語法選修課 高中英語 非謂語動詞 A篇

英語非謂語動詞精講1.非謂語動詞的語法功能所能充當?shù)某煞种髡Z表語賓語賓（語）補定語插入語（獨立成分）V-ing形式現(xiàn)在分詞●●●●動名詞●●●●不定式（todo）●●●●●●過去分詞（done）●●●●2.非謂語動詞的變化形式非謂語形式構(gòu)成時態(tài)語態(tài)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)否定式主動被動不定式一般式todotobedoneforsb.todosth.或ofsb.todosth.在“to”前加not或never進行式tobedoing/完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone動名詞一般式doingbeingdonesb.或sb’sdoing作主語要用sb’sdoing在前加not完成式havingdonehavingbeendone現(xiàn)在分詞與動名詞變化形式相同在前加notInfinitive(不定式)不定式的基本形式to-infinitivebare-infinitive1.作主語1)不定式做主語一般表示具體的某次動作,尤其是未發(fā)生的行為動作。2)不定式做主語可直接位于句首,但當主語較長時，常用it做形式主語，而將不定式放到謂語的后面。It

is

important

for

modern

young

people

to

master

at

least

two

foreign

languages.常見句型結(jié)構(gòu)：a)

It

is＋形容詞＋不定式It

is

not

easy

to

catch

fish

with

your

hands

only.b)

It

i＋名詞＋不定式It

is

important

for

us

young

people

to

learn

English

and

master

it.c)

It

takes/needs/requires

(sb.)

some

time

(determination,energy,

patience...)＋不定式It

takes

me

three

hours

to

learn

English

each

day.2.作賓語1)不定式作賓語不定式常在下列動詞后面作賓語：afford,agree,aim,apply,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,care,choose,claim,,dare,demand,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,hesitate,intend,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,

pretend,promise,refuse,seek,tend,threaten,want,wish等。2)在“主語＋動詞＋it＋賓補＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu),it作形式賓語:We

found

it

impossible

to

get

everything

ready

in

time.

I

think

it

important

to

learn

English

well

in

college.使用這種句型的常見動詞有：believe,

consider,

declare,

feel,

find,

guess,

imagine,make,

prove,

realize,

suppose,

think,等。3)不定式一般不作介詞賓語,只有少數(shù)介詞如except,but等后可以跟不定式作賓語.一般情況下作介詞賓語的不定式都帶to,但如果或所在的句子里有行為動詞do,does,did時,常略to.Wehavenochoicebuttowait.Wecandonothingbutwait.3.作表語1)不定式作表語解釋說明主語所包含的內(nèi)容，主語常常是表示意向、打算、計劃的詞，如aim,duty,idea,job,policy,purpose,question,suggestion,task,wish等。The

most

important

thing

for

one's

health

is

to

have

plenty

of

exercise.My

chief

purpose

has

been

to

point

out

the

difficulties

of

the

matter.2)作表語的不定式通常都帶to,但當主語部分有行為動詞do時,to可以省略.Theonlythingwecandonowiswaitandsee.4.作定語1)不定式作定語通常要放在其所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。2)不定式作定語的幾種情況:a)表示動作還未發(fā)生,被修飾的名詞或代詞在邏輯關(guān)系上是不定式動作的賓語;Shehasameetingtoattend.b)被修飾的詞是或前面由序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級或only,

last,

next修飾時,常用不定式作定語。Mr.

Zhang

is

always

the

first

to

arrive

at

the

office

and

the

last

to

leave.I

don't

think

he

is

the

best

one

to

do

the

work.c)被修飾的名詞為抽象名詞need,right,way,reason,attempt,ability,determination,decision,promise,plan等時,后常用不定式作定語;Youhaveeveryrighttofeelbetrayedbyyourfriends.Thereisnoneedforyoutowaituntilhecomes.5.作狀語Hespokeloudly(soas/inorder)tobeheard.目的狀語.Theyjumpedwithjoytohearthenews.原因狀語.I’mtootiredtowalkanyfurthertonight.結(jié)果狀語Theriverisdangeroustoswimin.方式狀語a)不定式作狀語表示目的?；蛴糜趕o

as和in

order之后，來強調(diào)這種目的。b)不定式表示結(jié)果，特別是在so...as

to,such...as

to,only

to...以及too...to等結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式表示結(jié)果。e.gI

