語法專題-非謂語動詞

專題語法：非謂語動詞概念：不充當_________的動詞，在句中可以作除_________外的所有成分。主要有：________________、_________________、__________________。非謂語動詞使用的條件：在一個句子當中，已經(jīng)存在一個主句（含有謂語動詞），又沒有連詞的情況下，還有別的動詞出現(xiàn)時。eg:Shegotoffthebus,____________herhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,but____________herhandbagonherseat.二．非謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)形式意義不定式：一般式：__________________________()被動式：___________________________()進行式：___________________________()完成式：___________________________()完成被動式：_______________________()v.-ing形式：一般式：________________________()被動式:_________________________()完成式：_________________________()完成被動式：_______________________()havingbeendone與done作狀語時沒有明顯區(qū)別，一般可互換，但havingbeendone更強調(diào)動作發(fā)生在謂語之前中，且不能作__________。eg:___________________________（被告知過很多次），hestillrepeatedthesamemistake.不及物動詞的過去分詞，只表示_________，不表示________。如fallenleaves,lostchild.有時過去分詞只表示_________，不強調(diào)時間性。eg:Theboywasrunningalongthestreet,____________(follow)byadog.非謂語動詞的句法功能：不定式有_________、_________、_________的特征，因此在句中可以作_______________________________________________________________等成分。eg:Todothatsortofthingisfoolish.()Iwanttoseeyouthisevening.()Wefoundahousetolivein.()ShecameheretostudyEnglish.()Iwarnedthepatientnottodrinkcoldwateraftertheoperation.()Mydreamistogotoafamousuniversity.()動名詞既具有_________的特點，又具有_________的特點在句中可作_____________________________________________。eg:Myfavoritepartwasseeingthelovelybearsinthemountains.()Lookingafterthepatientsisanurse’sjob.()HewillkeeptryingnewideassohecanhelpfarmersinChina.()Thereareonlyoneteachingbuildinginourschool.()分詞在句中起_________和_________的作用，有兩種形式：_________和_________，在句中作_____________________________________________。eg:Thebridge_________(build)lastmonthneedsrepairing.()Those_________(wish)tojointhisclubshouldsignhere.()Shewastoo__________(frighten)tomove.()Whatyousaidisreally___________(inspire).()Iheardmybrother____________(sing)songsinthenextroom.()Iheardthesong___________(sing)inEnglish.()__________(see)fromthetopofthetower,wecanseeabeautifulscenery.()__________(see)fromthetopofthetower,thecitylooksbeautiful.()四．考點非謂語動詞作狀語－――高考高頻考點不定式作狀語表_________、_________或_________（常置于表情緒的詞后），有時不定式還可以修飾一個句子，表明__________________。常見的這類不定式有totellyouthetruth,tobehonest,tobefrank,tobefair等。eg:Weeattolive,butwedon’tlivetoeat.__________________Whathashesaidtomakeyousohappy?__________________Sheburstintotearstohearthebadnews.__________________Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlikethefilm.__________________注意：動詞不定式作_________狀語，其邏輯主語通常也是全句的主語，常在so/such…asto,enough…to,onlyto…以及too…to…等結(jié)構(gòu)中表示_____________。尤其是onlyto…常表示__________________。eg:Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.Youareoldenoughtodependonyourselves.Hehurriedtothestationonlytofindthetrainhadalreadyleft.（2013.湖南）_____warmatnight,Iwouldfillthewoodstove,thensetmyalarmclockformidnightsoIcouldrefillit.A.StayingB.StayedC.TostayD.Stay（2014.重慶）Groupactivitieswillbeorganizedafterclass_____childrendevelopteamspirit.A.helpingB.havinghelpedC.helpedD.Tohelp（2014.四川）---Ihopetotakethecomputercourse.---Goodidea._____moreaboutit,visitthiswebsite.A.TofindoutB.TobefindingoutC.FindingoutD.Havingfoundout分詞作狀語分詞可作______________________________________________________等狀語。eg:_________________(operate)on,Iwasabsentfromschool.________________When_________(ask)whyhewalkedinwithoutpermission,hejuststaredatusandsaidnothing,_________________________(give)moretime,Icanfinishthework.________________Thecarwascaughtinatrafficjam,thus_________(cause)thedelay.