考點(diǎn)3 閱讀理解 社會(huì)類-五年（2020-2024年）高考英語(yǔ)真題專項(xiàng)分類匯編

五年（2020-2024）高考真題專項(xiàng)分類匯編PAGEPAGE15考點(diǎn)3閱讀理解社會(huì)類—五年（2020—2024年）高考英語(yǔ)真題專項(xiàng)分類匯編一、【2024年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷】HABITATRESTORATIONTEAMHelprestoreandprotectMarin'snaturalareasfromtheMarinHeadlandstoBolinasRidge.We'llexplorebeautifulparksiteswhileconductinginvasive(侵入的)plantremoval,winterplanting,andseedcollection.HabitatRestorationTeamvolunteersplayavitalroleinrestoringsensitiveresourcesandprotectingendangeredspeciesacrosstheridgesandvalleys.GROUPSGroupsoffiveormorerequirespecialarrangementsandmustbeconfirmedinadvance.PleasereviewtheListofAvailableProjectsandfillouttheGroupProjectRequestForm.AGE,SKILLS,WHATTOBRINGVolunteersaged10andoverarewelcome.ReadourYouthPolicyGuidelinesforyouthundertheageof15.BringyourcompletedVolunteerAgreementForm.Volunteersundertheageof18musthavetheparent/guardianapprovalsectionsigned.We'llbeworkingrainorshine.Wearclothesthatcangetdirty.Bringlayersforchangingweatherandaraincoatifnecessary.Bringapersonalwaterbottle,sunscreen,andlunch.Noexperiencenecessary.Trainingandtoolswillbeprovided.Fulfills(滿足)communityservicerequirements.UPCOMINGEVENTSTimeMeetingLocationSunday,Jan.1510:00am–1:00pmBatteryAlexanderTrailheadSunday,Jan.2210:00am–2:30pmStinsonBeachParkingLotSunday,Jan.299:30am–2:30pmCoyoteRidgeTrailhead1.WhatistheaimoftheHabitatRestorationTeam?A.Todiscovermineralresources. B.Todevelopnewwildlifeparks.C.Toprotectthelocalecosystem. D.Toconductbiologicalresearch.2.WhatistheloweragelimitforjoiningtheHabitatRestorationTeam?A.5. B.10. C.15. D.18.3.Whatarethevolunteersexpectedtodo?A.Bringtheirowntools. B.Workeveninbadweather.C.Wearateamuniform. D.Doatleastthreeprojects.二、【2023年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷】OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe"wisdomofcrowds"effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren'talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon'tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people'serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(轉(zhuǎn)折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn'tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey"sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether."Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous.4.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation. B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople'serrors. D.ThedesignofGalton'sexperiment.5.Navajas'studyfoundthattheaverageaccuracycouldincreaseevenif________.A.thecrowdswererelativelysmall B.therewereoccasionalunderestimatesC.individualsdidnotcommunicate D.estimateswerenotfullyindependent6.Whatdidthefollow-upstudyfocuson?A.Thesizeofthegroups. B.Thedominantmembers.C.Thediscussionprocess. D.Theindividualestimates.7.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardNavajas'studies?A.Unclear. B.Dismissive. C.Doubtful. D.Approving.三、【2022年新高考Ⅱ卷】Overthelastsevenyears,moststateshavebannedtextingbydrivers,andpublicservicecampaignshavetriedawiderangeofmethodstopersuadepeopletoputdowntheirphoneswhentheyarebehindthewheel.

Yettheproblem,byjustaboutanymeasure,appearstobegettingworse.Americansarestilltextingwhiledriving,aswellasusingsocialnetworksandtakingphotos.Roadaccidents,whichhadfallenforyears,arenowrisingsharply.

Thatispartlybecausepeoplearedrivingmore,butMarkRosekind,thechiefoftheNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration,saiddistracted(分心)drivingwas"onlyincreasing,unfortunately."

"Bigchangerequiresbigideas."hesaidinaspeechlastmonth,referringbroadlytotheneedtoimproveroadsafety.Sototrytochangeadistinctlymodernbehavior,lawmakersandpublichealthexpertsarereachingbacktoanoldapproach:Theywanttotreatdistracteddrivinglikedrunkdriving.

