高三英語(yǔ)二輪復(fù)習(xí)閱讀理解議論文課件

議論文

以觀點(diǎn)為中心的文章議論文3要素1.論點(diǎn)(opinion/conclusion)2.論據(jù)(facts/evidence)3.論證(argument)能力訓(xùn)練1：區(qū)分觀點(diǎn)和事實(shí)能力訓(xùn)練2：掌握論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)的關(guān)系能力訓(xùn)練3：關(guān)注論證方式

常見(jiàn)的論證方式：(1)舉例論證(bygivingexamples)

(2)對(duì)比論證(bycomparison;bycomparingAwithB)

(3)道理論證(byquoting;byquotingsb'scomments)

(4)比喻論證(byusingmetaphor)【2019?全國(guó)III卷】ForWesterndesigners,ChinaanditsrichculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforWesterncreative."It'snosecretthatChinahasalwaysbeenasource(來(lái)源)ofinspirationfordesigners,"saysAmandaHill,chiefcreativeofficeratA+ENetworks,aglobalmediacompanyandhometosomeofthebiggestfashion(時(shí)尚)shows.Earlierthisyear,theChinaThroughALookingGlassexhibitioninNewYorkexhibited140piecesofChina-inspiredfashionableclothingalongsideChineseworksofart,withtheaimofexploringtheinfluenceofChineseaesthetics(美學(xué))onWesternfashionandhowChinahasfueledthefashionableimaginationforcenturies.Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences."Chinaisimpossibletooverlook,"saysHill."Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement."Ofcourse,onlyaretoday'stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina;someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese."VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretakingonGaliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs-andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales,"addsHil.ForHill,itisimpossiblenottotalkaboutChinaastheleadingplayerwhendiscussingfashion."ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumers,"shesays."Chinaisnolongerjustanothermarket;inmanysensesithasbecomethemarket.Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina-itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoungdesignersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways."24.WhatcanwelearnabouttheexhibitioninNewYork?A.Itpromotedthesalesofartworks.B.Itattractedalargenumberofvisitors.C.ItshowedancientChineseclothes. D.ItaimedtointroduceChinesemodels.25.WhatdoesHillsayaboutChinesewomen?A.Theyaresettingthefashion. B.Theystartmanyfashioncampaigns.C.Theyadmiresupermodels. D.Theydobusinessallovertheworld.26.Whatdotheunderlinedwords"takingon"inparagraph4mean?A.learningfrom B.lookingdownon C.workingwith D.competingagainst27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.YoungModelsSellingDreamstotheWorldB.AChineseArtExhibitionHeldinNewYorkC.DifferencesBetweenEasternandWesternAestheticsD.ChineseCultureFuelingInternationalFashionTrends這是一篇議論文。符合新課標(biāo)的話題——人與社會(huì)——文學(xué)、藝術(shù)與體育（影視、音樂(lè)等領(lǐng)域的概況及其發(fā)展），通過(guò)AmandaHill的評(píng)論，文章論述了中國(guó)文化及中國(guó)美學(xué)對(duì)國(guó)際時(shí)尚界的影響。文章體現(xiàn)了文化自信，彰顯了高中英語(yǔ)課程總目標(biāo)——培養(yǎng)中國(guó)情懷、國(guó)際視野和跨文化溝通能力。24.為“事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題”。以theexhibitioninNewYork為定位詞，通過(guò)選項(xiàng)定位的方法，進(jìn)行排除辨析?？梢哉业綄?duì)應(yīng)句第三段中Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences（此次展覽吸引的參觀者人數(shù)創(chuàng)下了記錄，顯示出人們對(duì)中國(guó)影響的濃厚興趣），這與選項(xiàng)B對(duì)應(yīng)。故選B。25.本題為“事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題”。題目在考查Hill對(duì)中國(guó)女性的評(píng)論。根據(jù)第四段中Hill所說(shuō)的話“Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement.”