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2025屆湖南衡陽正源學(xué)校英語高三第一學(xué)期期末質(zhì)量跟蹤監(jiān)視模擬試題請(qǐng)考生注意:1.請(qǐng)用2B鉛筆將選擇題答案涂填在答題紙相應(yīng)位置上,請(qǐng)用0.5毫米及以上黑色字跡的鋼筆或簽字筆將主觀題的答案寫在答題紙相應(yīng)的答題區(qū)內(nèi)。寫在試題卷、草稿紙上均無效。2.答題前,認(rèn)真閱讀答題紙上的《注意事項(xiàng)》,按規(guī)定答題。第一部分(共20小題,每小題1.5分,滿分30分)1.Thesplitbetweenhumansandlivingapesisthoughtbysomescholars____15to20millionyearsago.A.tooccur B.occurring C.tohaveoccurred D.havingoccurred2.Thereisapopularview________incitystrangersarelesslikelytohelpanelderlyperson.A.that B.whetherC.why D.how3.AfterreceivingtheOscarforBestSupportingActress,AnneBenedictwentonallthepeoplewhohadhelpedinhercareer.A.tothank B.thankingC.havingthanked D.tohavethanked4.Nowadays,buyersaccustomedtopricesmovingupwardjustadoptawait-and-seeattitude.Iftheycontinueto_____,thenourcompanyisclosingdown.A.fishintheair B.sitonthefenceC.flyoffthehandle D.beataroundthebush5.—Didyoucatchthefirstbusthismorning?—No.Ithadleftthestop_________Igotthere.A.inthetime B.a(chǎn)tthetimeC.bythetime D.duringthetime6.Mariaisconstantlymakingefforts,shedeservesthegoalofenteringthekeyuniversity.A.a(chǎn)chieving B.toachieve C.beingachieved D.tobeachieve7.Shemusthaverankedherbirthdaypresentsinorderof_becausethetoponeisherfavorite.A.value B.time C.interest D.preference8.—Youshouldn’thavetreatedmethatway.Myheartisbroken.—I’msorry,Paul.Ididn’tmeanyou.A.hurting B.tohurt C.hurt D.havinghurt9.—Juliasaidshesentyouabirthdaycardyesterday.Haveyougotit?—Oh,really!Ihaven’t________mymailboxyet.A.examined B.reviewed.C.tested D.checked10.Peterishelpingsettablesinthehall,whereJohn’sbirthdayparty________.A.isholdingB.hasheldC.isheldD.willbeheld11.—Iwonderwhatmakesyouagoodsalesperson.—I________asawaiterforthreeyears,whichcontributesalottomytoday’swork.A.serveB.servedC.haveservedD.hadserved12.Thenewplaygroundtobebuiltnextyearwillbe____________theoldone.A.a(chǎn)sthreetimesbigasB.threetimesasbigasC.a(chǎn)sbigasthreetimesD.a(chǎn)sbigthreetimesas13.Whydoyouwantanewjob______you’vegotsuchagoodonealready?A.that B.whereC.which D.when14.Neverturndownajobbecauseyouthinkit’stoosmall.Youdon’tknow_____itcanlead.A.howB.whereC.whetherD.what15.Mostspendingthatresultsindebtislikeadrug:aquickhitofpleasurethat______,onlytodragyoudownforyearstocome.A.takesoff B.wearsoff C.setsoff D.showsoff16.Manyartifacts________forthefirsttimeintheNationalMuseumatpresent.A.wereexhibitedB.werebeingexhibitedC.a(chǎn)rebeingexhibitedD.a(chǎn)reexhibited17.--Wheneveryouwantagoodmeal,cometomyrestaurantandeatforfree.--Believeme.Thatisan________Iwillnotrefuse.A.a(chǎn)pproach B.offerC.idea D.instruction18.—WhorecommendedNancyforthepost?—ItwasJames______admirationforherwasobvious.A.who B.that C.whose D.whom19._______theschool,thevillagehasaclinic,whichwasalsobuiltwithgovernmentsupport.A.Inreplyto B.InadditiontoC.Inchargeof D.Inplaceof20.Althoughvaluesmaybe____,it’shelpfultosharethemwithyourpartnerforadditionalsupport.A.terminalB.personalC.crucialD.practical第二部分閱讀理解(滿分40分)閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。21.