AnideafromlawmakersinNewYorkistogivepoliceofficersanewdevicecalledtheTextalyzer.Itwouldworklikethis:AnofficerarrivingatthesceneofacrashcouldaskforthephonesofthedriversandusetheTextalyzertocheckintheoperatingsystemforrecentactivity.Thetechnologycoulddeterminewhetheradriverhadjusttexted,emailedordoneanythingelsethatisnotallowedunderNewYork'shands-freedrivinglaws.

"Weneedsomethingonthebooksthatcanchangepeople'sbehavior,"saidFélixW.Ortiz,whopushedforthestate's2001banonhand-helddevicesbydrivers.IftheTextalyzerbillbecomeslaw,hesaid,"peoplearegoingtobemoreafraidtoputtheirhandsonthecellphone."8.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthebanondrivers'textingintheUS?A.Ineffective. B.Unnecessary. C.Inconsistent. D.Unfair.9.WhatcantheTextalyzerhelpapoliceofficerfindout?A.Whereadrivercamefrom. B.Whetheradriverusedtheirphone.C.Howfastadriverwasgoing. D.Whenadriverarrivedatthescene.10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"something"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Advice. B.Data. C.Tests. D.Laws.11.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ToDriveorNottoDrive?ThinkBeforeYouStartB.TextingandDriving?WatchOutfortheTextalyzerC.NewYorkBanningHand—HeldDevicesbyDriversD.TheNextGenerationCellPhone:TheTextalyzer四、【2022新高考Ⅰ卷】

Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,thearugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.

Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,"foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain,"asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth'scoverstory.It'sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from"ugly"(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.

Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewits,"iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld."

Ifthat'shardtounderstand,let'skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it'smorelike12boxesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington,D.C.,Whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.

Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon'tthink."Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon'teat."Curtinsays.12.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.13.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetext?A.Moraldecline. B.Environmentalharm.C.Energyshortage. D.Worldwidestarvation.14.WhatdoesCurtin'scompanydo?A.Itproduceskitchenequipment. B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits. D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.15.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A.Buyonlywhatisneeded. B.Reducefoodconsumption.C.Goshoppingonceaweek. D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.五、【2024年新課標(biāo)Ⅰ卷】Iscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoandviewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstobothquestionsareoften"no".Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,anentertainmentmindset(心態(tài))andatendencytomultitaskwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit'sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularlyshinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage-toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.Thedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitalreadingresultsarepartlyrelatedtopaper'sphysicalproperties.Withpaper,thereisaliterallayingonofhands,alongwiththevisualgeographyofdistinctpages.Peopleoftenlinktheirmemoryofwhatthey'vereadtohowfarintothebookitwasorwhereitwasonthepage.Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled"shallowinghypothesis(假說(shuō))."Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.Audio(音頻)andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothesetechnologies-say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshavedemonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorviewidenticalpieces.Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailableinprint.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn'tassumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.16.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase"shinethrough"inparagraph2mean?A.Seemunlikelytolast. B.Seemhardtoexplain.C.Becomereadytouse. D.Becomeeasytonotice.17.Whatdoestheshallowinghypothesisassume?A.Readerstreatdigitaltextslightly.B.Digitaltextsaresimplertounderstand.C.Peopleselectdigitaltextsrandomly.D.Digitaltextsaresuitableforsocialmedia.18.Whyareaudioandvideoincreasinglyusedbyuniversityteachers?A.Theycanholdstudents'attention. B.Theyaremoreconvenienttoprepаre.C.Theyhelpdevelopadvancedskills. D.Theyaremoreinformativethantext.19.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthelastparagraph?A.Studentsshouldapplymultiplelearningtechniques.B.Teachersshouldproducetheirownteachingmaterial.C.Printtextscannotbeentirelyreplacedineducation.D.Educationoutsidetheclassroomcannotbeignored.六、【2023新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷】Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo’sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks,”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts’classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden.Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheirentireschools.Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses.“Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey’reeatingdifferently,”Jaramillosays.Sheaddsthattheprogram’sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues.“Theygetoutside,”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful.”20.WhatdoweknowaboutAbbyJaramillo?A.Sheusedtobeahealthworker. B.Shegrewupinalow-incomefamily.C.Sheownsafastfoodrestaurant. D.SheisaninitiatorofUrbanSprouts.21.WhatwasaproblemfacingJaramilloatthestartoftheprogram?A.Thekids’parentsdistrustedher. B.Studentshadlittletimeforherclasses.C.Somekidsdislikedgardenwork. D.Therewasnospaceforschoolgardens.22.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheimpactoftheprogram?A.Far-reaching. B.Predictable. C.Short-lived. D.Unidentifiable.23.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.RescuingSchoolGardens B.ExperiencingCountryLifeC.GrowingVegetableLovers D.ChangingLocalLandscape七、【2021年新高考Ⅱ卷】

AnAustralianprofessorisdevelopingarobottomonitorthehealthofgrazingcattle,adevelopmentthatcouldbringbigchangestoaprofessionthat'sreliedlargelyonalow-techapproachfordecadesbutisfacingalaborshortage.