(中國(guó)模特是向世界各地的女性推銷夢(mèng)想的美麗和時(shí)尚運(yùn)動(dòng)的面孔，這意味著中國(guó)女性不僅僅是時(shí)尚的消費(fèi)者——她們是這場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的核心)，這與選項(xiàng)A（Hill說(shuō)中國(guó)女性正在引領(lǐng)新時(shí)尚）相對(duì)應(yīng)，故選A。26.為“猜測(cè)詞義題”。詞不離句，根據(jù)下文andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales（在設(shè)計(jì)和銷售上擊敗他們)，故選D。拓展：handsdown這個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)來(lái)自賽馬運(yùn)動(dòng)。當(dāng)一名騎手覺(jué)得勝利在望，自己可以不費(fèi)勁就能取勝的時(shí)候，往往會(huì)垂下雙手、放松韁繩，讓馬匹向前沖，而不必繼續(xù)提緊韁繩、快馬加鞭。27.為“主旨大意題”。做題時(shí)，要站在全文的角度。主旨題的正確答案具有概括性。通讀全文可知，本文通過(guò)AmandaHill的評(píng)論，論述了中國(guó)文化、中國(guó)藝術(shù)、中國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)師等等在國(guó)際時(shí)尚中發(fā)揮著非常重要的作用。對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行選擇時(shí)，一定要選取最佳答案，同時(shí)最能概括文章大意。選項(xiàng)D“中國(guó)文化刺激著國(guó)際時(shí)尚的發(fā)展和潮流”最符合題意，故選擇D。【2019?天津卷】WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman?Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning,andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives,hedeterminestowriteabook.Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworldformorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes,andthebookwasDonQuixote（《堂吉訶德》）.Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion:whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays,whileothersgotoseedlongbefore?We’veallknownpeoplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlife’shalfwaymark.I’mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan’tallgetthere.I’mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.Mostofus,infact,progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedinit.Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But,ifwearewillingtolearn,theopportunitiesareeverywhere.Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan’tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus—anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm,wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However,wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos(自我),whethertolovedones,tofellowhumans,towork,ortosomemoralconcept.Manyofusequate(視……等同于)“commitment”withsuch“caring”occupationsasteachingandnursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellence—whethertheyaredrivingatruck,orrunningastore—maketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindofpeopletheyare.They’velearnedlife’smostvaluablelesson.51.ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantestoshowthat________.A.lossoffreedomstimulatesone’screativity B.ageisnotabarriertoachievingone’sgoalC.miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfate D.disabilitycannotstopaman’spursuitofsuccess52.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean?A.Endone’sstruggleforliberty. B.Wasteone’senergytakingrisks.C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed. D.Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.53.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4？A.Thosewhodaretotryoftengetthemselvestrapped.B.Thosewhotendtothinkbackcanhardlygoahead.C.Opportunityfavorsthosewithacuriousmind. D.Opportunityawaitsthosewithacautiousmind.54.WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5？A.Atoughmancantoleratesuffering. B.Awisemancanlivewithoutself-pity.C.Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim. D.Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife.55.Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassage？A.Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife.B.Tostresstheneedofshoulderingresponsibilitiesatwork.C.Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationforlearning.D.Tosuggestawayofpursuingexcellenceinourlifelongcareer.1.【答案】B