(6分)It'srarethatyouseethewords"shyness"and"leader"inthesamesentence.Afterall,thecommonviewpointisthatthoseoutgoingandsociableguysmakegreatpublicspeakersandexcellentnet-workersandthatthoseshypeoplearenot.AsurveyconductedbyUSATodayreferredto65percentofexecutiveswhobelievedshynesstobeabarriertoleadership.Interestingly,thesamearticlestressesthatroughly40percentofleadersactuallyarequiteshy—they'rejustbetteratadaptingthemselvestosituationaldemands.BillGates,WarrenBuffetandCharlesSchwabarejustafew"innies".Unliketheiroutgoingcounterpartswhoaremoresensitivetorewardsandrisk-taking,shypeopletakeacautiousapproachtochance.Ratherthantheflashychit-chatthatdefinessocialgathering,shypeoplelistenattentivelytowhatotherssayandabsorbitbeforetheyspeak.They'renotthinkingaboutwhattosaywhiletheotherpersonisstilltalking,butratherlisteningsotheycanlearnwhattosay.Alongthesamelines,shypeopleshareacommonloveoflearning.Theyareintrinsically(內(nèi)在地)motivatedandthereforeseekcontentregardlessofachievinganoutsidestandard.Beingshycanalsobringotherbenefits.Rememberbeinginschoolandhearingthesamekidscontribute,untilshylittleJohnny,whoalmostneversaidaword,cutin?Thenwhathappened?EveryoneturnedaroundtolookwithgreatrespectatlittleJohnnyactuallytalking.Thisishowshypeoplemadegooduseoftheirpowerofpresence:they"own"themomentbyspeakingcalmlyandpurposefully,whichtranslatetoapositiveimage.Shynessisoftenrelatedtomodesty.Nottosaythatlimelight-seekersaren'tmodest,butshypeopletendtohaveanaccuratesenseoftheirabilitiesandachievements.Asaresult,theyareabletoacknowledgemistakes,imperfections,knowledgegapsandlimitations.Sinceshypeoplehavealowersensitivitytooutsiderewardsthanoutgoingones,they'remorecomfortableworkingwithlittleinformationandstickingtotheirinnerdesires.Shypeoplearealsomorelikelytoinsistonfindingsolutionsthataren'tprimarilyapparent.Don'tbelieveme?Maybeyou'llbelieveAlbertEinstein,whooncesaid,"It'snotthatI'msosmart,it'sthatIstaywithproblemslonger."Obviously,findingcertaintywhereuncertaintyistypicallypopularisahugeplusforanysuccessfulperson.Themyththatshypeoplearelesseffectiveleadersthantheiroutgoingfellowsisjustamisunderstanding.Makewiseuseofyourpersonalitystrengthstoleadyourbusinessnomatterwhatsideoftherangeyoufallon.1、WecanlearnfromParagraph2that___________.A.shypeoplearesensitivetorewardsB.shypeoplecaremoreaboutcontentC.outgoingpeoplearemorecarefulaboutchancesD.outgoingpeopleconsiderwhattolearnwhilelistening2、TheexampleofJohnnyshows____________.A.shypeoplearelikelytobemodestB.hardworkingstudentsspeaklittleinpublicC.somestudentskeepsilentonpurposeatschoolD.shypeoplemayhaveanadvantageindiscussion3、WecanlearnfromtheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph5that____________.A.successresultsfromdevotion B.shynesscontributestopopularityC.outsiderewardleadstoinsistence D.uncertaintycountsmorethancertainty4、Theauthorsupportshisideasmainlyby____________.A.givingdefinitionsandpresentingresearchresultsB.explainingproblemsandprovidingsolutionsC.quotingauthoritiesandmakingevaluationsD.makingcontrastsandgivingexamples22.(8分)RecentlyIandotherRedCrossvolunteersmetagroupofvictimsfromHurricaneKatrina.Wewerethere,asmentalhealthprofessionals,tooffer“psychological(心理的)firstaid”andIwasstruckbythesimplehealingpowerofpresence.Aswewalkedinthegatetotheshelter,weweregreetedwithaburstofgratitudefromthefirstpersonwemet.Ifeltappreciated,butalsoguilty,becauseIhadn’treallydoneanythingyet.Ifirstrealizedthepowerofpresencemanyyearsagowhenafriend’smotherpassedawayunexpectedly.Ihadreceivedacallsayingshehadjustpassedaway.Iwantedtorushdownthereimmediately,butdidn’twanttodisturbthisverypersonalperiodofsadness.Iwastornaboutwhattodo.Anotherfriendwithmethensaid,“Justgo.Justbethere.”Idid,andIwillneverregretit.Sincethen,Ihavenothesitatedtobeinthepresenceofothers.OnceIsatatthebedsideofayoungmansufferingfromthepainofhisAIDS-relateddying.Hewasnotawake,andobviouslyunawareofothers’presence.However,theatmospherewasbynomeanssolemn.Hisfamily,playingguitarsandsinging,allowedhimtobepresentwiththemasthoughhewerestillfullyalive.Inmylife,Iamrepeatedlystruckbythehealingpowerofpresence.Init,noneofusaretrulyalone.Itisnotonlysomethingwegivetoothersbutalsochangesmeforthebetter.1、Whywerethehurricanevictimsgratefultotheauthor?A.Hebuiltsheltersforthem.B.Hecametostaywiththem.C.Hegaveimmediatefirstaidtothem.D.Hebroughtmentalhealthprofessionals.2、Whatdidtheauthordowhenhisfriend’smotherpassedaway?A.Hedecidednottodisturb.B.Hewenttohisfriends’atonce.C.Heknewwhattodoinstantly.D.Hehesitatedoverwhethertogo.3、Whatdoestheunderlinedword“solemn”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Heavybutwarm.B.Alittlesadbutcomfortable.C.Relaxinganddelightful.D.Veryseriousandunhappy.4、Whathastheauthorlearnedfromhisexperience?A.Beingpresentcanmakeabigdifference.B.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.C.Thefamilyharmonyisthehappiestthinginlife.D.Beingavolunteercanmakeone’slifemoresignificant.23.(8分)ClimbingWithoutRopesThepopularimageofthemountainclimberisofapersoncarefullyclimbingasteepcliffwithanetworkofsafetyropes,butitisnottheonlykind.Manyclimbersnowenjoybouldering.It’smoreaccessibleandbetterfortheenvironment.Whatisbouldering?Boulderingisasportthatinvolvesclimbingon,over,andaroundbouldersuptoapproximatelytwentyfeetabovetheground.Participantsemploynosafetyropes.Whyboulder??improveyourclimbingskillsbyfocusingonbasics?placestoclimb,suchasclimbingwallsatgymsandparks,easytofind?lesstimecommitmenttoboulderingthantomountainclimbing?intellectualandphysicalenjoymentasonesolvesproblemsBoulderingTermscrimp:averysmallhandholdfoothold:aplacewhereonemayplaceafoottoaidinclimbingboulderjug:averylargehandholdthatiseasytouseproblem:Thepathupaboulderisreferredtoasthe“problem”thatonemustsolve.The“solution”isthesequenceofmovesonemakesupandoveraboulder.Hereisanexampleofaclimberaddressingaboulderingproblem.Figure1:Theclimberhastworoutesshecouldtake,onetotheleftandonetotheright.Theleftoneappearseasierbecauseithasajugwithineasyreach,butlookwhathappensifshechoosesthatdirection.Shegetsstuckontherockandhastogobackdown.Sometimesthatisevenmoredifficultthangoingup.Figure2:Theclimbertakestheonetotherightthistime.Usingafootholdandplacingherrighthandinacrimp,sheisabletoliftherselfupandlocateotherhandholds.Afteronlyafewmoves,sheisabletothrowherlegoverthetopoftheboulderandpullherselfup.1、Accordingtothepassage,bouldering________.A.isanindoorsport B.hasnosafetyprotectionC.needsmapsandequipment D.isasteepcliffclimbing2、Boulderingbecomespopularbecause________.A.itchallengesthelimits B.itcostslessC.itbuildsmindsandbodies D.itisateamgame3、Accordingtotheexample,therightrouteis________.A.a(chǎn)shortcut B.a(chǎn)deadendC.toughbuttothetop D.linedwithjugs4、Thepassageislikelytoappearin________.A.a(chǎn)bookreview B.a(chǎn)sciencereportC.a(chǎn)newspaperadvertisement D.a(chǎn)sportsmagazine24.