokilJaidkastudiescomputationallinguisticsattheNationalUniversityofSingapore.“Butourwordsaren’tusefuljusttounderstandwhatwe,asindividuals,thinkandfeel.They’realsousefulcluesaboutthecommunitywelivein.”O(jiān)neofthesimplermethodsthatmanyscientistsusetoanalyzethedatainvolvescorrelatingwordswithpositiveornegativeemotions.Butwhenthoserecordsarecomparedwithphonesurveysthatassessregionalwell-being,Jaidkasays,theydon’tpaintanaccuratepictureofthelocalzeitgeist（時(shí)代精神）.Beingabletogetanaccuratereadonthemoodofthepopulationisnolaughingmatter.“That’sparticularlyimportantnow,inthetimeofCOVID,wherewe’reexpectingamentalhealthcrisisandwe’realreadyseeinginsurveydatathelargestdecreaseinsubjectivewell-beingin10yearsatleast,ifnotever.”Tofindoutwhy,JaidkaandherteamanalyzedbillionsoftweetsfromaroundtheUnitedStates.AndtheyfoundthatamongthemostfrequentlyusedtermsonTwitterareLOL,loveandgood.Andtheyactuallythrowtheanalysisoff.Whythedisconnect?“Internetlanguageisreallyadifferentbeastthanregularspokenlanguage.We’veadaptedwordsfromtheEnglishvocabularytomeandifferentthingsindifferentsituations.”saysJaidka.“Take,forexample,LOL.I’vetweetedthewordLOLtoexpressirony,annoyanceandsometimesjustpuresurprise.WhenthemethodsformeasuringLOLasamarkerofhappinesswerecreatedinthe1990s,itstillmeantlaughingoutloud.”“Thereareplentyoftermsthatarelessmisleading,”saysJaidka.“Ourmodelstellusthatwordslikeexcited,fun,great,opportunity,interesting,fantasticandthosearebetterwordsformeasuringsubjectivewell-being.”8.Theresearchersturntosocialmediafeedsto________.A.helpwiththeanalysisofpeople’ssubjectivewell-beingB.integrateintoamainstreamedlifestylemorequicklyC.provethedisconnectbetweenlanguageandemotionsD.collectspecifictermsassociatedwithspecificzeitgeist.9.HowdidJaidkaknowtheanalysiswasn’taccurate?A.Itdidn’treflectthemoodoftheentiregeographiccommunityB.Itdidn’tmatchtheassessmentresultofthephonesurveys.C.Itdidn’tconsiderthefeaturesofInternetlanguage.D.Itdidn’ttaketheregionalvariationsintoaccount.10.WhichofthefollowingstatementswillJaidkamostprobablyagreewith?A.Face-to-facecommunicationisneverreplacedtoensurehappiness.B.Internetuseistoblameforthedecreaseinsubjectivewell-being.C.Internetlanguageshouldbeoriginallyusedasasourceofscientificanalysis.D.Lessmisleadingwordsshouldbeusedinassessingsubjectivewell-being.11.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.InternetShockNeedABreak B.UnderlyingLOLNeverFadeAwayC.VirtualMirrorOfEraBeing D.GulfBetweenOldAndNew【答案】8.A9.B10.D11.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了虛擬技術(shù)的應(yīng)用對(duì)人的內(nèi)心世界反應(yīng)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Inasimilarfashion,researchersareturningtoTwitterforcluesabouttheoverallhappinessofentiregeographiccommunities.”（以類似的方式，研究人員正在Twitter上尋找有關(guān)整個(gè)地理社區(qū)整體幸福感的線索。）可知，研究人員利用社交媒體來(lái)幫助分析人們主觀幸福感的線索。故選A項(xiàng)。【9題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Oneofthesimplermethodsthatmanyscientistsusetoanalyzethedatainvolvescorrelatingwordswithpositiveornegativeemotions.Butwhenthoserecordsarecomparedwithphonesurveysthatassessregionalwell-being,Jaidkasays,theydon’tpaintanaccuratepictureofthelocalzeitgeist”（許多科學(xué)家用來(lái)分析數(shù)據(jù)的一種更簡(jiǎn)單的方法是將詞匯與積極或消極情緒聯(lián)系起來(lái)。