高考英語高中英語語法之 虛擬語氣

學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載學(xué)習(xí)好資料歡迎下載虛擬語氣第一節(jié)基本知識與基本概念【語氣和語氣的分類】語氣也是動詞的一種形式變化。這和漢語中的語氣是不一樣的，它表示說話者對所指的動詞或狀態(tài)所持的態(tài)度，而且，在謂語動詞上有所體現(xiàn)，而漢語沒有體現(xiàn)。英語中的語氣可分為三種：陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。1）陳述語氣表示講話人認(rèn)為他所說的話是一個事實。例如：Therearetwosidestoeveryquestion．每個問題都有兩個方面。Wecanfinishtheworkintime.我們可以按時完成工作。2）祈使語氣表示講話人對對方的請求或命令。例如：Don'tbelateforclass．上課不要遲到。Mary,don’tstayunderthetree.瑪莉，別呆在樹底下。3）虛擬語氣是一種特殊的謂語動詞形式，如：Iwere，Hebe，Shereturn等，表示說的話不是事實，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，或用來表示一種假設(shè)、愿望、建議、請求、命令、猜測、可能、空想等。例如：IfIwereabird,Iwouldflyfreelyintheair.如果我是一只小鳥的話，我就會在天空中自由的飛翔。Histeachersuggestedthathe(should)applytoHarvard他老師建議他申請哈佛大學(xué)。Thecommander-in-chieforderedthatshereturntotheheadquarteratone.總指揮命令她立刻回總部。【考試說明的變化】由于本章知識有難度，所以在２００７年以前的《考試大綱》或《考試說明》中，必考的語法項目表內(nèi)都沒有虛擬語氣這一塊兒。所以，以前的老師和學(xué)生都不太重視虛擬語氣的講解和學(xué)習(xí)。但是，由于虛擬語氣在英語中的大量應(yīng)用，導(dǎo)致許多學(xué)生在篇章理解方面因為知識上的欠缺而遇到不少困難。可能是由于這個原因，２００７年的山東省高考英語《考試說明》中，明確將虛擬語氣這一章列入了考查范圍。筆者認(rèn)為，這個變化非常值得我們重視，并在未來的幾年內(nèi)不會再有變動。所以，我們必須補(bǔ)上這一課?！咎摂M語氣的分類】根據(jù)不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或從不同的視角，虛擬語氣可以被分為多個種類。但是，為了方便同學(xué)們的學(xué)習(xí)，筆者在這里從兩個視角把虛擬語氣分開。視角一、根據(jù)虛擬語氣使用的目的分1、虛擬派虛擬派指的是句子所述的情況與事實明顯不相符的虛擬語氣。例如：HetalksabouttheUSAasifhehadbeenthere.他談?wù)撈鹈绹鴣砭秃腿ミ^似的。(其實說話人知道他并沒有去過美國)IfonlyKevinwerehere.要是凱文在這里就好了。（可惜凱文不在這里）Ifyouhadcometomyhouseyesterday,youwouldhaveseenthepresident.要是你昨天到我家來了的話，你就看到總統(tǒng)了。（可惜你沒有來）2、語氣派與虛擬派不同的是，語氣派的句子所述的情況與事實沒有明顯不相符?；蛘吒静簧婕八銮闆r的真假與否，更多的是表達(dá)某種語氣，如建議、請求、命令、堅持、決定、要求等。例如：Headvisedthatweshouldtakemorevegetablesonourtrip.他建議我們在旅途中多帶些蔬菜。Theteacherinsistedthattheyoungshouldrespecttheold.老師堅持年輕人應(yīng)該尊敬老人。Thegovernmentrecommendedthatallyoungmenshouldjointhearmyandservethecountry.政府建議所有男青年參軍報國。視角二、根據(jù)虛擬語氣的表現(xiàn)方式分1、結(jié)構(gòu)型結(jié)構(gòu)型虛擬語氣的表現(xiàn)形式主要通過改變句子謂語的結(jié)構(gòu)來實現(xiàn)。例如：Mysuggestionisthateveryoneshouldstayinthehotelbeforehelpcomes.我的建議是在援助到來之前，我們都應(yīng)該呆在賓館里。（這個虛擬語氣的表現(xiàn)方式就是通過should+動詞原形）來實現(xiàn)的。2、時態(tài)型時態(tài)型虛擬語氣主要通過改變句子謂語的時態(tài)來實現(xiàn)。