(8分)InspiringArchaeologicalStudyToursacrosstheWorldin2017…AnArchaeologicalToursgetawayisanarchaeologylover’svacationlikenoother.Wehaveanexcitingselectionoftoursdepartingin2017withunsurpassedservice.Here’sasmallselectionofwhatwehavetooffer.Alsoacodeforyou:Neverallow(Jogstorunfree-lytheretokeeptheplantsandanimalsliveinpeaceandgetridofrubbishproperly.Becarefultoburyyourtoiletwasteandkeeptothedesignedtracks.Guatemala&BelizeCoonthetrailofMesoamericancivilizationsinthelushforests,ruggedfoothills(丘陵地帶),andmoderncitiesofthesefascinatingsitesincentralAmerica.January6-20,2017l$6,495Ghana,Togo&BeninWitnessthemeetingofthrivingtraditions,ancientpast,andforward-lookingpresentinincomparableWestAfrica.February7-22,20171$7,495AncientEgyptFromthepyramidsofGizatotheValleysoftheKingsandQueens,discovertheglorioussplendorsofancientEgypt.February&November2017l$5,995CentralMexicoFollowtheancientcivilizationsoftheToltec,Aztec,Zapotec,OlmecandMixtecacrossthecentreofmagnificentMexicoinNorthAmerica.March11-24,2017l$5,795IranDiscoverthebeautyandmajestyofIran’slong-passedempires,earlymodemdynasties,andtimelessscenery.April,September&October2017l$7,995Malta,Sardinia&CorsicaExplorethecharacteristicgeologicalenvironmentsanduniqueculturalandpoliticalhistoriesofthesethreeislandsinSouthEurope.April19-May4,20171$7,49569、Accordingtothetravelleaflet,visitorsshouldtour________.A.withcalmnessandcuriosityB.withself-defenceandhonourC.withconventionandreligionD.withself-disciplineandprotection1、TomiskeenonearlymoderndynastywhilehiswifeenjoysAfricatraditions.Whichplacesaretheirbestchoices?A.AncientEgyptandCentralMexico.B.Guatemala,BelizeandIran.C.Ghana,Benin,TogaandIran.D.Malta,SardiniaandCorsica.25.(10分)Ithasbecomeacertainbeliefamongthepublicdrinkatleasteightglassesofwateradaytoimprovehealthandwellbeing.Bottledwatercompaniesoftenrepealittoincreasetheirsalesbutitisactuallyasillyidea.Thereisnoevidencetoprovetheadvantagesofdrinkingeightglassesofwateraday,scientistssay.Themisunderstandingiscausedfromthesuggestionthatadultsshoulddrink2.5litersofwaterdaily,whichwasstressedbytheBritishMedicalJournalinDecember.Theimportantpartofthesuggestionthatmostofthisquantityofwateriscontainedinpreparedfoods,however,isusuallyignored.USresearcherswhoreviewedtheevidenceconcludedthatmostpeopledonotneedtoworryabouttheamountofwatertheydrinkevery.day.Besidesdrinkingwater,theywillbegettingplentyofliquid(液體)inotherways.Caffeinateddrinkssuchastea,coffeeandcolaandalcohol(酒)canhelpreachthedailytotaliftheydon'tdrinktoomuch,thoughthesedrinkshelptheproductionofurine(尿).Lesswellknownarcthedangersofdrinkingtoomuchwater,causingwaterpoisoning,lowsaltlevelsandevendeath.ThereviewofresearchbyDanNegoianu,fromtheUniversityofPennsylvania,foundthatnotasinglestudyincludedthesuggestionofdrinkingeightglassesofwateraday.Althoughonesmallstudysuggestedthatdrinkingwatercouldresultinfewerheadaches,theresultswerenotveryimportant.However,thebenefitsofdrinkingsomewatertopreventapaininheadafterdrinkingtoomuchalcoholare,separately,provedtobetrue.Nostudiesshowedanyadvantagestothecoloroftheskinbecauseoftheincreasedwatertakenintobodies.Dehydration(脫水)canmakeskinlesspleasant,buttherewasnoclearevidencetosupporttheideathatwaterhelpspeoplekeepayouthfulappearance.Theresearchersalsofoundnoevidencethatdrinkinglotsofwaterdoessomegoodtothebody'sorgans(器官).1、Fromthepassage,weknowthatthesuggestionaboutdrinkingeightglassesofwateraday.A.causessomeseriousdiseasesB.hasenoughscientificevidencetosupportitC.ismisunderstoodbypeopleinfactD.waspublishedbytheBritishMedicalJournal2、Fromthepassagewelearnthatmanypeopledon'tknowthat_______.A.theproductionofurinecancausewatertoloseB.healthcanbeimprovedbydrinkingplentyof'waterC.betterskincanresultfromintakeofmuchwaterD.caffeinateddrinkscanprovidethewaterpeopleneed3、Whatcanbeprovedaboutdrinkingalotofwateraccordingtothepassage?A.Reducingthebadinfluenceofdrinkingalcohol.B.Helpingtokeepyouthfullooks.C.Makingthebody'sorgansstronger.D.Causingbadheadaches.4、Thewriter'smainpurposeofwritingthispassageisto.A.persuadepeopletodrinkdifferentkindsofwaterB.tellpeopledrinkingmuchwaterisnotashealthyasisconsideredC.warnpeopleofthedangerofdrinkingmuchwaterD.helppeoplerealizetheimportanceofdrinkingenoughwatereveryday第三部分語言知識(shí)運(yùn)用(共兩節(jié))第一節(jié)(每小題1.5分,滿分30分)閱讀下面短文,從短文后各題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng).26.(30分)LeslieMorissette’sson,Grahamwas6yearsoldwhenhewasdiagnosedwithleukemia(白血病).ThroughoutGraham’s1inthehospital,Grahamconnectedwitheveryonehemet,from2patientstoyoungerchildren.“Hewould3othersickchildrenhistoysoractstupidlytomakethemlaugh,”Morissettesaid.“Graham’sspecialspiritiswhatkeepsmegoing.Hegavemetheenergyandthe4tofightwithhim.In1997,whenhewas8yearsold,Grahampassedaway.5byhowGrahamlivedhislifecaringaboutothers,Morissette6thenonprofitGrahamtasticConnectioninhishonor.Theorganizationprovidesfreetechnology—includingcomputersandrobots—forchildren7cancerandotherseriousillnesses.OneofthemajorgoalsofMorissette’sworkisto8kidstotheirclassrooms,whichreallyhelpsthemcontinuetheir9despitehospitalizationandthedays10inschool.Therobots“transport”childrenrightintotheclassroominrealtime.Theycan11therobotsrightformtheir12bedorhome.Ifchildrenareunabletoattendschool,theycan13logontotheirtabletPCorlaptopandcallintherobot.Theycan14upanddowntheschoolpaths.Theycangotolunchwiththeir15.Therealmagichappensbetweenclasses,whenthey’rewalkingdownthehallwaywiththeirfriends,byrobots,16theirweekendsandtheirfavoritefoodsandotherthings.It’sgreattechnologythatreallygiveschildrenthefeelingofcontrol,whentheirworldismaybe17control.“EverytimeIcanhelpachildinneed,Ifeel18Grahamissmiling,”Morissettesaid,“IbelievethatGraham’s19livesonintheworkthatIdo.AndI’m20andhonoredtobeabletodoitinhishonor.”1、A.surgeryB.treatmentC.practiceD.rest2、A.elderlyB.sleepyC.deadlyD.naught3、A.buyB.chargeC.returnD.lend4、A.focusB.strengthC.resourceD.a(chǎn)ttention5、A.ConfusedB.DepressedC.InspiredD.Worried6、A.leftB.visitedC.benefitedD.founded7、A.causingB.curingC.battlingD.preventing8、A.connectB.forceC.inviteD.throw9、A.careerB.educationC.struggleD.business10、A.missedB.stoppedC.sufferedD.graduated11、A.operateB.buildC.moveD.contact12、A.sittingroomB.dormitoryC.hospitalD.hotel13、A.hardlyB.a(chǎn)ccidentallyC.simplyD.luckily14、A.driveB.jumpC.climbD.walk15、A.parentsB.friendsC.doctorsD.patients16、A.talkingaboutB.puttingoffC.dependingonD.thinkingof17、A.underB.withinC.a(chǎn)wayfromD.outof18、A.evenifB.a(chǎn)sthoughC.incaseD.sothat19、A.successB.joyC.loveD.fortune20、A.a(chǎn)ngryB.sadC.carefulD.proud第二節(jié)(每小題1.5分,滿分15分)閱讀下面材料,在空白處填入1個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。27.(15分)Astheworld’spopulationgrows,alotofwildanimals1.(force)toleavetheirnaturalhome.Manywildanimalsareindanger.Peoplekillthemforfoodorfur,orbecausetheycompetewithhumansforfoodsupplies.2.(lucky),animalrescueorganizationsareworkinghard3.(preserve)endangeredanimalsandgivethemhelp.Moreandmorepeoplearerealizingtheimportanceofprotectingwildanimals.第四部分寫作(共兩節(jié))第一節(jié)短文改錯(cuò)(滿分10分)28.