SalahSukkarieh,aprofessorattheUniversityofSydney,seesrobotsasnecessarygivenhowcattlemenareaging.Heisbuildingafour-wheeledrobotthatwillrunonsolarandelectricpower.Itwillusecamerasandsensorstomonitortheanimals.Acomputersystemwillanalyzethevideotodeterminewhetheracowissick.Radiotags(標(biāo)簽)ontheanimalswillmeasuretemperaturechanges.Thequalityofgrasslandwillbetrackedbymonitoringtheshape,colorandtexture(質(zhì)地)ofgrass.Thatway,cattlemenwillknowwhethertheyneedtomovetheircattletoanotherfieldfornutritionpurposes.

Machineshavelargelytakenoverplanting,wateringandharvestingcropssuchascomandwheat,butthemonitoringofcattlehasgonethroughfewerchanges.

ForTexascattlemanPeteBonds,it'sincreasinglydifficulttofindworkersinterestedinwatchingcattle.ButBondsdoesn'tbelievearobotisrightforthejob.Yearsofexperienceintheindustryandfailedattemptstousetechnologyhaveconvincedhimthatthebestwaytocheckcattleiswithamanonahorse.Bonds,whoboughthisfirstcattlealmost50yearsago,stillhaseachofhiscowboysinspect300or400cattledailyandlookforsignsthatananimalisgettingsick.

Othercattlemenseemorepromiseinrobots.MichaelKelseyParis,vicepresidentoftheOklahomaCattlemen'sAssociation,saidarobotcouldbeextremelyusefulgivenrisingconcernsaboutcattletheft.Cattletendtobekeptinremoteplacesandtheirvaluehasrisen,makingthemappealingtargets.24.Whatisaproblemwiththecattle-raisingindustry?A.Soilpollution. B.Lackofworkers. C.Agingmachines. D.Lowprofitability.25.WhatwillSukkarieh'srobotbeabletodo?A.Monitorthequalityofgrass. B.Curethediseasedcattle.C.Movecattletoanotherfield. D.Predictweatherchanges.26.WhydoesPeteBondsstillhirecowboystowatchcattle?A.Hewantstohelpthemearnaliving.B.Hethinksmencandothejobbetter.C.Heisinexperiencedinusingrobots.D.Heenjoysthetraditionalwayoflife.27.HowmayrobotshelpwithcattlewatchingaccordingtoMichaelKelsey?A.Increasethevalueofcattle. B.Bringdownthecostoflabor.C.Makethejobmoreappealing. D.Keepcattlefrombeingstolen.八、【2024新課標(biāo)Ⅱ卷】GiventheastonishingpotentialofAItotransformourlives,weallneedtotakeactiontodealwithourAI-poweredfuture,andthisiswhereAIbyDesign:APlanforLivingwithArtificialIntelligencecomesin.ThisabsorbingnewbookbyCatrionaCampbellisapracticalroadmapaddressingthechallengesposedbytheforthcomingAIrevolution(變革).Inthewronghands,suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedtoprocessasthecomputercode(代碼)thatpowersAIbut,thankfully,Campbellhasmorethantwodecades'professionalexperiencetranslatingtheheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangleofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic,makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich,bytheclose,willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.AswesooncometolearnfromAIbyDesign,AIisalreadysuper-smartandwillbecomemorecapable,movingfromthecurrentgenerationof"narrow-AI"toArtificialGeneralIntelligence.Fromthere,Campbellsays,willcomeArtificialDominantIntelligence.ThisiswhyCampbellhassetouttoraiseawarenessofAIanditsfuturenow—severaldecadesbeforethesedevelopmentsareexpectedtotakeplace.Shesaysitisessentialthatwekeepcontrolofartificialintelligence,orriskbeingsidelinedandperhapsevenworse.Campbell'spointistowakeupthoseresponsibleforAI—thetechnologycompaniesandworldleaders—sotheyareonthesamepageasalltheexpertscurrentlydevelopingit.Sheexplainsweareata"tippingpoint"inhistoryandmustactnowtopreventanextinction-leveleventforhumanity.WeneedtoconsiderhowwewantourfuturewithAItopanout.Suchstructuredthinking,followedbyglobalregulation,willenableustoachievegreatnessratherthanourdownfall.AIwillaffectusall,andifyouonlyreadonebookonthesubject,thisisit.28.Whatdoesthephrase"Inthewronghands"inparagraph2probablymean?A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated.B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent.D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.29.WhatisafeatureofAIbyDesignaccordingtothetext?A.Itispackedwithcomplexcodes.B.Itadoptsadown-to-earthwritingstyle.C.Itprovidesstep-by-stepinstructions.D.ItisintendedforAIprofessionals.30.WhatdoesCampbellurgepeopletodoregardingAIdevelopment?A.Observeexistingregulationsonit.B.Reconsiderexpertopinionsaboutit.C.Makejointeffortstokeepitundercontrol.D.Learnfrompriorexperiencetoslowitdown.31.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A.TorecommendabookonAI. B.TogiveabriefaccountofAIhistory.C.ToclarifythedefinitionofAI. D.TohonoranoutstandingAIexpert.

