2022年天津大學(xué)英語考試真題卷

2022年天津大學(xué)英語考試真題卷一

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1.DavidthinksheisfitfortheTVrolebecauseofhis

A.professionaltraining.

B.personality.

C.lifeexperience.

D.appearance.

2.ItisnothingnewthatEngIishuseisontherisearoundtheworId.

especiallyinbusinessciroles.ThisaIsohappensinFrance,the

headquartersofthegIobaIbattIeagainstAmericanculturaIhegemony.

IfFrenchguysaregivingintoEnglish,somethingreaIlybigmustbe

goingon.Andsomethingbigisgoingon.Partly,it*,sthatAmerican

hegemony.DidierBenchimoI,CEOofaFrenche-commercesoftwarecompany,

feeIscompelledtospeakEnglishperfectlybecausetheInternetsoftware

businessisdominatedbyAmericans.HeandotherFrenchbusinessmenaIso

havetospeakEnglishbecausetheywanttogettheirmessageoutto

Americaninvestors,possessorsoftheworId,'sdeepestpockets.The

triumphofEnglishinFranceandelsewhereinEurope,however,mayrest

onsomethingmoreenduring.Astheybecomeentwinedwitheachother

politicaIIyandeconomically.Europeansneedawaytotalktooneanother

andtotherestoftheworId.Andforanumberofreasons,they,'vedecided

uponEnglishastheircommontongue.SowhenGermanchemicaIand

pharmaceuticalcompanyHoechstmergedwithFrenchcompetitor

Rhone-PouIencIastyear,thecompanieschosethevagueIyLatinateAventis

asthenewcompanyname-andsettIedonEngIishasthecompany,'scommon

language.WhenmonetarypolicymakersfromaroundEuropebeganmeeting

attheEuropeanCentralBankinFrankfurtlastyeartosetinterestrates

forthenewEuroland,theyheIdtheirdeliberationsinEnglish.Eventhe

EuropeanCommission,with11officiaIlanguagesandatraditionally

French-speakingbureaucracy,effectiveIyswitchedovertoEnglishasits

workingIanguagelastyear.HowdidthishappenOneschool

attributesEnglish''sgreatsuccesstothesheerweightofitsmerit.

It''saGermanicIanguage,broughttoBritainaroundthefifthcentury

A.D.DuringthefourcenturiesofFrench-speakingrulethatfollowed

NormanConquestof1066,theIanguagemorphedintosomethingelse

entirely.Frenchwordswereaddedwholesale,andmostofthe

compIicationsofGermanicgrammarwereshedwhilefewofthe

compIicationsofFrenchwereadded.TheresultisaIimguagewithahuge

vocabularyandasimplegrammarthatcanexpressmostthingsmore

efficientIythaneitherofitsparents.What''smore,Englishhas

remainedungovernedandopen.tochange-foreignwords,coinages,and

grammaticalshifts-inawaythatFrench,ruledbythepuristAcademie

Francaise,hadnot.Soit91saswelIlanguage,especia11yforbusiness.

ButtheriseofEnglishoverthepastfewcenturiesclearlyowesatleast

asmuchtohistoryandeconomiesastothelanguage11sabilityto

economicallyexpresstheconceptwin-win.Whathappenedisthatthe

competitionfirstLatin,thenFrench,thenbriefly,German-fadedwith

thewaningofthepolitical,economic,andmiIitaryfortunesof,

respectively,theCatholicChurch,France,andGermany.AlIaIong,

Englishwasincreasinginimportance:Britainwasthebirthplaceofthe

IndustriaIRevolution,andLondontheworId,,smostimportantfinanciaI

centre,whichmadeEngIishakeyIanguageforbusiness.England''s

coIoniesaroundtheworIdalsomadeittheIanguagewiththemostgIobaI

reach.AndasthatformercoIonytheU.S.rosetothestatusoftheworld''