rushed

to

the

station

as

fast

as

I

could,

only

to

find

the

train

hadalready

gone.注:onlytodo常表示意想不到的，令人不快的結(jié)果.c)不定式常用來修飾形容詞，構(gòu)成adj.+不定式：happy,glad,lucky,fortunate,surprised,angry,anxious,ready,quick,slow,cruel,clever等;e.gIt

is

likely

to

rain

today,

for

it

is

very

cloudy.6.作賓補1)在“主+動+賓+賓補”的句形中,常用下列動詞后帶賓語補語：ask,

advise,

allow,

beg,

cause,

enable,

encourage,

expect,

force,

find,

hear,

have,

inform,invite,

let,

make,

mean,

notice,

order,

permit,

persuade,

remind,

require,request,

teach,

tell,

urge,

watch,

warn,

watch,feel,等。e.g.He

asked

you

to

call

him

at

ten

o'clock.2)當不定式在let,make,have,hear,look

at,see,listen

to,feel,observe,watch,notice,perceive(感覺到)等動詞后面作賓語補語時，不定式不帶to.但在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中賓補變成了主補,此時to要還原.e,gWhenever

something

is

wrong

with

you,

please

do

let

me

know.Hisfathermadehimgotobedearly.Hewasmadetogotobedearlybyhisfather.注意A.動詞不定式的否定式只須在to前加not.Myfatherdecidednottotakeupthejob.B.帶疑問詞的動詞不定式在to前加疑問詞。Mr.Linwillteachushowtousethecomputer.C.作簡短回答或避免不必要的重復(fù)時，動詞不定式常省去to后的動詞，只保留to。A:Wouldyouliketocometomyparty?B:Yes,I’dloveto(cometoyourparty).Marywantedtousemybike,butIaskedhernotto(usemybike).7．動詞不定式（體現(xiàn)時間概念）的三形式㈠.一般式(todo).Iopenedthedoortoentertheroom.不定式的一般式所表示的動作（狀態(tài)）同時（或幾乎同時）發(fā)生，或之后發(fā)生。㈡.進行式(tobedoing)Whenhismothercamein,hepretendedtobereading.如果謂語表示的動作（情況）發(fā)生時，不定式所表示的動作正進行，則用不定式的進行式。㈢.完成式（tohavedone）YouseemedtohavereadthenovelwrittenbyMr.Smith.不定式的完成時表示不定式動詞的行為已經(jīng)發(fā)生過了。8．動詞不定式的語態(tài)㈠.主動式(todo/tobedoing/tohavedone)當不定式邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的執(zhí)行者時，用主動式。WewanttolearnEnglishwell.㈡.被動式(tobedone/tohavebeendone)當不定式邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時，用被動式。Hedidn’tliketobelaughedat.9．用bareinfinitive(省略to的不定式)的幾種情況（1）let,have,make,see,watch,notice,observe,lookat,feel,perceive,listento,hear,etc+O(賓語)+do(不帶to的不定式作賓補)；eg.IsawherwalkintotheclassroomandsitdownnexttoMary.Who/WhomdoyouthinkMr.Whitewillhavewritethereportforhim?注意：此句型用于被動語態(tài)時，to要還原。eg.ShewasseentowalkintotheclassroomandsitdownnexttoMary.（2）有些動詞短語和情態(tài)動詞后要用省略to的不定式，如wouldrather,hadbetter,whynot等；eg.Ican’twaittoseemybirthdaypresent.I’dbettergoandseeitmyself.（3）兩個或兩個以上的動詞不定式由and,or,except,but,than,ratherthan,等詞連接時，這些詞后的動詞不定式to的省略；I’mwillingtogototheofficeandfetchthebookforyou.（4）不定式作介詞賓語時，如果所在句子里有行為動詞do,did,does時，to要省略；eg.Wecandonothingbutwait.（5）“主+系+表”結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果不定式作表語，主語部分有行為動詞do,did,does時，則不定式的to可以省略。Theonlythingwecandonowiswaitandsee.10．不定式的主動表示被動的幾種情況：（1）當句子的謂語動詞是have,get,find,give,bring等詞時，且不定式的邏輯主語就是句子的主語或賓語時，不定式用主動表示被動；Icanfindnotingtoeatinthefridge.（2）在too+adj./adv.+todo結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式用主動表示被動；eg.Thebookistoodifficulttounderstand.（3）在enough+todo結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式用主動表示被動；eg.Thecaseislightenoughtocarry.