答案以及解析一、1.答案：C解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段"HelprestoreandprotectMarin'snaturalareas"和"HabitatRestorationTeamvolunteersplayavitalroleinrestoringsensitiveresourcesandprotectingendangeredspecies"可知，棲息地恢復(fù)團(tuán)隊(duì)的目標(biāo)是保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C。2.答案：B解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)AGE,SKILLS,WHATTOBRING中"Volunteersaged10andoverarewelcome."可知，加入棲息地恢復(fù)團(tuán)隊(duì)的最低年齡是10歲。故選B。3.答案：B解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)AGE,SKILLS,WHATTOBRING中"We'llbeworkingrainorshine.Wearclothesthatcangetdirty.Bringlayersforchangingweatherandaraincoatifnecessary."可知，志愿者甚至?xí)趷毫拥奶鞖鈼l件下工作。故選B。二、4.答案：B解析：主旨大意題。通讀第二段可知，本段解釋了"群體智慧"效應(yīng)的底層邏輯。故選B。5.答案：D解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段"Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople'sestimatesbeindependent."和第三段"whencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals"可知，Navajas的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的估計(jì)不是完全獨(dú)立的，平均準(zhǔn)確率依舊會(huì)提升。故選D。6.答案：C解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段"Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey'sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.'Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror."可知，后續(xù)研究的重點(diǎn)是小組的討論過(guò)程。故選C。7.答案：D解析：觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)最后一段"AlthoughthestudiesledbyNavajashavelimitationsandmanyquestionsremain,thepotentialimplicationsforgroupdiscussionanddecision-makingareenormous."可知，作者對(duì)Navajas的研究持支持態(tài)度。故選D。三、8.答案：A解析：推斷。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知,在過(guò)去的七年里,大多數(shù)州都禁止司機(jī)發(fā)短信,公共服務(wù)活動(dòng)也嘗試了多種方法來(lái)說(shuō)服人們?cè)陂_(kāi)車時(shí)放下手機(jī)。再根據(jù)第二段第一句"Yettheproblem...tobegettingworse"可知,雖然幾乎使用了各種各樣的方法,但是情況卻似乎越來(lái)越糟糕了。所以這些方法是無(wú)效的。故選A項(xiàng)。9.答案：B解析：理解具體信息。根據(jù)第五段最后一句"Thetechnologycould...hands-freedrivinglaws"可知,這項(xiàng)技術(shù)可以確定司機(jī)是否發(fā)了短信、發(fā)了郵件,或者做了紐約免提駕駛法不允許的其他事情。由此可知,Textalyzer能夠幫警官確定司機(jī)是否使用了手機(jī)。故選B項(xiàng)。10.答案：D解析：理解詞匯。根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句可知,如果Textalyzer法案成為法律,人們將更害怕從而不敢在開(kāi)車時(shí)使用手機(jī),即人們將改變自己的行為。