spreeminentpolitical,economic,miIitary,andculturalpower,English

becametheobvioussecondIanguagetolearn.Inthe1990smoreand

moreEuropeansfoundthemselvesforcedtouseEnglish.Thelast

generationofbusinessandgovernmentIeaderswhohadn,'tstudiedEngIish

inschoolwasleavingthestage.TheEuropeanCommunitywasaddingnew

membersandevoIvingfromapaper-shuffIingclubintoaseriousregional

governmentthatwouldneedasinglecommonIanguageifitwereeverto

getanythingdone.MeanwhiIe,economicbarriersbetweenEuropeannations

havebeendisappearing,meaningthatmoreandmorecompaniesarebegining

tolookatthewholecontinentastheirdomesticmarket.Andthenthe

Internetcamealong.TheNethadtwobigimpacts.Onewasthatitwas

anexciting,potentia11ylucrativenewindustrythathaditsrootsin

theU.S.,soifyouwantedtogetinonit,youhadtospeaksomeEnglish.

TheotherwasthatbysurfingtheWeb,Europeanswhohadpreviously

encounteredEnglishonlyinschoolandinpopsongswerenowcominginto

contactwithitdaily.NoneofthismeansEngIishhastakenover

EuropeanIife.AccordingtotheEuropeanUnion,47%ofWesternEuropeans

(includingtheBritishandIrish)speakEnglishwe11enoughtocarryon

aconversation.That,'salotmorethanthosewhocanspeakGerman(32%)

orFrench(28%),butitstillmeansmoreEuropeansdon''tspeakthe

language.IfyouwanttoseiIshampooorcelIphones,youhavetodoit

inFrenchorGermanorSpanishorGreek.EventheU.S.andBritishmedia

companiesthatstandtobenefitmostfromthespreadofEnglishhavebeen

hedgingtheirbets-CNNbroadcastsinSpanish;theFinancialTimeshad

recentlylau

A.AbouthalfofWesternEuropeansarenowproficientinEnglish.

B.U.S.andBritishmediacompaniesareoperatinginWesternEurope.

C.MostsecondaryschoolstudentsinEuropestudyEnglish.

D.MostEuropeanscontinuetousetheirownlanguage.

3."Museum"isasiipperyword.Itfirstmeant(inGreek)anything

consecratedtotheMuses:ahi11fashrine,agarden,afestivaloreven

atextbook.BothPIat。''sAcademyandAristotIe''sLyceumhadamouseion,

amuses,'shrine.AlthoughtheGreeksalreadycollecteddetachedworks

ofart,manytemples-notabIythatofHeraat01ympia(beforewhichthe

01ympicflameisstillIit)-hadcollectionsofobjects,someofwhich

wereworksofartbywe11-knownmasters,whilepaintingsandsculptures

intheAlexandrianMuseumwereincidentaltoitsmainpurpose.The

RomansaIsoco11ectedandexhibitedartfromdisbandedtemples,aswe11

asmineralspecimens,exoticplants,animals;andtheyplundered

sculpturesandpaintings(mostIyGreek)forexhibition.MeanwhiIe,the

GreekwordhadsIippedintoLatinbytransIiteration(thoughnotto

signifypicturegaIleries,whichwerecalledpinacothecae)andmuseum

stillmoreorlessmeant"Muses19shrine".Theinspirational

collectionsofpreciousandsemi-preciousobjectswerekeptinlarger

churchesandmonasteries—whichfocusedonthegold-enshrined,

bejewelledreIicsofsaintsandmartyrs.Princes,andlatermerchants,

hadsimilarcolIections,whichbecamethedepositsofnaturaIcuriosities:

largelumpsofamberorcoral,irregularpearls,unicornhorns,ostrich

eggs,fossiIbonesandsoon.Theyalsoincludedcoinsandgems-often

antiqueengravedones——asweIIas,increasingly,paintingsand

sculptures.Astheymultipliedandexpanded,tosupplementthem,the

skillofthefakersgrewincreasinglyrefined.Atthesametime,

visitorscouldadmiretheverygrandestpaintingsandsculpturesinthe

churches,paIacesandcastles;theywerenot"collected"either,but

,,site-specific",andwereconsideredanintegraIpartbothofthefabric

ofthebuiIdingsandofthewayofIifewhichwentoninsidethem-and

mostofthebuiIdingswerepubIicones.However,duringtherevivalof

antiquityinthefifteenthcentury,fragmentsofantiquesculpturewere

givenhigherstatusthantheworkofanycontemporary,sothatdisplays

ofantiquitieswouldinspireartiststoimitation,orevenbetter,to

emuIation;andsocouIdbeconsideredMuses*'shrinesintheformersense

TheMedicigardennearSanMarcoinFlorence,theBelvedereandthe

CapitoIinRomewerethemostfamousofsuchearly"inspirational"