(10分)假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文,請(qǐng)你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯(cuò)誤,每句中最多有兩處。每處錯(cuò)誤僅涉及一個(gè)單詞的增加、刪除或修改。增加:在缺詞處加一個(gè)漏字符號(hào)(∧),并在其下面寫出該加的詞。刪除:把多余的詞用斜線(\)劃掉。修改:在錯(cuò)的詞下畫一橫線,并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。注意:1、每處錯(cuò)誤及其修改均僅限一詞;2、只允許修改10處,多者(從第11處起)不計(jì)分。Asafathersatreadingamagazine,hisyoungdaughterkeptdisturbhim、Tokeepherbusily,hetoreoutapageonthatamapoftheworldwasprinted、Hecutitintopieceandaskedhertoputthemtogetheragainbyherown、Hewassureshewillneedthewholedaytogetitdone、Butafewminuteslaterthegirlreturnedwithaperfectmap、Whenaskedwhethershediditsoquickly,shesaid,“There’saman’sfaceonotherside、Ijustmadethefaceperfecttogetthemapright、”Shethenranoutoftoplay,leavingthefathersurprising、第二節(jié)書面表達(dá)(滿分25分)29.(25分)Directions:WriteanEnglishcompositionin120-150wordsaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenbelowinChinese.最近一本在線雜志發(fā)表了一篇文章,文中詢問,在公眾眼中,什么樣的人是適合做年輕人的榜樣(rolemodel)。請(qǐng)你寫封信給該雜志,推薦一位你認(rèn)為適合做榜樣的名人(celebrity)。你的文章須包括:簡單介紹這位名人;為何這位名人適合做年輕人的榜樣。__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
參考答案第一部分(共20小題,每小題1.5分,滿分30分)1、C2、A3、A4、B5、C6、B7、D8、B9、D10、D11、B12、B13、D14、B15、B16、C17、B18、C19、B20、B第二部分閱讀理解(滿分40分)閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。21、1、B2、D3、A4、D22、1、C2、A3、D4、B23、1、B2、C3、C4、D24、America’sbusinessesaregettingolderandfatter,whilemanynewbusinessesaredyingininfancy.AstudylastmonthbytheBrookingsInstitutionfoundthattheproportionofolderfirmshasgrownsteadilyoverseveraldecades,whilethesurvivalrateofnewcompanieshasfallen.Inaddition,youngpeoplearestartingcompaniesatasharplylowerratethaninthepast.AnewreportfromtheNationalAssociationofManufacturersshowsamajorcause:Thecostofobeyinggovernmentregulationshasrisentomorethan$2trillion(12.26trillionyuan)annually,or12percentoftheGDP,andthiscostfallsdisproportionatelyonsmaller,newerbusinesses.It’srisky,difficultandexpensivetostartabusiness,andgettingmoreso.Governmentsareimposingvariousnewrulesonaseeminglydailybasis:healthinsurance,minimumwageincreasesand,mostrecentlyinCalifornia,compulsorypaidsickdaysforevenhourlyemployees.Theseregulationsshifthugesocialwelfarecostsdirectlyontooften-strugglingsmallbusinesses,whilebeingproportionallymuchlesscostlyforlargercompanies.Thisispartlyanunintendedissueofresources—establishedcompaniescancopewithnewcostsmoreeasily—butit’salsodeliberate.Forinstance,biginsurancecompaniesgotaseatatthetabletohelpwriteObamacare,butlesspoliticallypowerfulfirms—likemedicaldevicemanufacturers—gotsqueezed.Mature,successfulcorporationscanemployex-lawmakerswithconnections,distributecampaigncontributionsandevenwriteregulationsforthemselves.Theyarealsomorelikelytowanttoprotectsteadyrevenuestreamsthanrevolutionizetheirindustry.Majorcompaniesthathavebeensoill-managedtheywouldotherwisecollapse—airlines,carcompaniesandbanks—stagger(蹣跚)onbecausepoliticiansridetotherescuewithbagsoftaxpayermoney.Thegeniusofouruniquesystemofgovernmentisthedeterminationtoprotectanddefendtherightsoftheindividualovertherightsofthenation.Assuch,theriseofawell-connectedoligarchy(寡頭政治)thatprotectsbigbusinessattheexpenseofsmallbusiness,andtheestablishedoverthenew,isoppositetoAmericanideals.Incomeinequality—whichisdirectlycausedbyfaultygovernmentpolicy—isbeingpromotedasthereasontoimposemoreofthatbadpol
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