【解析】本文屬于議論文，講述要成功，就需要不斷的學(xué)習(xí)，這樣的生活才會(huì)有意義。推理判斷題。第一段講述塞萬(wàn)提斯一生不幸，負(fù)債累累，因?yàn)閼?zhàn)爭(zhēng)受傷左手殘疾，同時(shí)還身陷囹圄，在53歲的時(shí)候決定寫書，最終寫出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根據(jù)后文可知，所有的困境都沒(méi)有阻擋他的成功，年齡也是如此。2.【答案】D

【解析】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.i故可知，作者談?wù)摰牟皇悄切](méi)有到達(dá)巔峰的人，而是談?wù)撃切┎辉賹W(xué)習(xí)成長(zhǎng)的人，故可知runoutofsteam可知，停止學(xué)習(xí)。3.【答案】C

【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段welosethesenseofwonder.But,ifwearewillingtolearn,theopportunitiesareeverywhere.可知，我們失去了好奇感，但是如果我們?cè)敢鈱W(xué)習(xí)，機(jī)會(huì)無(wú)處不在，故可知，機(jī)會(huì)總是留給那些有好奇心的人。4.【答案】D

【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段welearntobearwiththe

thingswecan'tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus-anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.JEl,我們學(xué)會(huì)承受那些無(wú)法改變的事情，學(xué)會(huì)避免自憐，也學(xué)會(huì)了無(wú)論我們?cè)趺慈ト倓e人，有些人是無(wú)法喜歡我們的，這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)起初讓我們苦惱，但是之后會(huì)讓我們釋懷，故可知，本段作者告訴我們要學(xué)會(huì)使用恰當(dāng)?shù)姆绞絹?lái)對(duì)待生活。5.【答案】A

【解析】主旨大意題。本文講述要成功，就需要不斷的學(xué)習(xí)，這樣的生活才會(huì)有意義，故本文作者的目的是為了指導(dǎo)我們過(guò)一個(gè)有意義的成年人生活?！?018?北京卷】PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself-drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist’sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself-drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself-drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn’tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It’shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself-drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork,entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself-drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride-hailing(叫車)services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol-poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self-drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices,consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(責(zé)任與維護(hù)問(wèn)題).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn’textendtheworstaspectsofthecar-controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.47.Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan__________.A.helpdealwithtransportation-relatedproblems B.providebetterservicestocustomersC.causedamagetoourenvironment D.makesomepeoplelosejobs48.Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor’smajorconcern?A.Safety. B.Sideeffects.C.Affordability. D.Management.49.Whatdoestheunderlinedword＂fielded＂inParagraph4probablymean?A.Employed. B.Replaced.C.Shared. D.Reduced.50.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetothefutureofself-drivingcars?A.Doubtful. B.Positive.C.Disapproving. D.Sympathetic.1．A．細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)第二段Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars（andrightfullyso），policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself-drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams，cutemissions（排放）andoffermoreconvenient，affordablemobilityoptions．