商務英語閱讀（第3冊）（第二版）課件 Unit 9 Business Competition

商務英語閱讀3Unit9BusinessCompetitionLearningObjectivesUnderstandtheinfluenceofbusinesscompetitiononthepricesofthecommoditiesandservicesprovidedbythecompanies.Knowtheinfluencesofmonopoliesonbusinesscompetitionsandprices.Knowthestepscompaniescantake,facedwithsustainabilityscarcity.Understandthefluctuationofpricesinsustainability-relatedresourcesduetotheirdemandandsupply.CONTENTS01.TextA02.

TextB03.ChineseValuesAreAirlineMergersLeadingtoHigherAirFares?TextAWarmingup1.Haveyouevergonetravellingbyair?Ifso,doyouthinktheairfareishigh,loworsatisfactory?Why?2.Whatdoyouknowaboutmerger?Canyougiveanyexamples?Discusstheexamplesofmergeryouknowwithyourpartnerindetail.3.Doyouthinkairlinemergersleadtohigherairfares?Why?WordsandExpressionsmergern.thejoiningtogetheroftwoseparatecompaniesororganizationssothattheybecomeone合并（CET6）Therehasbeenalotoftalkaboutamergerwithanotherleadingbank.WordsandExpressionsprice-fixingn.thesettingofpricesbyagreementamongproducersanddistributors協(xié)定物價Withovertprice-fixingcartelsclearlyillegal,therailroadsturnedtomergersasthewaytoeliminatecompetitionbetweenthem.WordsandExpressionsairfaren.Theairfaretoaplaceistheamountitcoststoflythere.飛機票價Mostairfarepricedropslastlessthan48hours,sopeopleneedtobereadytojumpwhenafarefalls.WordsandExpressionsinflation-adjusted扣除物價上漲因素Ininflation-adjustedtermsthisisfarlowerthanratesofthecountry’skeytradingpartners.WordsandExpressionscolludev.Ifonepersoncolludeswithanother,theycooperatewiththemsecretlyorillegally.(秘密或非法地)串通（TEM8）SeverallocalofficialsareinjailonchargesofcolludingwiththeMafia.WordsandExpressionsconsolidationn.theactofcombiningintoanintegralwhole鞏固;變堅固（CET4;CET6）Theprincipleofconsolidationisanimportantteachingprinciple.WordsandExpressionshub-and-spoke

denotingamethodoforganizingintercontinentalairtrafficinwhichonemajorairportisusedasafeederforlocalairports(Sometimesshortenedtohub).軸輻路網(wǎng)空中交通組織法Inordertooptimizeextendedhub-and-spokeregionaltransportationnetwork,interactivefuzzyprogrammingmodelwasintroduced.WordsandExpressionstransatlanticadj.TransatlanticflightsorsignalsgoacrosstheAtlanticOcean,usuallybetweentheUnitedStatesandBritain.橫跨大西洋的Manytransatlanticflightslandthere.WordsandExpressionsconcentrationn.theamountofasubstancecontainedinaliquid〔液體中某物質(zhì)的〕濃度（CET4;TEM4）Agasinsolutiondiffusesfromaregionofgreatertooneoflessconcentration.WordsandExpressionsmonopolyn.Ifacompany,person,orstatehasamonopolyonsomethingsuchasanindustry,theyhavecompletecontroloverit,sothatitisimpossibleforotherstobecomeinvolvedinit.壟斷（CET6;TEM4）Russianmovestoendastatemonopolyonlandownership.WordsandExpressionsswitchv.tochangefromdoingorusingonethingtodoingorusinganother轉換，轉變，改變（CET4;TEM4）Youhavetoswitchyourmindset.WordsandExpressionstacitadj.Ifyourefertosomeone’stacitagreementorapproval,youmeantheyareagreeingtosomethingorapprovingitwithoutactuallysayingso,oftenbecausetheyareunwillingtoadmittodoingso.默許的（CET6;TEM8）Thequestionwasatacitadmissionthatamistakehadindeedbeenmade.WordsandExpressionsontheflipside反過來說；另一方面Ontheflipside,CEOsoftenfindthattheirsuggestionstakeonafargreatermagnitudethanwhattheyintended.WordsandExpressionsretaliationn.actionagainstsomeonewhohasdonesomethingbadtoyou報復，反擊（CET6）Thisactionwasundoubtedlyinretaliationforlastweek’sbombattack.WordsandExpressionssubstantiallyadv.Ifsomethingchangessubstantiallyorissubstantiallydifferent,itchangesalotorisverydifferent.很大程度地Thepercentageofgirlsinengineeringhasincreasedsubstantially.WordsandExpressionslurev.Toluresomeonemeanstotrickthemintoaparticularplaceortotrickthemintodoingsomethingthattheyshouldnotdo.