collections.Soontheymultiplied,and,gradually,exemplarynmodern"

workswerealsoaddedtosuchgalleries.Intheseventeenthcentury,

scientificandprestigeco11ectingbecamesowidespreadthatthreeor

fourcollectorsindependentlypubIisheddirectoriestomuseumsalIover

theknownworId.Butitwastheageofrevolutionsandindustrywhich

producedthenextsharpshiftinthewaytheinstitutionwasperceived:

thefuryagainstroyalandchurchmonumentspromptedantiquariansto

sheltertheminasylum-galleries,ofwhichtheMuseedesMonuments

Francaiswasthemostfamous.Then,inthefirsthalfofthenineteenth

century,museumfundingtookoff,aIIiedtotheriseofnewweaIth:London

acquiredtheNationaIGaIleryandtheBritishMuseum,theLouvrewas

organized,theMuseum-lnselwasbeguninBerIintandtheMunichga11eries

werebuiIt.InVienna,thehugeKunsthistorischesandNaturhistorisches

Museumstookovermuchoftheimperialtreasure.MeanwhiIe,thedeciine

ofcraftsmanship(andofpubIictastewithit)inspiredthecreationof

"improving"collections.TheVictoriaandAlbertMuseuminLondonwas

themostfamous,asweIIasperhapsthelargestofthem.

.theskillofthefakersgrewincreasinglyrefined"inthethird

paragraphmeansthat.

A.therewasagreatdemandforfakers.

B.fakersgrewrapidlyinnumber.

C.fakersbecamemoreskillful.

D.fakersbecamemorepolite.

4.HostiIitytoGypsieshasexistedaImostfromthetimetheyfirst

appearedinEuropeinthe14thcentury.TheoriginsoftheGypsies,with

littlewrittenhistory,wereshroudedinmystery.Whatisknownnowfrom

cluesinthevariousdialectsoftheirlanguage,Romany,isthatthey

camefromnorthernIndiatotheMiddleEastathousandyearsago,working

asminstrelsandmercenaries,metalsmithsandservants.Europeans

misnamedthemEgyptians,soonshortenedtoGypsies.Aclansystem,based

mostIyontheirtraditionalcraftsandgeography,hasmadethemadeeply

fragmentedandfractiouspeopIe,onlyreallyunifyinginthefaceof

enmityfromnon-Gypsies,whomtheyca11gadje.TodaymanyGypsyactivists

prefertobecalledRoma,whichcomesfromtheRomanywordfor"man".

ButonmytraveIsamongthemmoststillreferredtothemseIvesasGypsies.