（盡管迄今為止的大部分辯論都集中在無(wú)人駕駛汽車的安全性上，但政策制定者也應(yīng)該討論自動(dòng)駕駛汽車如何幫助減少交通堵塞、減少排放，并提供更方便、更實(shí)惠的出行選擇）可知，政策制定者應(yīng)該討論無(wú)人駕駛車怎么幫助削減交通阻塞，減少尾氣排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行選擇，由此可見(jiàn)人們應(yīng)該多關(guān)注無(wú)人駕駛車怎么幫助處理與交通有關(guān)的問(wèn)題．故選A．2．D．推理判斷題．根據(jù)文章第一段Buthoweverlongittakes，thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities，forbetterorforworse，dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated．可知，不管花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)都有可能改變我們的交通系統(tǒng)和我們的城市，不管是好是壞，這取決于如何這種轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)绾伪灰?guī)范，再根據(jù)文章最后一句話Thecarofthefutureiscoming．Wejusthavetoplanforit．可知，我們需要為其做好計(jì)劃，故作者的主要關(guān)注點(diǎn)是對(duì)這種轉(zhuǎn)變的管理規(guī)范，故選D．3．A．詞義猜測(cè)題．根據(jù)第四段Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride-hailingservices，consideringthecostofself-drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues（責(zé)任與維護(hù)問(wèn)題）．可知，鑒于自主駕駛的費(fèi)用以及責(zé)任和維護(hù)問(wèn)題，無(wú)人駕駛車幾乎可以肯定將會(huì)被打車服務(wù)使用．故劃線詞是"被應(yīng)用"的意思．A．Employed被應(yīng)用；B．Replaced被取代；C．Shared被分享；D．Reduced被減少．故選A．4．B．觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題．根據(jù)文章最后一段Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople，andmoreaffordably．Thecarofthefutureiscoming．Wejusthavetoplanforit．（即將到來(lái)的技術(shù)進(jìn)步為城市和州提供了一個(gè)發(fā)展交通系統(tǒng)的機(jī)會(huì)，該系統(tǒng)旨在以更經(jīng)濟(jì)的方式運(yùn)送更多的人．未來(lái)的汽車來(lái)了．我們只需要為此做好計(jì)劃）中的advancement，movemorepeople，andmoreaffordably．以及planforit可推知，作者是積極的態(tài)度．故選B．【2017?天津卷】Ireadsomewherethatwespendafullthirdofourliveswaiting.Butwherearewedoingallofthiswaiting,andwhatdoesitmeantoanimpatientsocietylikeours?Tounderstandtheissue,let’stakealookatthreetypesof“waits”.TheverypurestformofwaitingistheWatched-PotWait.Itiswithoutdoubtthemostannoyingofall.Takefillingupthekitchensink(洗碗池)asanexample.Thereisabsolutelynothingyoucandowhilethisisgoingonbutkeepbotheyesfixedonthesinkuntilit’sfull.Duringthesewaits,thebrainslipsawayfromthebodyandwandersaboutuntilthewaterrunsovertheedgeofthecounterandontoyoursocks.Thiskindofwaitmakesthewaiterhelplessandmindless.AcousintotheWatched-PotWaitistheForcedWait.Thisonerequiresabitofdiscipline.ProperlypreparingpackagednoodlesouprequiresaForcedWait.Directionsareveryspecific.“Bringthreecupsofwatertoboil,addmix,simmerthreeminutes,removefromheat,letstandfiveminutes.”Ihavemydoubtsthatanyonehasactuallyfollowedtheproceduresstrictly.Afterall,ForcedWaitingrequirespatience.PerhapsthemostpowerfultypeofwaitingistheLucky-BreakWait.Thistypeofwaitisunusualinthatitisforthemostpartvoluntary.UnliketheForcedWait,whichisalsovoluntary,waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillhappen.Turningone’slifeintoawaitinggamerequiresfaithandhope,andisstrictlyfortheoptimistsamongus.Onthesurfaceitseemsasridiculousasfollowingthedirectionsonsoupmixes,buttheLucky-BreakWaitwellservesthosewhoarewillingtodoit.Aslongasonedoesn’tcometorelyonit,wishingforafewgoodthingstohappenneverhurtsanybody.Wecertainlydospendagooddealofourtimewaiting.Thenexttimeyou’restandingatthesinkwaitingforittofillwhilecookingnoodlesoupthatyou’llhavetoeatuntilalargebagofcashfallsoutofthesky,don’tbedesperate.You’reprobablyjustasbusyasthenextguy.51.WhiledoingaWatched-PotWait,wetendto___________.A.keepourselvesbusy B.getabsent-mindedC.growanxious D.stayfocused52.