（4）在adj.+todo結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果形容詞是difficult,hard,easy,simple,light,heavy等詞時，不定式用主動表示被動；eg.Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.（5）在with+O(賓語)+todo結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式用主動表示被動；eg.Withalotofthingstobuy,Mrs.Blackwentintothesupermarket.Gerund(動名詞)動名詞是非謂動詞的一種形式，由動詞原形+ing構(gòu)成。它既有動詞的特征，又有名詞的特征，故稱動名詞。動名詞的句法功能：動名詞主要起名詞作用，在句中擔任主語、表語、賓語和定語。1.動名詞作主語Walkingisgoodexercise.Playingchessisfun.---Whywereyousolateforworktoday?---Drivingtotheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecauseofthetraffic.動名詞作主語,用來表示無時限的泛指動作,或描述當時的。也可用it作形式主語.但只限于下面句型:1）動名詞在“Itisnouse/nogood/fun/awasteoftime等名詞+doing”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語，it為形式主語。例如：Itisnogoodwritingtohim;heneveranswersletters.Itisnousetalkingtoomuch.Itisnotmuchfungoingtoapartyalone.Itwouldbeawasteoftimeattemptingtheimpossible.2）動名詞在“Itisuseless/nice/good等詞+doing”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語。例如：Itisnicemeetingyou.Itisuselesssendinghimthere.注意:此結(jié)構(gòu)句型中的good為名詞,意思是“好處”;而Itisnice+doing結(jié)構(gòu)常于告別時用,等于Itisnicetohavedone,如果剛見面時,則應(yīng)用Itisnice+todo.3）動名詞在“Thereis(was)no+doing”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語。例如：Thereisnodenyingthatsheisveryefficient.Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.2.動名詞作表語動名詞作表語起名詞作用,用來解釋主語的內(nèi)容,這時動名詞和主語的位置是可以交換的。Thenurse'sjobislookingafterthepatients.=Lookingafterthepatientsisthenurse'sjob注意:動名詞和不定式都可以作主語或表語,沒有太大區(qū)別.在表示經(jīng)常習慣性動作多用動名詞;在表示具體某次動作,特別是將來的動作時,多用不定式.Theirjobisbuildinghouses.Ourtasknowistoincreasefoodproduction.注意:它與謂語動詞進行時的區(qū)別:Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.Heiscollectingstamps._____________________________________________________________________________3.動名詞作定語動名詞可作前置定語，表示所修飾的詞的用途或目的，可用for改寫；動名詞作定語時，動名詞和它所修飾的詞沒有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系.aracingcar=acarforracingaswimmingpool=apoolforswimming注意動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時的區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語用于：被修飾的名詞和做定語的動詞為主動關(guān)系，該動作正在進行或與謂語動作同時進行，或是經(jīng)常性行為時。Thepeoplesittingatthebackmoveforwardplease.（正在進行）Iliketoliveinthehousefacingthesouth.(經(jīng)常性的動作)可用定語從句改寫：asleepingchild=achildwhoissleeping4．動名詞作賓語1）動名詞作動詞賓語①下列動詞后只能接動名詞：advise,appreciate,admit(承認),allow,avoid,consider(考慮),delay,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,forbid,imagine,keep,miss,mind,practice,permit,pardon,resist,recommend,suggest,understand,etc.Ican’timaginemarryingagirlofthatsort.Irecommendbuyingthedictionary.注意：advise/allow/permit/forbid/recommend+doing;advise/allow/permit/forbid/recommend+sb.+todo.e.g.Wedoesn’tallowsmokinginthelab.Theteacherdoesn’tallowustosmokeinthelab.Irecommendbuyingthisdictionary.Irecommendyoutobuythisdictionary.②有些動詞短語后也要求跟動名詞作賓語。