InEuropetheirpersecutionbythegadjebeganquickly,withthechurch

seeingheresyintheirfortune-te11ingandthestateseeinganti-social

behaviourintheirnomadism.Atvarioustimestheyhavebeenforbidden

toweartheirdistinetivebrightclothes,tospeaktheirownIanguage,

totravel,tomarryoneanother,ortoplytheirtraditionalcrafts.In

somecountriestheywerereducedtoslavery-itwasn''tuntiIthe

mid-1800sthatGypsysIaveswerefreedinRomania.Inmorerecenttimes

theGypsieswerecaughtupinNaziethnichysteria,andperhapshalfa

millionperishedintheHolocaust.Theirhorseshavebeenshotandthe

wheeIsremovedfromtheirwagons,theirnameshavebeenchanged,their

womenhavebeensteriIized.andtheirchiIdrenhavebeenforciblygiven

foradoptiontonon-GypsyfamiIies.ButtheGypsieshaveconfounded

predictionsoftheirdisappearanceasadistinetethnicgroup,andtheir

numbershaveburgeoned.Todaythereareanestimated8to12million

GypsiesscatteredacrossEurope,makingthemthecontinent,,slargest

minority.Theexactnumberishardtopindown.Gypsieshaveregularly

beenundercounted,bothbyregimesanxioustodownpIaytheirprofiIeand

byGypsiesthemselves,seekingtoavoidbureaucracies.Attemptingto

remedypastinequities,activistgroupsmayovercount.Hundredsof

thousandsmorehaveemigratedtotheAmericasandeIsewhere.Withvery

fewexceptionsGypsieshaveexpressednogreatdesireforacountryto

calItheirown-uniiketheJews,towhomtheGypsyexperienceisoften

compared."Romanestan,**saidRonaIdLee,theCanadianGypsywriter.

"iswheremytwofeetstand."

Accordingtothepassage,themaindifferencebetweentheGypsiesand

theJewsIiesintheirconceptsof

A.language.

B.culture.

C.identity.

D.custom.

5.OscarWildesaidthatworkistherefugeofpeopIewhohavenothing

bettertodo.Ifso,AmericansarenowamongtheworId''$saddestrefugees.

FactoryworkersintheUnitedStatesareworkinglongerhoursthanat

anytimeinthepasthalf-century.AmericaonceledtherichworIdin

cuttingtheaverageworkingweek-from70hoursin1850tolessthan40

hoursbythe1950s.ItseemednaturalthataspeopIegrewricherthey

wouldtradeextraearningsformoreleisure.Sincethe1970s,however,

thehourscIockedupbyAmericanworkershaverisen,toanaverageof

42thisyearinmanufacturing.SeveraIstudiessuggestthatsomething

similarishappeningoutsidemanufacturing:Americansarespendingmore

timeatworkthantheydid20yearsago.ExecutivesandIawyersboast

of80-hourweeks.Onholiday,theyseekoutfaxmachinesandphonesas

eagerlyasGermansbagthebestsun-loungers.YetworkingtimeinEurope

andJapancontinuestofall.InGermany*9sengineeringindustrythe

workingweekistobetrimmedfrom36to35hoursnextyear.MostGermans

getsixweeks''paidannualholiday~eventheJapanesenowtakethree

weeks.Americansstillmakedowithjusttwo.Germanyrespondstothis

contrastwithitsusualconcernaboutwhetherpeople*'saversiontowork

isdamagingitscompetitiveness.YetGermanworkers,IiketheJapanese,

seemtobeactingsensibly:astheirincomesrise,theycanachievea

betterstandardofIivingwithfewerhoursofwork.Thepuzzleiswhy

America,theworld''srichestcountry,seesthingsdifferently.Itis

apuzzlewithsinistersocialimpIications.Parentsspendlesstimewith

theirchiIdren,whomaybeleftaloneathomeforlonger.Isitjusta

coincidencethatjuveniIecrimeisontheriseSomeexpIanationsfor

America1,stimeatworkfaiItostanduptoscrutiny.OnebIamesweak

tradeunionsthatleaveworkersopentoexploitation.Areworkersbeing

forcedbycost-cuttingfirmstotoiIharderjusttokeeptheirjobsA

recentstudybytwoAmericaneconomists,RichardFreemanandLindaBell,

suggestsnot..whenasked,Americansactuallywanttoworklongerhours.

MostGermanworkers,incontrast,wouldratherworkless.Then,why

doAmericanswanttoworkharderOnereasonmaybethatthereaIearnings

ofmanyAmericanshavebeenstagnantorfallingduringthepasttwo

decades.PeopIeworklongermerelytomaintaintheirIivingstandards.