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheForcedWaitandtheWatched-PotWait?A.TheForcedWaitrequiressomeself-control.B.TheForcedWaitmakespeoplepassive.C.TheWatched-PotWaitneedsdirections.D.TheWatched-PotWaitengagesbodyandbrain.53.WhatcanwelearnabouttheLucky-BreakWait?A.ItislessvoluntarythantheForcedWait.B.Itdoesn’talwaysbringthedesiredresult.C.ItismorefruitfulthantheForcedWait.D.Itdoesn’tgivepeoplefaithandhope.54.Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodothenexttimewearewaiting?A.Takeitseriously. B.Don’trelyonothers.C.Dosomethingelse. D.Don’tloseheart.55.Theauthorsupportshisviewby____________.A.exploringvariouscausesof“waits”B.describingdetailedprocessesof“waits”C.analyzingdifferentcategoriesof“waits”D.revealingfrustratingconsequencesof“waits”本文屬于議論文閱讀，作者通過(guò)這篇文章主要向我們描述了等待分為三種，我們不應(yīng)該在等待時(shí)失去信心．考察學(xué)生的細(xì)節(jié)理解和推理判斷能力，做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)一定要找到文章中的原句，和題干進(jìn)行比較，再做出正確的選擇．在做推理判斷題不要以個(gè)人的主觀想象代替文章的事實(shí)，要根據(jù)文章事實(shí)進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的推理判斷．51．B．細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)第二段Thereisabsolutelynothingyoucandowhilethisisgoingonbutkeepbotheyesfixedonthesinkuntilit'sfull．Duringthesewaits，thebrainslipsawayfromthebodyandwandersaboutuntilthewaterrunsovertheedgeofthecounterandontoyoursocks可知當(dāng)我們盯著罐子看的時(shí)候，我們傾向于心不在焉；故選B．52．A．細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)第三段Afterall，F(xiàn)orcedWaitingrequirespatience可知強(qiáng)迫等待與被監(jiān)視的等待的區(qū)別是強(qiáng)迫等待需要一些自制力；故選A．53．B．細(xì)節(jié)理解題．根據(jù)文章UnliketheForcedWait，whichisalsovoluntary，waitingforyourluckybreakdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatitwillhappen可知幸運(yùn)的等待并不總是帶來(lái)預(yù)期的結(jié)果；故選B．54．D．推理判斷題．根據(jù)最后一段Thenexttimeyou'restandingatthesinkwaitingforittofillwhilecookingnoodlesoupthatyou'llhavetoeatuntilalargebagofcashfallsoutofthesky，don'tbedesperate可知作者建議我們下次等待時(shí)不要失去信心；故選D．55．C．推理判斷題．根據(jù)文章Tounderstandtheissue，let'stakealookatthreetypesof"waits可知作者證明自己的觀點(diǎn)通過(guò)分析不同類別的"等待；故選C．【2017?北京卷】Hollywood’stheorythatmachineswithevil(邪惡)mindswilldrivearmiesofkillerrobotsisjustsilly.Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.In1960awell-knownmathematicianNorbertWiener,whofoundedthefieldofcybernetics（控制論）,putitthisway:＂Ifweuse,toachieveourpurposes,amechanicalagencywithwhoseoperationwecannoteffectivelyinterfere(干預(yù)),wehadbetterbequitesurethatthepurposeputintothemachineisthepurposewhichwereallydesire.＂Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.Forthemachine,thisqualityisnotin-born,norisitsomethingintroducedbyhumans;itisalogicalconsequenceofthesimplefactthatthemachinecannotachieveitsoriginalpurposeifitisdead.Soifwesendoutarobotwiththesingleinstructionoffetchingcoffee,itwillhaveastrongdesiretosecuresuccessbydisablingitsownoffswitchorevenkillinganyonewhomightinterferewithitstask.Ifwearenotcareful,then,wecouldfaceakindofglobalchessmatchagainstverydetermined,superintelligentmachineswhoseobjectivesconflictwithourown,withtherealworldasthechessboard.Thepossibilityofenteringintoandlosingsuchamatchshouldconcentratethemindsofcomputerscientists.Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.Unfortunately,thatplanseemsunlikelytowork:wehaveyettoinventafirewallthatissecureagainstordinaryhumans,letalonesuperintelligentmachines.SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.Thereareprobablydecadesinwhichtoplanforthearrivalofsuperintelligentmachines.Buttheproblemshouldnotbedismissedoutofhand,asithasbeenbysomeAIresearchers.Somearguethathumansandmachinescancoexistaslongastheyworkinteams—yetthatisnotpossibleunlessmachinessharethegoalsofhumans.Otherssaywecanjust＂switchthemoff＂asifsuperintelligentmachinesaretoostupidtothinkofthatpossibility.StillothersthinkthatsuperintelligentAIwillneverhappen.OnSeptember11,1933,famousphysicistErnestRutherfordstated,withconfidence,＂Anyonewhoexpectsasourceofpowerinthetransformationoftheseatomsistalkingmoonshine.＂However,onSeptember12,1933,physicistLeoSzilardinventedtheneutron-induced(中子誘導(dǎo))nuclearchainreaction.67.Paragraph1mainlytellsusthatartificialintelligencemay____________.A.runoutofhumancontrol B.satisfyhuman’srealdesiresC.commandarmiesofkillerrobots D.workfasterthanamathematician68.Machineswithspecificpurposesareassociatedwithlivingthingspartlybecausetheymightbeableto____________.A.preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed B.achievetheiroriginalgoalsindependentlyC.doanythingsuccessfullywithgivenorders D.beathumansininternationalchessmatches69.Accordingtosomeresearchers,wecanusefirewallsto____________.A.helpsuperintelligentmachinesworkbetter B.besecureagainstevilhumanbeingsC.keepmachinesfrombeingharmed D.avoidrobots’affectingtheworld70.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthesafetyproblemofsuperintelligentmachines?A.ItwilldisappearwiththedevelopmentofAI. B.Itwillgetworsewithhumaninterference.C.Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty. D.Itwillstayforadecade.本文為科技類議論文，來(lái)自于2016年6月的《科學(xué)美國(guó)人》（英文原名：ScientificAmerican），主要講的是人工智能artificialintelligence（AI）隨著科技的發(fā)展可能超出人類的控制以及人類應(yīng)如何應(yīng)對(duì)此類安全問(wèn)題。1.從文章第一段第二句話Therealproblemrelatestothepossibilitythatartificialintelligence(AI)maybecomeextremelygoodatachievingsomethingotherthanwhatwereallywant.“人工智能可能會(huì)變得非常擅長(zhǎng)完成目標(biāo)，而這些可能不是人們真正想要的”可知與A選項(xiàng)runoutofhumancontrol對(duì)應(yīng)，因此選擇A。2.原文第二段第一句話Amachinewithaspecificpurposehasanotherquality,onethatweusuallyassociatewithlivingthings:awishtopreserveitsownexistence.根據(jù)“awishtopreserveitsownexistence”同義轉(zhuǎn)化為preventthemselvesfrombeingdestroyed，因此選擇A。3.原文第三段第二句話Someresearchersarguethatwecansealthemachinesinsideakindoffirewall,usingthemtoanswerdifficultquestionsbutneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealworld.'根據(jù)“butneverallowingthemtoaffecttherealword”同義轉(zhuǎn)化為avoidrobots'affectingtheworld，因此選擇D。4.原文第四段第一句話SolvingthesafetyproblemwellenoughtomoveforwardinAIseemstobepossiblebutnoteasy.；根據(jù)“seemstobepossiblebutnoteasy”推斷出Itwillbesolvedbutwithdifficulty因此選擇C?！?020?北京卷】CertainformsofAIareindeedbecomingubiquitous.Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother.Thesesystemsaresometimesfasterandmoreperceptivethanwehumansare.Butsofarthatisonlytrueforthespecifictasksforwhichthesystemshavebeendesigned.ThatissomethingthatsomeAIdevelopersarenoweagertochange.Someoftoday'sAIpioneerswanttomoveonfromtoday'sworldof“weak”or“narrow”AI,tocreate“strong”or“full”AI,orwhatisoftencalledartificialgeneralintelligence(AGI).Insomerespects,today'spowerfulcomputingmachinesalreadymakeourbrainslookweak.AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,workforusaroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomanyproblems.DM,acompanyfocusedonthedevelopmentofAGI,hasanambitionto“solveintelligence”.