例如：IwishIwereabillionaire.我真希望自己是個億萬富翁。I’dratheryoudidtheworkbyyourself.我希望你能獨立完成工作。以上兩個例子中的虛擬語氣就是通過改變句子謂語的時態(tài)來實現(xiàn)的。第二節(jié)具體考點解析【考點一、虛擬語氣在條件句中的使用】1）條件句的從句和主句的謂語動詞形式表及幾點說明①條件句的從句和主句的謂語動詞形式表如果假設(shè)的情況與事實相反，或是根本不可能發(fā)生或是發(fā)生的可能性很小，這就是非真實條件句，即虛擬條件句。虛擬條件句的謂語動詞的形式是不同于真實條件句的謂語動詞形式的。虛擬條件句有三種情況。虛擬條件句主句例句與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)If+主語+動詞的過去式（be動詞用were）主語+should,would,could,might+動詞原形IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuythehouse.與過去事實相反的假設(shè)If+主語+had+過去分詞主語+should,would,could,might+have+過去分詞Ifyouhadlistenedtomeyesterday,youwouldhavefinishedthework.與將來事實相反的假設(shè)①If+主語+動詞的過去式②If+主語+wereto+動詞原形③If+主語+should+動詞原形主語+should,would,could,might+動詞原形Ifitweretoraintomorrow,thesportsmeetingwouldbeputoff.②特殊結(jié)構(gòu)的條件句：“Ifitwerenotfor…”或“Ifithadnotbeenfor…”,前者與現(xiàn)在事實相反，后者與過去事實相反。相當(dāng)于butfor或without。例如：Ifitweren'tforyourhelp，hecouldnevergotocollege．要不是你的幫助，他絕不可能上大學(xué)。Ifithadn’tbeenforthecaptain’sefforts,theshipcouldhavesunken.要不是船長的努力，船當(dāng)時可能就沉沒了。③虛擬條件句的謂語動詞形式表的靈活應(yīng)用用進(jìn)行時替換相應(yīng)的一般時:如用過去進(jìn)行時代替一般過去時，表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反。例如：Ifyouwerelearningtoswim,Iwouldtakeyoutowatchthematch.要是你在學(xué)游泳的話，我就會帶你去看這場比賽。IfweweregettingalongwellwithJack,weshouldinvitehimtojoinus.要是我們和Jack關(guān)系好些的話，我們就會邀請他加入我們中來了。B．用完成進(jìn)行時替換相應(yīng)的完成時:如用過去完成進(jìn)行時替換過去完成時，仍表示與過去事實相反。例如：Ifithadbeenrainingyesterday，Iwouldnothavecomehere．如果昨天還在下雨的話，我就不會到這里來。Ifyouhadbeenlisteningmoreattentively,youwouldnothavemissedsomuchinformation.假如你當(dāng)時能好好地聽講的話，就不會落下那么多東西了。④混合型的條件句按照條件句的謂語動詞形式表，其主句和從句的謂語動詞是相互呼應(yīng)的，有著固定的搭配關(guān)系。但有時主句和從句的謂語動詞并不相互呼應(yīng)，這種條件句叫混合條件句。較多見的混合型條件句是從句用過去完成時（指過去行為），而主句用一般時（指目前狀態(tài)）。例如：Hewouldpassthetestifhehadtakenmyadvice．如果他當(dāng)時聽了我的勸告，他現(xiàn)在就能通過考試了。Ifwehaddriveninturnsyesterday,youwouldfeelbetternow.如果我們昨天輪流開車的話，你現(xiàn)在會感覺好些了。2）虛擬條件句的省略情況①省略if的虛擬條件句：如果虛擬條件句的謂語部分有were，had和should時，可省略if，把were，had和should放到從句主語前面去。例如：Hadyounothelpedme，Ishouldhavefailed.要是沒有你的幫助，我就失敗了。Haditnotbeenforthetimelyrain,wewouldhavelosteverything.