但當(dāng)這些記錄與評(píng)估地區(qū)幸福感的電話調(diào)查相比較時(shí)，杰德卡說(shuō)，它們并不能準(zhǔn)確地描繪出當(dāng)?shù)氐臅r(shí)代精神。）可知，Jaidka發(fā)現(xiàn)分析結(jié)果與電話調(diào)查的評(píng)估結(jié)果并不相符。故選B項(xiàng)?！?0題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Take,forexample,LOL.I’vetweetedthewordLOLtoexpressirony,annoyanceandsometimesjustpuresurprise.WhenthemethodsformeasuringLOLasamarkerofhappinesswerecreatedinthe1990s,itstillmeantlaughingoutloud.”（以LOL為例。我在推特上用LOL這個(gè)詞來(lái)表達(dá)諷刺、煩惱，有時(shí)只是純粹的驚訝。20世紀(jì)90年代，當(dāng)衡量LOL作為幸福標(biāo)志的方法被發(fā)明出來(lái)時(shí)，它仍然意味著放聲大笑。）以及最后一段“Thereareplentyoftermsthatarelessmisleading,”saysJaidka.“Ourmodelstellusthatwordslikeexcited,fun,great,opportunity,interesting,fantasticandthosearebetterwordsformeasuringsubjectivewell-being.”（Jaidka說(shuō)：“有很多術(shù)語(yǔ)不那么具有誤導(dǎo)性。我們的模型告訴我們，興奮、有趣、偉大、機(jī)會(huì)、有趣、美妙等詞匯是衡量主觀幸福感的更好的詞匯?！保┛芍琂aidka認(rèn)為在評(píng)估主觀幸福感時(shí)，應(yīng)少使用誤導(dǎo)性的詞語(yǔ)。故選D項(xiàng)?！?1題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Youcantellalotaboutpeople’sgeneralstateofmindbasedontheirsocialmediafeeds.”（你可以從人們的社交媒體動(dòng)態(tài)中了解他們的總體心態(tài)。）以及后文論述了社交媒體用語(yǔ)某種程度上反應(yīng)了人們的心理狀態(tài)，可知這篇文章主要講述了虛擬技術(shù)的應(yīng)用對(duì)人的內(nèi)心世界反應(yīng)。故選C項(xiàng)。DAccordingtoOxfordDictionaries,moralitymeans:“Principlesconcerningthedistinctionbetweenrightandwrongorgoodandbadbehavior.”Thoughmoralityisarathersubjectivesubject,therearesomeprinciplesthatareuniversalacrossallculturesfoundbyanOxfordUniversitystudy:"helpyourfamily,helpyourgroup,returnfavors,bebrave,obeysuperiors,divideresourcesfairly,andrespectothers,property”.Thefactthatthesemoralsarefoundacross60culturesfromaroundtheworlddemonstratesthatmorality,thoughsubjective,isthecornerstoneofkeepingoursocietiestogether.Herearesomereasonstobemoral:withoutmorality,asociallifeisalmostimpossibletomaintain;havingagoodreputationandhavingaclearconscienceispsychologicallyhealthy;andmostphilosophiesregardunselfishandprincipledbehaviorasimportant.Thereisnodoubtthatwithoutmorals,asocietycannotfunctioneffectively.Aconfusedsituationwouldappear.AccordingtotheSocietyofMorality,“Wearesocialanimals,andtheactionswetake-thethingswedoandthethingswedon’tdo-haveconsequencesonourenvironmentsandontheothersaroundus.Asaresult,weneedtobeabletogovernourbehaviorintheneartermsoasnottoinjureourselvesorourcommunityinthelongterm.Thissystemofcontrollingouractionsandourthoughtsinordertooperateinacommunityiswhatweoftenrefertoasmorality”.Therefore,weneedasetofmoralsinordertooperatewithinasocialcircleandasocialenvironment.Actingimmoralusuallyresultsinbeingexcludedfromsocialactivitiesorbeingavoidedbyasocietybasedonlawsandculturalstandards.Besidesactingmoralhavingasociologicalneed,italsohasapsychologicalbasis.Mostpeopleareconcernedtosomeextentabouttheirreputation.AccordingtoPsyPost,“Alotofeconomicmodelsofhumanbehaviorassumethatpeopleareonlyrational(理性的)whentheynarrowlypursuetheirownself-interest,buthistoryshowsusthatpeoplearealsotremendouslyconcernedwithbeingandappearingmoral”.So,thefearofone’sreputationbeingdamagedisoftenastrongmotivatortobemoral.Andifsomeonehasbeenimmoral,mostpeoplegooutoftheirwaytomakesurenoonefindsout,ortocorrectthebehaviorinordertonotbecaught.Thisgoesinlinewithconscienceaswell.Peoplegenerallyfeelinabetterpsychologicalstateiftheyfeelthattheirconscienceisclean.Adirtyconsciencecanresultinalackofsleep,anxiety,internalstress,andevenillness.Onthesideofphilosophy,thestudyofethics(倫理)comesintoplay.Mostphilosophersagreethatoneshouldrationallychooseasetofstandardsofbehaviorinordertofunction.Thoughthereismoralrelativism,thereareuniversalanthropological(人類學(xué)的)morals,asmentionedintheintroduction.Bythenatureofoursocietiesandcultures,wechoosewhatwebelieveisrightandwrong.Butsurprising,thisrationalbehaviorcomestoageneralagreementonmorals.So,thereisafinelinebetweenmoralrelativismandmoralabsolutism.Butthemainthingtotakeawayfromthisdiscussionisthatphilosophersgenerallybelievethateachindividualhastherighttorationallycomeupwithasetofethicstoliveby,andthatitishealthytodoso.12.Theauthordiscussesmoralityinthefirstparagraphinorderto_________.A.explaintherelationshipbetweenmoralityandcultureB.describethemoralrulesfoundallaroundtheworldC.contrastthedistinctionbetweenrightandwrongD.introducethedefinition,principlesandreasonsofmorality13.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A.actingmoralallowsustofitintogroupsbetterB.moralitybringsthesystemofcontrollingbehaviorsC.actingimmoralweakenslawsandculturalstandardsD.Ourcontrolledbehaviorsestablishsetsofmorals14.Whichofthefollowingisthepsychologicalbasisforactingmoral?A.Pursuitofself-interest. B.Acleanconscience.C.Theconcernaboutreputation. D.Adirtyconscience.15.Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodoaccordingtothelastparagraph?A.Toreachageneralagreementonmoralsbasedonethics.B.Tocarveone’sownsenseofethicstooperateinthisworld.C.Tochoosebetweenmoralrelativismandmoralabsolutism.D.Toexcludephilosophers’beliefsandsolutionsaswell.【答案】12.D13.A14.C15.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了道德的定義，原則和原因以及道德的作用?！?2題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“AccordingtoOxfordDictionaries,moralitymeans:“Principlesconcerningthedistinctionbetweenrightandwrongorgoodandbadbehavior.”Thoughmoralityisarathersubjectivesubject,therearesomeprinciplesthatareuniversalacrossallculturesfoundbyanOxfordUniversitystudy:“helpyourfamily,helpyourgroup,returnfavors,bebrave,obeysuperiors,divideresourcesfairly,andrespectothers’property”.Thefactthatthesemoralsarefoundacross60culturesfromaroundtheworlddemonstratesthatmorality,thoughsubjective,isthecornerstoneofkeepingoursocietiestogether.Herearesomereasonstobemoral:withoutmorality,asociallifeisalmostimpossibletomaintain;havingagoodreputationandhavingaclearconscienceispsychologicallyhealthy;andmostphilosophiesregardunselfishandprincipledbehaviorasimportant.(根據(jù)牛津詞典的解釋，道德的意思是:“區(qū)分對(duì)與錯(cuò)、好與壞行為的原則?！北M管道德是一個(gè)相當(dāng)主觀的主題，但牛津大學(xué)的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些在所有文化中都適用的原則：“幫助你的家人，幫助你的團(tuán)體，回報(bào)人情，勇敢，服從上級(jí)，公平分配資源，尊重他人的財(cái)產(chǎn)。”這些道德在全世界60種文化中都存在的事實(shí)表明，道德雖然是主觀的，但卻是維系我們社會(huì)的基石。這里有一些道德的理由：沒有道德，社會(huì)生活幾乎不可能維持；擁有良好的聲譽(yù)和問(wèn)心無(wú)愧的心理健康；大多數(shù)哲學(xué)認(rèn)為無(wú)私和有原則的行為是重要的)”可推知，作者在第一段討論道德，以介紹道德的定義，原則和原因。故選D。