________________Theforeignstudentlistenedwithfullattention,_________tomissanyimportantpoint.A.nottryingB.nottotryC.totrynotD.tryingnot______________（2013.新課標全國Ⅰ）Thesunlightiswhiteandblinding,______hard-edgedshadowsontheground.________________A.throwingB.beingthrownC.tothrowD.tobethrown__________________（tell）manytimes,hestillrepeatedthesamemistake._____________（2012.北京）_______withcare,onetinwilllastforsixweeks._________________A.UseB.UsingC.UsedD.Touse（2013.北京）_____thecourseverydifficult,shedecidedtomovetoalowerlevel.A.FindB.FindingC.TofindD.found（2014.福建）_____thepastyearasanexchangestudentinHongKong,Lindaappearsmorematurethanthoseofherage.A.SpendingB.SpentC.HavingspentD.Tospend（2013．湖南）Thesunbegantoriseinthesky,_____themountainingoldenlight.A.bathedB.bathingC.tohavebathedD.havebathed（2014.重慶）Theproducercomesregularlytocollectthecameras_____toourshopforqualityproblems.A.returningB.returnedC.toreturnD.tobereturned（2012.大綱全國Ⅱ）Tonylentmethemoney,_____thatI’ddoasmuchforhim.A.hopingB.tohopeC.hopedD.havinghoped注意：①現(xiàn)在分詞與不定式作結(jié)果狀語的比較現(xiàn)在分詞表示_______________的結(jié)果；不定式表示_________________的結(jié)果，其前常加only.(2012．山東)Georgereturnedafterthewar,only______thathiswifehadlefthim.A.tobetoldB.tellingC.beingtoldD.toldAterribleaircrashhappenedovertheAtlanticOcean,______150passengers.A.killingB.havingkilledC.killedD.tokill(2)現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的比較現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作與句子主語之間為邏輯上的______________，表__________________。過去分詞表示的動作與句子主語之間為邏輯上的______________，表__________________。_________（see）fromthetopofthemountain,wecanseethewholecity._________（see）fromthetopofthemountain,thewholecitycanbeenseen.(3)如果不定式或分詞表示的動作在謂語動詞表示的動作之前發(fā)生，該不定式或分詞用__________________。（2013.山東）_______atthecafeteriabefore,Tinadidn’twanttoeatthereagain.A.HavingeatenB.ToeatC.EatD.Eating（2013.新課標全國Ⅱ）Igottotheofficeearlierthatday,_____the7:30trainfromPaddington.A.caughtB.tohavecaughtC.tocatchD.havingcaught(4)某些分詞的過去分詞已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化成_____________，往往用于體表結(jié)構(gòu)中，此時的過去分詞不表被動，也不表完成，而表示一種_________。常見的有：lost,seated,hidden,determined,lost/absorbed/buriedin(沉溺于)，dressedin,tiredof,…（2014安徽考前沖刺卷一）Helefthishomeland,______never______backagain.A.determined;tocomeB.beingdetermined;tocomeC.determined;comingD.determining;coming(5)有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語，形式上不受上下文的影響，稱為________________。①現(xiàn)在分詞的獨立成分：有些分詞短語可以獨立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，作為習慣用法。常見的有：generally/roughly()/frankly/broadly()/narrowly()/strictlyspeaking,talkingof(),speakingof(),judgingfrom/by(),considering(),allowingfor(),puttingitsimply()。②不定式的獨立成分：有些固定短語是帶to的不定式，表明__________________，在句中作_______________。這類短語有：tobehonest,tobesure,totellyouthetruth,tocutalongstoryshort,tobefrank,tomakematters/thingsworse.非謂語動詞作定語不定式作定語①動詞不定式作定語時必須_________，如果不定式是不及物動詞后面應(yīng)帶有必要的介詞。eg:Therearevariousgoodsintheshop__________________(choose).注：不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time,place,way時，不定式后面的介詞習慣上_________。eg:Hehadnomoneyandnoplacetolive.當作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的承受者時，不定式既可以用_________，也可以用_________，但其含義有所不同。試比較：翻譯：Haveyouanythingtosend?______________________________________________________(不定式動作的執(zhí)行者是_________)Haveyouanythingtobesent?____________________________________________________（不定式動作的執(zhí)行者是__________________）一些抽象名詞如chance,warning,ability,ambition,attempt,offer,decision,anxiety,way等詞后常用__________________作定語。判斷正誤：DoyouhavetheabilityofreadingandwritinginEnglish?()DoyouhavetheabilitytoreadandwriteinEnglish?