“Ifwe'resuccessful,”theirmissionstatementreads,“webelievethiswillbeoneofthemostimportantandwidelybeneficialscientificadvancesevermade.”SincetheearlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispossibleorevenprobable.In1965,animaginativemathematiciancalledIrvingGoodpredictedtheeventualcreationofan"ultra-intelligentmachine…thatcanfarsurpassalltheintellectual(智力的)activitiesofanyman,howeverclever."Goodwentontosuggestthat“thefirstultra-intelligentmachine"couldbe“thelastinventionthatmanneedevermake."Fearsabouttheappearanceofbad,powerful,man-madeintelligentmachineshavebeenreinforced(強(qiáng)化)bymanyworksoffiction—MaryShelley'sFrankensteinandtheTerminatorfilmseries,forexample.ButifAIdoeseventuallyprovetobeourdownfall,itisunlikelytobeatthehandsofhuman-shapedformslikethese,withrecognisablyhumanmotivationssuchasaggression(敵對(duì)行為).Instead,IagreewithOxfordUniversityphilosopherNickBostrom,whobelievesthattheheaviestrisksfromAGIdonotcomefromadecisiontoturnagainstmankindbutratherfromadoggedpursuitofsetobjectivesattheexpenseofeverythingelse.ThepromiseanddangeroftrueAGIaregreat.Butalloftoday'sexciteddiscussionaboutthesepossibilitiespresupposesthefactthatwewillbeabletobuildthesesystems.And,havingspokentomanyoftheworld'sforemostAIresearchers,IbelievethereisgoodreasontodoubtthatwewillseeAGIanytimesoon,ifever:42.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ubiquitous”inParagraphIprobablymean?A.Enormousinquantity. B.Changeabledaily.C.Stableinquality. D.Presenteverywhere.43.WhatcouldAGIdoforus,accordingtoitssupporters?A.Helptotackleproblems. B.Makebrainsmoreactive.C.Benefitambitiouspeople. D.Setuppowerfuldatabases.44.AsforIrvingGood'sopiniononultra-intelligentmachines,theauthoris____________.A.supportive B.disapprovingC.fearful D.uncertain45.WhatcanbeinferredaboutAGIfromthepassage?A.Itmaybeonlyadream. B.Itwillcomeintobeingsoon.C.Itwillbecontrolledbyhumans. D.Itmaybemoredangerousthanever.這是一篇議論文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性進(jìn)行了論述?！?2題詳解】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞所在句后面的Forexample,algorithms(算法)carryouthugevolumesoftradingonourfinancialmarkets,self-drivingcarsareappearingoncitystreets,andoursmartphonesaretranslatingfromonelanguageintoanother(例如，算法在我們的金融市場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行大量交易，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車出現(xiàn)在城市街道上，我們的智能手機(jī)正在從一種語(yǔ)言翻譯成另一種語(yǔ)言)可知，人工智能在我們生活中用處十分廣泛。由此推知，劃線詞所在句意為“某些形式的人工智能確實(shí)正在變得無(wú)處不在”，即劃線詞與D選項(xiàng)“Presenteverywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故選D項(xiàng)?！?3題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段AGIcould,itsadvocatessay,workforusaroundtheclock,anddrawingonallavailabledata,couldsuggestsolutionstomanyproblems(AGI的倡導(dǎo)者說(shuō)，AGI可以24小時(shí)為我們工作，并利用所有可用的數(shù)據(jù)，可以提出許多問(wèn)題的解決方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡導(dǎo)者認(rèn)為，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出許多問(wèn)題的解決方案，幫助我們解決問(wèn)題。因此，A選項(xiàng)“Helptotackleproblems(幫助解決問(wèn)題)”符合題意。故選A項(xiàng)。【44題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段SincetheearlydaysofAI,imaginationhasoutpacedwhatispossibleorevenprobable.In1965,animaginativemat