【13題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中“Thissystemofcontrollingouractionsandourthoughtsinordertooperateinacommunityiswhatweoftenrefertoasmorality”.Therefore,weneedasetofmoralsinordertooperatewithinasocialcircleandasocialenvironment.Actingimmoralusuallyresultsinbeingexcludedfromsocialactivitiesorbeingavoidedbyasocietybasedonlawsandculturalstandards.(這種控制我們的行為和思想以便在社會(huì)中運(yùn)作的系統(tǒng)，我們通常稱之為道德。因此，我們需要一套道德來(lái)在一個(gè)社交圈和社會(huì)環(huán)境中運(yùn)行。不道德的行為通常會(huì)導(dǎo)致被排除在社會(huì)活動(dòng)之外或被基于法律和文化標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的社會(huì)所避免)”可推知，有道德的行為能讓我們更好地融入群體。故選A?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“So,thefearofone’sreputationbeingdamagedisoftenastrongmotivatortobemoral.(因此，對(duì)名譽(yù)受損的恐懼往往是保持道德的強(qiáng)大動(dòng)力)”可知，對(duì)聲譽(yù)的擔(dān)憂是行為道德的心理基礎(chǔ)。故選C?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“Onthesideofphilosophy,thestudyofethicscomesintoplay.Mostphilosophersagreethatoneshouldrationallychooseasetofstandardsofbehaviorinordertofunction.Thoughthereismoralrelativism,thereareuniversalanthropologicalmorals,asmentionedintheintroduction.Bythenatureofoursocietiesandcultures,wechoosewhatwebelieveisrightandwrong.Butsurprising,thisrationalbehaviorcomestoageneralagreementonmorals.So,thereisafinelinebetweenmoralrelativismandmoralabsolutism.Butthemainthingtotakeawayfromthisdiscussionisthatphilosophersgenerallybelievethateachindividualhastherighttorationallycomeupwithasetofethicstoliveby,andthatitishealthytodoso.(在哲學(xué)方面，倫理學(xué)的研究開始發(fā)揮作用。

大多數(shù)哲學(xué)家都認(rèn)為，一個(gè)人為了發(fā)揮作用，應(yīng)該理性地選擇一套行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。雖然有道德相對(duì)主義，但也有普遍的人類學(xué)道德，如引言中所述。根據(jù)我們的社會(huì)和文化的性質(zhì)，我們選擇我們認(rèn)為是對(duì)的和錯(cuò)的。但令人驚訝的是，這種理性行為在道德上得到了普遍認(rèn)同。因此，在道德相對(duì)主義和道德絕對(duì)主義之間有一條細(xì)微的界限。但從這場(chǎng)討論中得到的主要結(jié)論是，哲學(xué)家們普遍認(rèn)為，每個(gè)人都有理性地提出一套生活準(zhǔn)則的權(quán)利，而且這樣做是健康的)”可推知，作者建議我們雕刻出自己的道德感，以便在這個(gè)世界上運(yùn)作。故選B。第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2.5分;滿分12.5分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。HopeforSolvingOurSeas’ProblemsTheworld’oceans,morethan70percentoftheEarth'ssurface,arefilledwithproblems:Overfishing,warmingandacidifying(酸化的)waters,plasticpollution,alossofabundanceanddiversity.____16____Butit'sofgreatimportance.Tocareabouttheoceaninthe21stcenturyistofeelconflicted:despairingwhat'sbeenlost,optimisticaboutwhatwecansave.DavidDoubiletisaphotographerwhohasalreadyspentmorethan27,000hoursunderwater.____17____ThereisanimagewhereDoubiletholdsaphotohe'smadeonthesamereef,inthesamespot,in2009—andwhatthatreeflookedlikenineyearslater.Thedeclinehasbeencompletelydiscouraging.____18____Hetalksaboutplaceswherethecoral'sstillhealthyandisevenbeingusedtodevelopnewspeciesofmoreresilient(可迅速恢復(fù)的)coral.Andhebelieveshisworkdocumentingallofthis—thegoodandthebad—caninformandinspire.“Thetimeintheseahasgivenmeapricelessperspective,”hesays.