()④不定式用來修飾被______________、____________或no,all，any等修飾的限定詞，且與中心詞為主謂關(guān)系。eg:Hewasthebestman_____________(do)thejob.Heisalwaysthefirst_____________(arrive)attheschoolandthelast___________(leave).（2014.北京）Therearestillmanyproblems______beforewearereadyforalongstayonthemoon.A.solvingB.solvedC.beingsolvedD.tobesolved（2013.北京）Volunteeringgivesyouachance______lives,includingyourown.A.changeB.changingC.changedD.tochange(2)分詞作定語①單個分詞作定語，往往放在所修飾的詞的_________，分詞短語作定語時一般放在所修飾詞的_________。eg:Arethereany_________(live)thingsonthemoon?Heistoblameforthe_________(spoil)child.Doyouknowtheman_________(sit)there?Everybodyattendedthemeeting_________(hold)lastnight.注意：有時單個的分詞也可作后置定語。eg:Makesentenceswith____________________________(所給的短語)。②動名詞作定語：說明被修飾詞的__________________。如awalkingstick(拐杖)，areadingroom,asleepingcar（臥鋪車）,aswimmingpool,ameetingroom…③區(qū)別（意義）：eg:Thebridge__________________nextmonthisthethirdbridgeovertheriver.Thebridge__________________nowisthethirdbridgeovertheriver.Thebridge__________________lastyearisthethirdbridgeovertheriver.不定式表：__________________現(xiàn)在分詞表：__________________過去分詞表：__________________（2013.新課標全國Ⅰ）---Theymightjusthaveaplace_____onthewritingcourse.---Whydon’tyougiveitatry?A.leaveB.leftC.leavingD.toleave（2014.北京）Lastnight,thereweremillionsofpeople_____theopeningceremonyliveonTV.A.watchB.towatchC.watchedD.watching（2013.湖南）Youcannotacceptanopinion_____toyouunlessitisbasedonfacts.A.offeringB.toofferC.havingofferedD.offered（2012.山東）Aftercompletingandsigningit,pleasereturntheformtousintheenvelope____.A.providingB.providedC.havingprovidedD.provide（2014.山東）Thereisanotepinnedtothedoor_____whentheshopwillopenagain.A.sayingB.saysC.saidD.havingsaid（2013.遼寧）LaurawasawayinParisforoveraweek.Whenshegothome,therewasapileofmail_____forher.A.waitedB.towaitC.waitingD.waswaiting（2013.山東）Theroomisemptyexceptforabookshelf_____inonecorner.A.standingB.tostandC.standsD.stood（2012.浙江）“It’ssuchaniceplace,”mothersaidasshesatatthetable_____forcustomers.A.tobereservedB.havingreservedC.reservingD.reserved練習：用所給詞的適當形式填空。Theman________________(question)inthepolicestationnowisaspy.Aman________________(respect)otherswillberespected.Shecanfindnoone________________(make)friendswith.Isthereanybody__________________(answer)thequestion?Halfoftheguests________________(invite)totheconferencewereforeigners.Thematter__________________(discuss)isveryimportant.Thatistheway__________________(operate)themachine.Shewasaprofessor_______________(love)byallherstudents.非謂語動詞作補語eg:Itriedtopersuadehim___________________(give)upsmoking,butinvain.Sheaskedme____________________(answer)thephoneinherabsence.Iheardhim_________________(call)meseveraltimes.(1)不定式作賓補表主謂關(guān)系，強調(diào)動作_________________________，通常用帶to的不定式作賓補的動詞或詞組有：ask,beg,expect,get,persuade,order,tell,want,wish,encourage,wouldlike/love/prefer...通常用不帶to的不定式作賓補的________________和________________有：notice,see,watch,hear,fear,let,make,have...(2)Ifoundher________________(listen)totheradio.Wefoundthevillagegreatly________________(develop).現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補表主謂關(guān)系，強調(diào)動作________________，尚未完成。過去分詞作賓補表動賓關(guān)系，動作________________，多強調(diào)狀態(tài)。常見動詞有：notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,leave,feel…（2011.重慶）MichaelputupapictureofYaoMingbesidethebedtokeephimself_____ofhisowndreams.A.remindingB.toremindC.remindedD.remind（2011.浙江）Eventhebestwriterssometimesfindthemselves_____forwords.A.loseB.lostC.toloseD.havinglost注意：（1）當感官動詞feel,hear,see,watch,notice等后面的賓語與作賓補的動詞在邏輯上是主動關(guān)系時，用（省略to的）不定式（表_________________________）；或現(xiàn)在分詞（表________________________________________________）；當賓語與作賓補的動詞在邏輯上是被動關(guān)系時，用________________。