常這樣用的動詞短語有：putoff,giveup,lookforwardto,feellike,havetrouble/difficulty(in)doingsth.devoteto,getusedto,payattentionto,befondof,stickto,beworth,can’tstand,can’thelp,etc.e.g.Heputoffmakingadecisiontillhehadmoreinformation.Doyoufeelliketakingawalk?2）動名詞作介詞賓語注意:介詞后如果需要非謂語動詞作賓語,通常只能是動名詞,不可用不定式(except,but除外)Areyougoodatplayingfootball?其他介詞不易錯,重點是介詞to.因為不定式符號也是to,所以一定要記住有關(guān)的短語.lookforwardto,devote…to,getusedto,getdownto,contributeto,payattentionto,stickto,onone’swayto…等，這些短語中的to都是介詞.IamusedtowatchingTVintheevening.We’resomushlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.5．動名詞與不定式作賓語的區(qū)別★1.有些動詞（continue,prefer,begin,hate,like,start,love）后面既可以接不定式作賓語，也可以接動名詞作賓語，意義差別不大。通常認為用動名詞泛指一般的傾向性，用不定式則表示特定或具體某一種動作。e.g.IlikeswimmingbutIdon’tliketoswiminwinter.★2.有些動詞，如forget,remember,regret等接不定式動名詞作賓語，二者有別：后面接動名詞表示的動作先于謂語動詞動作，不定式表示的動作后于謂語動詞。e.g.Doremembertotellyourmother.Iremembertellingmymother.Iregrettosay/tellImustleavetomorrow.Iregretnothavingtoldherearlier.★3.有些動詞（mean,stop,try）后面既可以接不定式作賓語，也可以接動名詞作賓語，但意義有差別?！褡⒁猓篴llow,permit,forbid,encourage接動名詞作賓語、接不定式作賓補6．動名詞的邏輯主語①人稱代詞做邏輯主語時應(yīng)用所有格，即形容詞性物主代詞。Doyoumindmysmokinghere?②邏輯主語是不定代詞或指示代詞時，很少用所有格，而用普通格。Hewasawakenedbysomeoneknockingatthedoor.③邏輯主語是名詞時，用所有格，但是如果名詞為無生命物體時，則用普通格。Mary’slaughingmadeTomangry.Thereisnohopeofthefactorymakingprofit.④在口語中，動名詞如果不在句首，可以用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格作邏輯主語。如果動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不是句子主語，這個結(jié)構(gòu)常用名詞普通格或人稱代詞賓格Idon’tmindJack(him)going.Shehatesyoungpeople(them)smoking.●注:復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語,只能用形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格+動名詞的結(jié)構(gòu).作賓語則既可用代詞賓格(形容詞性物主代詞)+動名詞也可用名詞(名詞所有格)+動名詞。1)Doyoumindmy/meopeningthewindow?2)Ourgoingthereisallowed.【在句首不能用us】7．動名詞有兩種時間形式A.動名詞的一般式(doing)通常表示一般性的動作或與謂語同時發(fā)生Ican’thelpcryingatthenews.B.動名詞的完成式(havingdone)動名詞的動作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生常用動名詞的完成式Sheregretnothavingstudiedthecomputerhard.Hedidn’tmentionhavingmetme.8．動名詞的語態(tài)A.主動語態(tài)（doing或havingdone）當一個動名詞邏輯上的主語是動名詞動作的執(zhí)行者,這個動名詞一般要用主動形式Mary’slaughingmadeTomangry.Doyoumindmysmokinghere?B.被動語態(tài)（beingdone或havingbeendone）當一個動名詞邏輯上的主語是動名詞動作的承受者,這個動名詞一般要用被動形式Beingkilledbysharkswasacommonoccurrence.Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.9．動名詞主動表示被動的幾種情況Beworthdoing;sth.+need/want/require+doingThenovelisworthreadingasecondtime.Mywatchneedsrepairing.10．動名詞的常見句型1.Itisnouse/nogood/fun/awasteoftime/agoodpleasure+doing(1)Itisnousetalkingtoomuch.(2)Itisnogoodcrying.2.Itisuseless/nice/good/interesting/worthwhileItisworthwhilediscussingthequestionagain.3.Thereis(was)no+doingThereisnoknowingwhathashappended.4.Thereisnoneed/use/good/harm/hurry+doingThereisnoharmpointingouthismistakes.5.sb.spendsometime(in)doingsth.Ispentthreeweeksreadingthebook.6.beworthdoingsth.Thebookiswellworthreadingagain.7.sth.want/need/require+doing/tobedoneTheair-conditionerneedsrepairing.Sb.Want/need/require+todo（6和7兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中的動名詞需用主動表示被動）8.ondoing(hearing/seeing/returning/arriving/opening…)Onhearingthenewshejumpedwithjoy.9.haveagoodtime/difficulty/trouble/fun/apleasure/ahardtime(in)doingsthIhavesomedifficultyinfindingoutwhenthetrainleaves.10.bebusydoingsth.Nowthestudentsarebusypreparingtheirlessons.Participle(分詞)分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種，其功能相當于形容詞和副詞，在句子中充當表語，定語，狀語或補語。