“Icanmakepicturesthatbearwitness.Pictureshavethispowertoeducate.Butheiscarefulnottoshowonlypicturesthatmakepeoplefeelbad—“____19____”That’sthemessageofthisissue:____20____AsDoubiletputsit;“Withhope,there'salwaystheabilitytochange.Whetherwechoosetodriveahybridcarornot,whetherwechoosetoturndownthetemperature,whetherweusesustainableenergy.Aboveall,thereishope.”A.Weneedpicturesthatalsoshowhopeandresilience.B.Thereisreasonforhopeandalotthateachofuscando.C.Itwaslikeabunchofcorals,andIwentbacktoaboneyard.D.Hehasphotographedthestoryaboutthechangestocoralreefs.E.YetDoubiletremainshopefulthatwecanturnalotofthisaround.F.Findingsolutions,orevenreasonsforoptimism,canseemademandingtask.G.Thereyou'llfindideasforaddressingtheproblemsandbeingpartofthesolutions.【答案】16.F17.D18.E19.A20.B【解析】【分析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章講述了一位水下攝影師通過(guò)拍攝水下珊瑚礁的照片，提出對(duì)于解決海洋問(wèn)題，我們應(yīng)充滿希望?！?6題詳解】根據(jù)前文“Theworld’oceans,morethan70percentoftheEarth'ssurface,arefilledwithproblems:Overfishing,warmingandacidifying(酸化的)waters,plasticpollution,alossofabundanceanddiversity.(占地球表面70%以上的海洋，充滿了各種問(wèn)題：過(guò)度捕撈，變暖和酸化的海水，塑料污染，豐富性和多樣性的喪失)”講述了海洋存在的問(wèn)題，所以接下來(lái)可以闡述解決這些存在問(wèn)題的方法。選項(xiàng)F.“Findingsolutions,orevenreasonsforoptimism,canseemademandingtask.(找到解決辦法，甚至找到樂(lè)觀的理由，似乎是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù))”與前文邏輯一致，符合題意。故選F?！?7題詳解】根據(jù)前文“DavidDoubiletisaphotographerwhohasalreadyspentmorethan27,000hoursunderwater.(DavidDoubilet是個(gè)攝影師，他已經(jīng)在水下呆了超過(guò)27000小時(shí))”及后文“ThereisanimagewhereDoubiletholdsaphotohe'smadeonthesamereef,inthesamespot,in2009.(有一張圖片是Doubilet在2009年的同一個(gè)地點(diǎn)，在同一個(gè)珊瑚礁上拍攝的)”可知，DavidDoubilet的職業(yè)攝影師，他拍攝了一張珊瑚礁的照片。所以空白處的內(nèi)容應(yīng)為他拍攝的主題是什么。選項(xiàng)D.“Hehasphotographedthestoryaboutthechangestocoralreefs.(他拍攝了珊瑚礁變化的故事)”與前后文的邏輯一致，符合題意，故選D?！?8題詳解】根據(jù)第二段最后兩句“ThereisanimagewhereDoubiletholdsaphotohe'smadeonthesamereef,inthesamespot,in2009—andwhatthatreeflookedlikenineyearslater.Thedeclinehasbeencompletelydiscouraging.(有一張圖片是Doubilet在2009年的同一個(gè)地點(diǎn)，在同一個(gè)珊瑚礁上拍攝的，這張照片是九年后那個(gè)珊瑚礁的樣子。這種衰退完全令人沮喪)”可知，照片中的珊瑚礁和9年前的樣子比較，可以看出珊瑚礁的衰退?？瞻缀笙挛摹癆ndhebelieveshisworkdocumentingallofthis—thegoodandthebad—caninformandinspire.(他相信他記錄所有這一切的工作——好的和壞的——能夠提供信息和啟發(fā))”可知，他認(rèn)為他的記錄會(huì)給我們提供信息和啟發(fā)，來(lái)做出對(duì)珊瑚礁有利的措施。所以空白處應(yīng)為承前啟后的作用。應(yīng)該講述他對(duì)珊瑚礁的恢復(fù)是有信心的。選項(xiàng)E.“YetDoubiletremainshopefulthatwecanturnalotofthisaround.(但Doubilet仍然希望我們能扭轉(zhuǎn)局面)”與文意相符，故選E?！?9題詳解】根據(jù)前文“Butheiscarefulnottoshowonlypicturesthatmakepeoplefeelbad(但他很細(xì)心，不只展示那些讓人感覺不好的照片)”可知，接下來(lái)要講述的為他的照片中還要繼續(xù)展示好的一面。選項(xiàng)A.“Weneedpicturesthatalsoshowhopeandresilience.(我們需要同時(shí)展現(xiàn)希望和韌性的照片)”與文意相符，故選A?！?0題詳解】根據(jù)下文“AsDoubiletputsit;"Withhope,there'salwaystheabilitytochange.Whetherwechoosetodriveahybridcarornot,whetherwechoosetoturndownthetemperature,whetherweusesustainableenergy.Aboveall,thereishope.”(正如Doubilet所說(shuō)，“有了希望，就總有能力改變。我們是否選擇開混合動(dòng)力車，是否選擇降低溫度，是否使用可持續(xù)能源。最重要的是希望。”)”講述了對(duì)于我們的未來(lái)，充滿希望是重要的，因?yàn)橄Ｍ麤Q定著我們能否改變。所以空白處應(yīng)該講述我們要充滿希望的理由及我們可以做的事情。選項(xiàng)B.“Thereisreasonforhopeandalotthateachofuscando.(我們有理由充滿希望，我們每個(gè)人都可以做很多事)”與文意一致，故選B。第三部分語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié),滿分30分)第一節(jié)(共15小題;每小題1分,滿分15分)閱讀下面短文,從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。Whyliarslie:WhatsciencetellsusaboutdeceptionWealldoitsometimes,eventhoughweknowit’swrong.Buthere’stheproblemwithlying:researchshowsthatthemoreyouli