Yetmanyhigher-skiIledworkers,whohaveenjoyedbigincreasesintheir

realpay,havebeenworkinghardertoo.Also,onereasonfortheslow

growthofwageshasbeentherapidgrowthinempIoyment-whichismore

orlesswheretheargumentbegan.Taxesmayhavesomethingtodowith

it.PeopIewhoworkanextrahourinAmericaarea11owedtokeepmore

oftheirmoneythanthosewhodothesameinGermany.FallsinmarginsI

taxratesinAmericasincethe1970shavemadeitalIthemoreprofitabIe

toworklonger.NoneoftheseanswersreaIlyexplainswhythe

century-longdeciineinworkinghourshasgoneintoreverseinAmerica

butnotelsewhere(thoughBritainshowssignsoffollowingAmerica''

slead).Perhapsculturaldifferences-thelastrefugeofthedefeated

economist-areatplay.EconomistsusedtobeIievethatonceworkers

earnedenoughtoprovidefortheirbasicneedsandallowforafewIuxuries,

theirincentivetoworkwouldbeeroded,IikeIionsrelaxingafteraki11.

ButhumansaremoresusceptibletoadvertisingthanIions.Perhapsclever

marketinghasensuredthat"basicneeds"-forashowerwithbuilt-inTV,

forarocket-propeIledcar-expandcontinuously.Shoppingisalreadyone

ofAmerica''smostpopularpastimes.Butitrequiresmoney-hencemore

workandlessleisure.Ortrythis.,thetelevisionisnotverygood,

andbaseba11andhockeykeepbeingwipedoutbystrikes.PerhapsWilde

wasright.MaybeAmericanshavenothingbettertodo.

Whichofthefollowingisthecauseofworkinglongerhoursstatedby

thewriter

A.Expansionofbasicneeds.

B.Culturaldifferences.

C.Increaseinrealearnings.

D.Advertising.

6.Fromtheinterview,weknowthatatpresentDavidfeeIs

A.asenseoffrustration.

B.hauntedbytheunknownthings.

C.confidentbutmoody.

D.successfulyetunsatisfied.

7.ItisnothingnewthatEngIishuseisontherisearoundtheworId,

especiallyinbusinesscircles.ThisaIsohappensinFrance,the

headquartersofthegIobaIbattIeagainstAmericanculturalhegemony.

IfFrenchguysaregivingintoEnglish,somethingreallybigmustbe

goingon.Andsomethingbigisgoingon.Partly,it“sthatAmerican

hegemony.DidierBenchimoI,CEOofaFrenche-commercesoftwarecompany,

feelscompeIIedtospeakEnglishperfectlybecausetheIinternetsoftware

businessisdominatedbyAmericans.HeandotherFrenchbusinessmenalso

havetospeakEnglishbecausetheywanttogettheirmessageoutto

Americaninvestors,possessorsoftheworldJ*sdeepestpockets.The

triumphofEnglishinFranceandeIsewhereinEurope,however,mayrest

onsomethingmoreenduring.Astheybecomeentwinedwitheachother

politicallyandeconomicaIly,EuropeansneedawaytotaIktooneanother

andtotherestoftheworId.Andforanumberofreasons,they''vedecided

uponEnglishastheircommontongue.SowhenGermanchemicaIand

pharmaceuticalcompanyHoechstmergedwithFrenchcompetitor

Rhone-PoulencIastyear,thecompanieschosethevagueIyLatinateAventis

asthenewcompanyname-andsettIedonEngIishasthecompany,'scommon

language.WhenmonetarypolicymakersfromaroundEuropebeganmeeting

attheEuropeanCentralBankinFrankfurtlastyeartosetinterestrates

forthenewEuroland,theyheIdtheirdeliberationsinEnglish.Eventhe

EuropeanCommission,with11officiaIlanguagesandatraditionally

French-speakingbureaucracy,effectiveIyswitchedovertoEnglishasits

workingIanguagelastyear.HowdidthishappenOneschool

attributesEnglish''sgreatsuccesstothesheerweightofitsmerit.

It''saGermanicIanguage,broughttoBritainaroundthefifthcentury

A.D.DuringthefourcenturiesofFrench-speakingrulethatfollowed

NormanConquestof1066,theIanguagemorphedintosomethingelse

entirely.Frenchwordswereaddedwholesale,andmostofthe

compIicationsofGermanicgrammarwereshedwhilefewofthe

compIicationsofFrenchwereadded.TheresultisaIimguagewithahuge

vocabularyandasimplegrammarthatcanexpressmostthingsmore

efficientIythaneitherofitsparents.What''smore,Englishhas

remainedungovernedandopen,tochange-foreignwords,coinages,and

grammaticalshifts-inawaythatFrench,ruledbythepuristAcademie

Francaise,hadnot.Soit11saswelIIanguage,especia11yforbusiness.