eg:Iheardher________________(sing)anEnglishsongjustnow.____________________Iheardher________________(sing)anEnglishsongwhenIpassedbyherroomyesterday._____________________TolearnEnglishwell,weshouldfindopportunitiestohearEnglish________________(speak)asmuchaspossible.____________________(2)在使役動詞make,let,have后，一般用________________不定式作賓補，但在其被動式后作主語補足語時，要________________。eg:Hemadehisworkers______________(work)12hoursaday.(變成被動句)________________________________________________________________（3）with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的補語sb/sthdoing____________________________________With+sth.done____________________________________sth.todo____________________________________eg:Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhiswork______________(finish),hegraduallyacceptedit.Withalotofdifficultproblems________________(settle),thenewlyelectedpresidenthadahardtime.注意：若賓補的動作表示“正在被做”，則用________________。eg:IhearanEnglishsong________________(sing)byalittlegirlattheEnglishevening.(4)幾組詞作賓語的用法：①make+賓語+dosth（賓語與賓補之間為________________）賓語+done（賓語與賓補之間為________________）eg:Hemadehisworkers___________________(work)twelvehoursaday.Hetriedhisbesttomakehimself__________________(understand).sb/sthdoing_______________________________________②get+sth.done_______________________________________sb.todo________________________________________eg:Hegotme____________(post)theletterforhim.Thecaptaingotthesoldiers______________(move)towardthefrontafterashortrest.I’llgetmybike_____________(repair)now.sb/sthdoing_______________________________________③have+sth.done_______________________________________sb.dosth________________________________________注意：a)havesthdone還表示“___________________”之意。eg:Tomhadhisleg________________________________(break)whileplayingfootball.b)havesbdoing若用于否定句中，表示“___________________”之意。eg:Iwon’thaveyou________________(talk)toyourmotherlikethat.c)havesthtodo表示“___________________”，不定式作定語。eg:Ihavesomethingurgent__________________(inform)you.sb.doing_______________________________________④leave+sth.undone_______________________________________sb.todosth________________________________________sth.tobedone__________________________________________eg:It’swrongofyoutoleavethemachine_________________(run).Theguestsleftmostofthedishes___________(untouch),becausetheydidn’ttastedelicious.Heleft,leavingme____________(do)therestofthework.Wehurriedlyendedourmeeting,leavingmanyproblems____________________(settle).⑤keep+sb.doingsth._______________________________________sb./sth.done_______________________________________⑥set+sb.todosth._______________________________________sb./sth.doing_______________________________________⑦letsb.dosth._______________________________⑧catchsb.doingsth._______________________________eg:IcaughtJohn________________(read)myprivateletters.(5)用不定式作主語補足語的結(jié)構(gòu)：sb.besaid/believed/known/reported/found/thought/considered…+todo/tobedoing/tohavedonesth.eg:Heisconsidered___________(be)anhonestman.Thebanknearthestreetcornerwasreported________________________(rob)lastnight.ThenumberofEnglishlearnersissaid_______________________(increase)throughouttheworldeveryday.注意：上面的句式往往用“Itissaid/believed/known/reported….that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)。eg:Heissaidtospeakfivelanguages.=_____________________________________________.2)注意該結(jié)構(gòu)中的時態(tài)、語態(tài)的變化。