引誘（CET6;TEM8）Theydidnotrealizethattheywerebeingluredintoatrap.WordsandExpressionsentrantn.Anentrantisapersonorcompanywhohasrecentlybecomeamemberofaninstitutionormarket.新成員（TEM4）Thecompanymadeanameforitselfasanearlyentrantinthedigitalvideo-recordermarket.StructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopicsPara.1-6Backgroundinformationofairlinemergersandhigherairfares.Para.7-13Consolidationandcompetitionintheairlineindrustry.Para.14-16Theproductsorservicesofferedbyairlinersdetermineandpassengers’loyalty.Para.17-22Tacitcollusionandsoftcompetitionintheairlineindustry.Para.23-27Pricecompetitionofairlinersinthefutrue.NotesonTextA1.Distinguishbetweenthetwoterms,mergersandacquisitions.Mergersandacquisitions(M&A)aretransactionsinwhichtheownershipofcompanies,otherbusinessorganizations,ortheiroperatingunitsaretransferredorcombined.Fromalegalpointofview,amergerisalegalconsolidationoftwoentitiesintooneentity,whereasanacquisitionoccurswhenoneentitytakesownershipofanotherentity’sstock,equityinterestsorassets.NotesonTextA1.Distinguishbetweenthetwoterms,mergersandacquisitions.Fromacommercialandeconomicpointofview,bothtypesoftransactionsgenerallyresultintheconsolidationofassetsandliabilitiesunderoneentity,andthedistinctionbetweena“merger”andan“acquisition”islessclear.企業(yè)并購（MergersandAcquisitions,M&A）包括兼并和收購兩種方式。NotesonTextA2.monopolyIfacompany,person,orstatehasamonopolyonsomethingsuchasanindustry,theyhavecompletecontroloverit,sothatitisimpossibleforotherstobecomeinvolvedinit.壟斷Discussion1.Haveyouevergonetravellingbyair?Ifso,doyouthinktheairfareishigh,loworsatisfactory?Why?2.Whatdoyouknowaboutmerger?Canyougiveanyexamples?Discusstheexamplesofmergeryouknowwithyourpartnerindetail.3.Doyouthinkairlinemergersleadtohigherairfares?Why?ExercisesI.ReadingComprehension:1-5BCCCBII.VocabularyA.1-5ABCBB6-10ADCADB.1.beingblamedfor2.madeup3.determining4.inresponseto5.Ontheflipside6.hub-and-spoke7.inflation-adjusted8.correlatewith9.transatlantic10.passengercapacity.III.Cloze:1-5JBAFO6-10HKGEDExercisesIV.PutthefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.最新的交通部數(shù)據(jù)顯示，第四季度扣除通脹因素后的機票價格比一年前上升2%，盡管同期飛機燃油價格下降了25%。2.跨越大西洋的航線被三大合資企業(yè)主宰，其旅客運送能力合計超過75%。3.參與航空公司忠誠度項目的乘客通常愿意為了乘坐自己偏愛的航班而支付額外費用。4.另一方面，航空公司會懲罰其競爭對手，如果該對手不能恪守這一含蓄的約定，而一味地與之激烈競爭。5.美國司法部增強其對于航空業(yè)的關注是正確的，畢竟阻止市場權力的濫用是它的職責之一。ExercisesV.DiscussionTheauthorcitesthisexampletoshowthatalthoughtheairlineindustryexperiencedseverallargemergersoverthepast25yearsorso,thatis,thetotalnumberofcarriersbecomesfewer,thatdoesnotnecessarilycorrelatewiththeextentofcompetition.TheGreenEconomyHasaResource-ScarcityProblemTextBWordsandExpressionsscarcityn.Ifthereisascarcityofsomething,thereisnotenoughofitforthepeoplewhoneeditorwantit.缺乏；不足；稀少（CET6;TEM4）Theirpricedependedalmostentirelyontheirscarcity.WordsandExpressionsoutstripv.tobefaster,betterormoresuccessfulthansomebodyyouarecompetingagainst超過，超越（競爭對手）Theirlatestcomputeroutstripsallitsrivals.WordsandExpressionsdynamicsn.[pl.]thewayinwhichpeopleorthingsbehaveandreacttoeachotherinaparticularsituation（人或事物）相互作用的方式，動態(tài)（TEM8）Theinterchangeofideasaidsanunderstandingoffamilydynamics.WordsandExpressionsscenarion.adescriptionofhowthingsmighthappeninthefuture設想；方案；預測（CET6;TEM8）Theworst-casescenariowouldbeforthefactorytobecloseddown.WordsandExpressionsexacerbatev.tomakesomethingworse,especiallyadiseaseorproblem使惡化；使加??；使加重（TEM8）Thesymptomsmaybeexacerbatedbycertaindrugs.WordsandExpressionsimpendingadj.