ButtheriseofEnglishoverthepastfewcenturiesclearlyowesatleast

asmuchtohistoryandeconomiesastothelanguage19sabilityto

economicallyexpresstheconceptwin-win.Whathappenedisthatthe

competitionfirstLatin,thenFrench,thenbriefly,German-fadedwith

thewaningofthepolitical,economic,andmiIitaryfortunesof,

respectively,theCatholicChurch,France,andGermany.AlIaIong,

Englishwasincreasinginimportance:Britainwasthebirthplaceofthe

IndustrialRevolution,andLondontheworldJ,smostimportantfinanciaI

centre,whichmadeEngIishakeyIanguageforbusiness.England,'s

coIoniesaroundtheworIdalsomadeittheIanguagewiththemostgIobaI

reach.AndasthatformercoIonytheU.S.rosetothestatusoftheworld''

spreeminentpolitical,economic,miIitary,andculturalpower,English

becametheobvioussecondIanguagetolearn.Inthe1990smoreand

moreEuropeansfoundthemseIvesforcedtouseEnglish.Thelast

generationofbusinessandgovernmentleaderswhohadn,'tstudiedEngIish

inschooIwasleavingthestage.TheEuropeanCommunitywasaddingnew

membersandevolvingfromapaper-shuffIingclubintoaseriousregional

governmentthatwouldneedasinglecommonIanguageifitwereeverto

getanythingdone.MeanwhiIe,economicbarriersbetweenEuropeannations

havebeendisappearing,meaningthatmoreandmorecompaniesarebegining

tolookatthewholecontinentastheirdomesticmarket.Andthenthe

InternetcameaIong.TheNethadtwobigimpacts.Onewasthatitwas

anexcitingrpotentia11ylucrativenewindustrythathaditsrootsin

theU.S.,soifyouwantedtogetinonit,youhadtospeaksomeEnglish.

TheotherwasthatbysurfingtheWeb,Europeanswhohadpreviously

encounteredEnglishonlyinschooIandinpopsongswerenowcominginto

contactwithitdaily.NoneofthismeansEngIishhastakenover

EuropeanIife.AccordingtotheEuropeanUnion,47%ofWesternEuropeans

(includingtheBritishandIrish)speakEnglishweIIenoughtocarryon

aconversation.That,'salotmorethanthosewhocanspeakGerman(32%)

orFrench(28%),butitstillmeansmoreEuropeansdon''tspeakthe

language.IfyouwanttoseiIshampooorcelIphones,youhavetodoit

inFrenchorGermanorSpanishorGreek.EventheU.S.andBritishmedia

companiesthatstandtobenefitmostfromthespreadofEnglishhavebeen

hedgingtheirbets-CNNbroadcastsinSpanish;theFinancialTimeshad

recentlylau

A.therisingstatusofEnglishinEurope.

B.Englishlearninginnon-Eng1ish-speakingE.U.nations.

C.thepreferenceforEnglishbyEuropeanbusinessmen.

D.theswitchfromFrenchtoEnglishintheEuropeanCommission.

8."Museum"isasiipperyword.Itfirstmeant(inGreek)anything

consecratedtotheMuses:ahill,ashrine,agarden,afestivaIoreven

atextbook.BothPIat。''sAcademyandAristotIe''sLyceumhadamouseion,

amuses,'shrine.AlthoughtheGreeksalreadycollecteddetachedworks

ofart,manytemples-notabIythatofHeraat01ympia(beforewhichthe

01ympicflameisstillIit)-hadcollectionsofobjects,someofwhich

wereworksofartbywe11-knownmasters,whilepaintingsandsculptures

intheAlexandrianMuseumwereincidentaltoitsmainpurpose.The

RomansaIsoco11ectedandexhibitedartfromdisbandedtempIes,aswe11

asmineralspecimens,exoticplants,animals;andtheyplundered

scuIpturesa