非謂語動詞作主語、賓語、表語及構(gòu)成其它句型非謂語動詞作賓語①只接不定式作賓補的動詞：hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen…②只接動名詞作賓語的動詞或短語：mind,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,avoid,risk,resist,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto…③兩者都可以意義基本相同：begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continueneed,want,require(主語與動名詞存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，接動名詞主動形式表被動意義。)意義不同：stoptodosth__________________remembertodosth______________________stopdoingsth__________________rememberdoingsth_____________________forgettodosth__________________regrettodosth______________________forgetdoingsth__________________regretdoingsth______________________goontodosth___________________trytodosth________________________goondoingsth___________________trydoingsth_________________________meantodosth___________________can’thelptodosth_______________________meandoingsth____________________can’thelpdoingsth______________________consider…tobe_________________________considerdoingsth_________________________beconsideredtohavedone__________________________(2)非謂語動詞作主語不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別：①動名詞作主語表示___________________行為，不定式作主語往往表示___________________將來的動作。eg:Smokingisforbiddenhere.Itisnotgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.②不定式作主語，一般用_______作形式主語，而把_______________后置。常見句型有：Itis+adj+forsbtodosth______________________________________________________ofsbtodosth______________________________________________________eg:Itisnice_______youtosayso.Itisdifficult_______studentstolearnEnglishgrammarwell.③V-ing在“Itisnouse/nogood/useless+doing”結(jié)構(gòu)中作_______________，it為_______________，意為_______________。④主表對稱原則eg:眼見為實。__________________________________________________________________.(3)非謂語動詞作表語①不定式作表語一般表示具體的動作，特別是表示將來的動作。eg:Myjobistohelpthepatients.Hiswishistobuyasleepingcarinthenearfuture.②V-ing形式作表語，表示抽象的、一般性的行為。eg:Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.V-ing形式也可表主語_______________。如：astonishing,exciting,moving,surprising,tiring,interesting,amusing,shocking,worrying…eg:Hislectureisinspiring.Themusicsoundsexciting.③V-ed形式作表語表主語_______________。如：astonished,excited,moved,surprised,tired,interested,amused,shocked,worried,disappointed,drunk,frightened,married,confused,pleased,puzzled,satisfied…eg:Thecupsarebroken.Cleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallygetpaidbythehour.(4)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)形式：①_______________________________________________________________________②_______________________________________________________________________1.名詞/代詞+不定式______________________________v-ing形式______________________________過去分詞______________________________注意：獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)從語法上來講不是句子，在句中通常作______________,表__________________________________，可以轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的狀語從句。具有以下特點：a)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語___________，它獨立存在。b)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)通常與句子有___________隔開。c)名詞或代詞與后面的分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語等是_________________________________________。eg:Thetest____________________(finish),webeganourholiday._________________Hecameintotheroom,__________________________________.(他的耳朵凍得通紅)__________________Hecameoutofthelibrary,_________________________________.(一本大書夾在腋下)__________________Weather__________________(permit)，wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.____________（2014.江蘇）Thelecture______,alivelyquestion-and-answersessionfollowed.A.beinggivenB.havingg