[onlybeforenoun](usuallyofanunpleasantevent)goingtohappenverysoon（通常指不愉快的事）即將發(fā)生的；迫在眉睫的（TEM8）Shehadasenseofimpendingdoom.WordsandExpressionsrecycledpolyethyleneterephthalate(rPET):再生聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯，即，將使用過后的PET產(chǎn)品回收后的再制品ThechairsaremadeofRecycledPolyethyleneTerephthalate(rPET),orrecycledplasticCokebottlesandamixofpigmentandglassfiber.WordsandExpressionstoutv.totrytopersuadepeoplethatsb/sthisimportantorvaluablebypraisingthem/it標榜；吹捧；吹噓（TEM8）He’sbeingtoutedasthenextleaderoftheparty.WordsandExpressionsmitigatev.tomakesomethinglessharmful,serious,etc.減輕；緩和（TEM8）Soilerosionwasmitigatedbytheplantingoftrees.WordsandExpressionsresilientadj.abletofeelbetterquicklyaftersomethingunpleasantsuchasshock,injury,etc.可迅速恢復的；有適應力的He’llgetoverit.Youngpeopleareamazinglyresilient.WordsandExpressionscoalitionn.Acoalitionisagroupconsistingofpeoplefromdifferentpoliticalorsocialgroupswhoareco-operatingtoachieveaparticularaim.(政黨、社團等的)同盟，聯(lián)盟（CET6;TEM4）Hiscoalitionmayholdaclearmajoritybutthiscouldquicklyfallaway.WordsandExpressionscrassadj.verystupidandshowingnosympathyorunderstanding愚蠢而無同情心的Poprecordscanbecrassandcynical.WordsandExpressionsreconcilev.tofindanacceptablewayofdealingwithtwoormoreideas,needs,etc.thatseemtobeopposedtoeachother使和諧一致；調(diào)和；使配合（CET4;TEM4）Itwashardtoreconcilehiscareerambitionswiththeneedsofhischildren.WordsandExpressionsencompassv.toincludealargenumberorrangeofthings包含，包括，涉及（大量事物）（CET6;TEM8）Thejobencompassesawiderangeofresponsibilities.WordsandExpressionsstakeholdern.apersonorcompanythatisinvolvedinaparticularorganization,project,system,etc.,especiallybecausetheyhaveinvestedmoneyinit（某組織、工程、體系等的）參與人，參與方；有權益關系者Theresponsibilityofuniversityistosafeguardandsatisfytheinterestsofeverystakeholder.WordsandExpressionscircularityn.環(huán)（圈）狀；度）；圓形性；環(huán)形性；圓（形）Thereisadangerouscircularityaboutthisargument.WordsandExpressionstransparencyn.thequalityofsomething,suchasanexcuseoralie,thatallowssbtoseethetrutheasily顯而易見；一目了然（TEM4）Theywereshockedbythetransparencyofhislies.WordsandExpressionsaccountabilityn.responsibilitytosomeoneorforsomeactivity責任；有義務，有責任（CET4;CET6）Thisiswithinhissphereofaccountability.StructuralAnalysisPara.MainTopicsPara.1-11Backgroundinformationofresource-scarcityproblem.Para.12-21Stepscompaniescantakenowtofacewithsustainabilityscarcity.Para.22-30Stepstakentoaddressandleveragesustainabilityscarcities.NotesonTextB1.Whatissustainability?Ingeneral,sustainabilityisunderstoodasaformofintergenerationalethicsinwhichtheenvironmentalandeconomicactionstakenbypresentpersonsdonotdiminishtheopportunitiesoffuturepersonstoenjoysimilarlevelsofwealth,utility,orwelfare.可持續(xù)性被理解為代際倫理的一種形式，在這種倫理中，當代人所采取的環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟行動不會減少未來人享受類似財富、效用或福利的機會。NotesonTextB2. Whatcausesscarcityofresources?Ascarcityofresourcescanbecausedbyanumberofnaturalormanmadeprocessesdependingonthetypeofresourceinquestionandwhatusesithas.Thescarcityofcertainnaturalresourcesinselectpartsoftheglobeareusuallyattributedtogeologicalorbiologicalprocessesinnaturethatprecludetheirproduction,oroverusebylocalpopulationsastimepasses.Limitationsintheavailabilityofeconomicgoodscanalsobetracedtoascarcityofresourcesproducedbysocialandpoliticalconditionssuchasalackofadequatelabor,education,oradvancedtechnologyamongthepopulation.NotesonTextB2. Whatcausesscarcityofresources?資源稀缺可能是由許多自然或人為過程造成的，這取決于所涉及的資源類型及其用途。全球某些地區(qū)某些自然資源的稀缺通常歸因于自然界的地質(zhì)或生物過程，這些過程阻礙了這些資源的生產(chǎn)，或者隨著時間的推移被當?shù)厝丝谶^度使用。經(jīng)濟商品供應的限制也可以追溯到社會和政治條件所產(chǎn)生的資源稀缺，例如人