1.作定語aninterestingbook/themansittingbythewindow/boilingwater,boiledwateradeveloped/deveiopingcountry分詞作定語時，如是單個的常放在被修飾名詞的前面，說明其所修飾的名詞的性質(zhì)或特征；如是短語，常放在被修飾的名詞后面，相當于一個定語從句。分詞作定語時通?？梢赞D(zhuǎn)換成定語從句。asleepingchild=achildwhoissleepingWeshoulddrinkboiledwater.=Weshoulddrinkwaterwhichhasbeenboiled①過去分詞做定語與其修飾詞之間是動賓關(guān)系，即被動關(guān)系或表示動作已經(jīng)先于謂語動詞所表示的動作完成。theescapedcriminal逃犯→pastawidelyusedlanguage→passive②現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示分詞動作“說話時正在進行”或“與謂語動詞同時進行”或“經(jīng)常性”的動作，與所修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，即主動關(guān)系。eg.thefallingleavesIliketoliveinthehousefacingthesouth.但是，若該動作是一次性發(fā)生過的動作，不能用現(xiàn)在分詞，只能用定語從句。eg.Doyourememberthefloodwhichhitourvillagetwoyearsago?=3\*GB3③被修飾的名詞與作定語的動詞為被動關(guān)系時，采用以下三種形式：名詞+done(過去分詞)表示動作已經(jīng)完成，被動關(guān)系名詞+beingdone(現(xiàn)在分詞的被動式)表示動作正在進行，被動關(guān)系名詞+tobedone(不定式的被動式)表示動作尚未發(fā)生，被動關(guān)系eg.ThemachineintroducedfromJapanhascomeintouse.ThepatientbeingoperatedonatpresentisfromJiangsu.Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisofgreatimportance.=4\*GB3④描述事物或事情的性質(zhì)一般用現(xiàn)在分詞；描述人的情感則用過去分詞。如：apieceofexcitingnewsTherewasasurprisedexpressioninhereyes.注意：分詞的完成形式(havingdone/havingbeendone)不能作定語。2作表語分詞作表語說明的是主語的性質(zhì)或特征或狀態(tài)，即主語怎么樣。Travellingisinterestingbuttiring.Edisonbecameinterestedinsciencewhenhewasveryyoung.Thecarisbrokenandwehavetohaveitrepaired.現(xiàn)在分詞（ving）主語通常是物，表示“令人……的”；ThenewsIheardjustnowisveryastonishing.過去分詞（ved）主語常是人，表示“感到…”。Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch.3.作狀語Seeingtheteacherenteringtheroom,thestudentsstoodup.Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinsports.Heated,waterchangesintosteam.Havingwrittentheletter,Johnwenttothepostoffice.分詞作狀語時，注意如下二點：相當于相應(yīng)的從句分詞的邏輯主語就是全句的主語=1\*GB3①現(xiàn)在分詞可用作伴隨，時間或結(jié)果等狀語，與主句的主語之間是主動關(guān)系；現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時有不同的形態(tài)：doing表示分詞動作正在進行或與主句動作同時發(fā)生，與主句主語間是主動關(guān)系beingdone表示分詞動作正在進行或與主句動作同時發(fā)生，與主句主語之間是被動關(guān)系havingdone表示分詞動作發(fā)生于主句動作之前，與主句主語之間是主動關(guān)系havingbeendone表示分詞動作發(fā)生于主句動作之前，與主句主語之間是被動關(guān)系注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語時常表示按事情發(fā)展的過程必然會產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。eg.Theircarwascaughtinatrafficjam,causingthedelay.=2\*GB3②過去分詞可以用來作時間，原因或條件等狀語，與主句的主語之間是被動關(guān)系：1)timeSeenfromthehill,theparklooksverybeautiful.=Whentheparkisseenfromthehill,itlooksverybeautiful.Onceseen,itcanneverbeforgotten.=Onceitisseen,itcanneverbeforgotten.2)reasonLostinthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.=Becausehewaslostinthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.3)conditionUnlessinvitedtospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.=Unlessyouareinvitedtospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.Comparedwithotherprofessors,shewasanexcellentspeaker.=Ifshewascomparedwithotherprofessors…4.作補語Canyougetthemachinegoingagain?Theboyswereseenwalkingonthegrass.Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.Shefoundthedoorlocked.分詞可以相當于形容詞在句子中充當補語，verb－ing形式在句中作賓語補足語或主語補足語時，它和句子的主語或賓語,之間的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系。verb－ed形式在句中作賓語補足語或主語補足語時，它和句子的主語或賓語之間的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系。Viviengotherfingerstrappedinthebicyclechain.(trapped的邏輯主語是句子的賓語fingers)Thevaluablevasewasfoundstolen.(stolen的邏輯主語是句子的主語vase)幾個常用詞語帶非謂語動詞作賓補或主補的情況：1.makemake+O+C(do)賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。make+O+C(done)賓語與賓補動作為被動關(guān)系。S+bemade+todo賓語與主補動作為主動關(guān)系。S+bemade+done賓語與主補動作為被動關(guān)系。e.g.Thosewhowon’tworkshouldbemadetowork.Hecouldn’tmakehimselfheard.2.keep/leavekeep/leave+O+C(doing)賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。keep/leave+O+C(done)賓語與賓補動作為被動關(guān)系。S+bekept/left+doing賓語與主補動作為主動關(guān)系。S+bekept/left+done賓語與主補動作為被動關(guān)系。e.g.Nowstudentsarekeptburyingthemselvesinbooksallday.Hisworkwaslefthalfdone.3.findfind+O+C(doing)賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。find+O+C(done)賓語與賓補動作為被動關(guān)系。S+befound+doing賓語與主補動作為主動關(guān)系。S+befound+done賓語與主補動作為被動關(guān)系。e.g.Ifoundhersittingatthebackoftheclassroom,crying.Shefoundhernecklacegoneonherwayhome.4.withwith+O+doing賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。with+O+done賓語與賓補動作為被動關(guān)系。with+O+todo表示動作還未發(fā)生，主動表示被動。e.g.Helayonthegrasslandwithhisjacketcoveringhisstomach.Withmuchworktodo,Ihavetogiveupthistrip.5.catchsb.doing/becaughtdoing該句型表示（偶然或突然）撞見，發(fā)現(xiàn)。e.g.Icaughtathiefstealingonmywayhome.Theywerecaughttryingtocornerthericemarket.6.havehave+O+do賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。讓某人做某事。have+O+doing賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。讓某一動作一直進行或讓某人一直做某事。have+O+done賓語與賓補動作為被動關(guān)系。1）某事由別人做；2）表達主語的遭遇。e.g.Shewillhaveyoudoingallthehouseworkifyouarenotcareful.Paulhadhishandburnedseriouslywhilecookingdinner.7.getget+O+todo賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。讓某人做某事。get+O+doing使某一動作開始進行。get+O+done表達的意義與have+O+done相同。e.g.Itisuptoyoutogetthemmovingatonce.Canyougettheclockgoingagain?8.感官動詞hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watchobserve,feel,perceive,etc+O+do賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。該動作全過程已結(jié)束或經(jīng)常發(fā)生。hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watchobserve,feel,perceive,etc+O+doing賓語與賓補動作為主動關(guān)系。表示該動作正在進行。hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watchobserve,feel,perceive,etc+O+done賓語與賓補動作為被動關(guān)系e.g.Hehasneverheardhersingsowellbefore.Ididn’tnoticeyoucarryingapackwhenyoucamein.Neverbeforehadhefelthimselfsopowerfullyattractedtothescientificidea.〓非謂語動詞的幾種固定結(jié)構(gòu)★totellyouthetruth/totellthetruth(實話告訴你),tobefrank/honest…(說實話),tomakethematterworse,generallyspeaking,.judgingfrom/by…,consideringthat…,(考慮到)，talkingof/speakingof…(談到),★given…(考慮到),comparedwith/to…Generallyspeaking,thisbookisnotverydifficult.Judgingfromwhatyousaid,hehastakenaverygoodjob.ConsideringthathehasbeeninChinaforonlyayear,hespeaksChinesewell.〓非謂語動詞的用法比較動詞不定式與動詞-ing（動名詞）作主語時的比較：不定式作主語通常表示“具體動作”或“某個特定的情況”。動名詞作主語通常表示“抽象動作或泛指一般情況”。如：It’snotgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.（特指）Smokingisabadhabit,whichyoushouldgetridof.（泛指）2.動詞不定式、動詞-ing（動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞）與過去分詞作表語時的比較：（1）動詞不定式、動詞-ing（動名詞）作表語時，前者表示某一具體動作，特別是將來的動作，而后者表示比較抽象的一般行為。如：Ourjobtodayistosweepthefloor.Theantqueen’jobislayingeggs.(2)現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作表語，表示主語的性質(zhì)、特點和狀態(tài)。如：ThenewsIheardjustnowisveryastonishing.Thecarisbrokenandwehavetohaveitrepaired.3.動詞不定式、動詞-ing（動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞）與過去分詞作定語時的比較：（1）動詞不定式、動詞-ing（動名詞）作定語時，前者放在被修飾名詞的后面，后者則放在被修飾名詞的前面，說明其所修飾名詞的用途。A.Shewasthefirstwomantoclimbthehighestmountainintheworld.(修飾被序數(shù)詞、最高級或no,all,any等限定的中心詞。)B.ShehasnoabilitytoreadandwriteChinese.(抽象名詞常見的有：ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,time等。)C.Iborrowedsomebooksintendedforchildrentoreadduringmyholiday.(表將來)D.asittingroom=aroomforsitting（2）現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語，單個的常放在被修飾名詞的前面，說明其所修飾的名詞的性質(zhì)或特征；如是短語，常放在被修飾的名詞后面，前者相當于一個定語從句，表示“說話時正在進行”或“與謂語動詞同時進行”或“經(jīng)常性”的動作；而后者也相當于一個定語從句，分詞所表示的動作一般“先于謂語動詞所表示的動作”或“沒有一定的時間性的動作”。A.Tomisgoingtoattendtheweddingpartyintwodays.B.Thegirldancinghappilyisafriendofmine.=Thegirlwhoisdancinghappilyisafriendofmine.C.Therearemorepollutedriversandlakesnowthaninthepast.D.Thegunsstolenfromthepolicestationwerefoundinadesertedhouse.=Thegunswhichhadbeenstolenfromthepolicestationwerefoundinadesertedhouse.4.動詞不定式、動詞-ing（現(xiàn)在分詞）與過去分詞作狀語的比較：（1）動詞不定式作狀語，用來修飾動詞或形容詞，一般作目的、結(jié)果或原因狀語，多置于句末。A.TheywenttoChinatovisittheirrelativesandfriends.(表示目的)B.Hewokeuptofindeverybodygone.(表示結(jié)果)C.Ｈewastooexcitednottosayafewwords.(表示程度)D.I’mverysorrytohavetroubledyousomuch.(表示原因)E.Totellyouthetruth,Ihavegotnomoneyaboutme.(表示條件)（2）動詞-ing（現(xiàn)在分詞）與過去分詞作狀語，用來修飾名詞，一般作時間、原因、讓步、方式狀語，置于句首；還可作伴隨，置于句末。A.Beingahard-workingstudent,hesucceededinthemathsexam.=Ashewasahard-workingstudent,hesucceededin…...B.Workinginthecity,Tomhadawonderfultime.=Whenheworkedinthecity,Tomhadawonderfultime.C.Ilethimin,sayingthatIwashisuncle.D.Markfinishedhishomework,takingalongtimeoverit.5.過去分詞與現(xiàn)在分詞被動完成式的比較：（1）在句中作定語、表語、賓語補足語時，用過去分詞，而不用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式。如：Welivedinthehousebuiltin2008.(定語)Thecup,whichIborrowedfrommyfriend,isbroken.（表語）Ifoundthem