由此可推知,something在此處指代的是法律。故選D項(xiàng)。A項(xiàng)"建議"、B項(xiàng)"數(shù)據(jù)"、C項(xiàng)"考試"都與原文的邏輯違背。11.答案：B解析：理解文章主旨要義。綜觀全文內(nèi)容可知,本文主要講了為解決司機(jī)在開(kāi)車時(shí)使用手機(jī)造成分心從而引發(fā)交通事故的問(wèn)題,紐約的立法者提出使用Textalyzer這一設(shè)備來(lái)監(jiān)控司機(jī)在開(kāi)車的時(shí)候是否使用了手機(jī)。故B項(xiàng)最適合作本文標(biāo)題。A項(xiàng)"開(kāi)車還是不開(kāi)?三思而行"和C項(xiàng)"紐約禁止司機(jī)使用手持設(shè)備"對(duì)關(guān)鍵信息Textalyzer未提及,D項(xiàng)"下一代手機(jī):Textalyzer"則完全誤解了Textalyzer的作用。四、12.答案：B解析：理解具體信息。題干問(wèn)的是"作者想要通過(guò)講芝麻菜的故事表達(dá)什么?"。根據(jù)題干可將解題信息定位于文章的第一段。根據(jù)第一段的最后一句可知,更糟糕的是,作者不假思索地買了太多東西;作者本可以用扔掉的東西做六份沙拉。由此可知,我們有時(shí)會(huì)無(wú)意中浪費(fèi)食物。故選B項(xiàng)。13.答案：B解析：理解具體信息。題干問(wèn)的是"根據(jù)文本內(nèi)容,食物浪費(fèi)的一個(gè)后果是什么?"。根據(jù)題干可將解題信息定位于文章的第三段。根據(jù)第三段第一句可知,生產(chǎn)沒(méi)人吃的食物會(huì)浪費(fèi)種植食物所消耗的水、燃料和其他資源,這使得食物浪費(fèi)成為一個(gè)環(huán)境問(wèn)題。由此可知,食物浪費(fèi)的一個(gè)后果是環(huán)境危害。故選B項(xiàng)。14.答案：D解析：推斷。題干問(wèn)的是"Curtin的公司是做什么的?"。根據(jù)題干可將解題信息定位于文章的第四段。根據(jù)第四段中的"CurtinisCEO...rottedinfields"可知,該公司回收食物并將其轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榻】凳称?。它通過(guò)接受捐贈(zèng)和收集有瑕疵的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品,回收了超過(guò)807500磅的食物,否則這些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品會(huì)在地里腐爛。由此可推知,Curtin的公司把一些人們不需要的東西變成可以吃的健康食物。故選D項(xiàng)。15.答案：A解析：推斷。題干問(wèn)的是"Curtin建議人們做什么?"。根據(jù)題干可將解題信息定位于文章的最后一段。根據(jù)最后一段中Curtin說(shuō)的話可推知,Curtin建議人們減少食物浪費(fèi)。故選A項(xiàng)。五、16.答案：D解析：理解詞匯。讀題:題干問(wèn)"第二段中畫(huà)線短語(yǔ)shinethrough是什么意思"。A項(xiàng)"似乎不太可能長(zhǎng)久";B項(xiàng)"似乎難以解釋";C項(xiàng)"準(zhǔn)備好使用";D項(xiàng)"變得容易被注意到"。解題:本段第一句談到當(dāng)閱讀幾百字或更多字的文本時(shí),有紙化學(xué)習(xí)通常比在屏幕上學(xué)習(xí)更成功,接著談到大量的研究證實(shí)了這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。故畫(huà)線短語(yǔ)所在部分應(yīng)該是指從提出簡(jiǎn)單的任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)向需要抽象思維的任務(wù)時(shí),這種有紙化閱讀的好處尤其明顯,也就是說(shuō)很容易被注意到,答案為D。17.答案：A解析：理解具體信息。讀題:題干問(wèn)"'淺化假說(shuō)'假定了什么"。A項(xiàng)"讀者輕率對(duì)待電子文本";B項(xiàng)"電子文本更容易理解";C項(xiàng)"人們隨機(jī)選擇電子文本";D項(xiàng)"電子文本適用于社交媒體"。解題:根據(jù)題干中的shallowinghypothesis可以將答案定位在第四段中。根據(jù)第四段中的"whichareoftennotsoserious"以及"devotelessmentaleffort"可知在對(duì)待電子文本的時(shí)候,讀者通常不是很嚴(yán)肅,同時(shí)比閱讀紙質(zhì)文本時(shí)投入的精力要少,