要不是這場及時雨的話，我們就顆粒無收了。Wereittoraintomorrow,wewouldhavetoputoffthegame.如果明天下雨的話，我們就不得不推遲比賽。Shouldtheyrefuseourrequest,wecouldshowthemthispicture.如果他們拒絕我們的請求的話，我們可以給他們展示這張照片。●如果沒有were，had和should則不能省略if，當(dāng)然也不能倒裝。②條件從句的省略Hecouldnotfly（ifhetried）．（即使他試的話）他無論如何不能飛。③條件主句的省略IfonlyIhadmoremoney！要是我有更多的錢就好了！IfonlyIwereabird!要是我是一只小鳥就好了?、躶uppose或supposing=whatifSupposingitwereso？（=Supposingitwereso，whatwouldhappen？）要是這樣的話，會怎么樣呢？●suppose后也可用陳述語氣。3）含蓄的虛擬語氣另外，虛擬語氣還有其他一些表現(xiàn)方式，沒有明顯的虛假條件句出現(xiàn)，取而代之的是能表達(dá)類似意思的結(jié)構(gòu)或短語。這種情況被稱為含蓄的虛擬語氣。例如：①用介詞without（或withno），butfor等表示“如果沒有”。Butforairandwater，nothingcouldlive．要是沒有空氣和水，也就不能有生命。Humanbeingscouldperishwithouttheotherformsoflives.假如沒有了其他的生命形態(tài)，人類也會滅絕。②用動詞不定式、比較級、連詞but等手段來表示虛擬條件，還可以根據(jù)內(nèi)容的需要來應(yīng)用虛擬語氣。Shewouldhavecomehere，butshewastoobusywithherhomework．她本來早就要到這里來，但是她當(dāng)時太忙于寫作業(yè)了。Youcouldhavepassedthetest,butyouknewtoolittle.你本來可以通過考試的，但是你懂得太少了?！究键c二、虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的應(yīng)用】1）賓語從句在表示提議、要求、命令、意志等動詞后，可用“shoulddo”或“do型”（be原形動詞）虛擬語氣。這類動詞有：suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object等。例如：Thedoctorsuggestedthathenotgothere．醫(yī)生建議他不要去那里。Thevillagersdemandedthattheirfieldsshouldbereturned.村民們要求返還他們的土地。Thedoctorinsistedthattheoldteachershouldliveinhospital.大夫堅持說這位老教師應(yīng)該住院。Theofficerorderedthatallthesoldiersshouldn’tfirebeforehegavetheorder.軍官命令所有士兵在接到命令以前不許開槍?！褡⒁猓河袝r候，suggest可以不作“建議”講，而作“表明、解釋”等，則后面的從句就不用虛擬語氣。例如：Thebigsmilessuggestedthathehadpassedthetest.他臉上的笑容表明他通過了考試。MywifesuggestedthatIcaughtacold.我妻子說我感冒了。同理，insist所“堅持”的內(nèi)容也有所不同，有時候，堅持的是某種道理，用虛擬語氣。而有時候，堅持的是一個事實，不用虛擬語氣。例如：Theoldmaninsistedthathewasstrongenoughandthatheshouldbesenttothefront.老頭堅持自己的身體沒有問題應(yīng)該被派往前線。Maryinsistedthatthatmanwasherbrother.Mary堅持說那男的是她哥哥。①學(xué)習(xí)這種句型時，要注意賓語從句的虛擬語氣是固定形式，并不隨主句謂語動詞時態(tài)的變化而變化。②“do型”與“shoulddo型”有時可以互換使用，但前者比后者用得更普遍特別在美國英語中。2）賓語從句用在動詞wish之后①過去式用來表示現(xiàn)在的愿望；“could（would，might）+動詞原形”用來表示將來的愿望，雖實現(xiàn)的可能性不大，但仍有實現(xiàn)的可能。Iwishitweretrue．我但愿這是真的。IwishIcouldliveonthemoononeday.我希望有一天我能住在月亮上。②“had+過去分詞”或“could（would，might）+have+過去分詞”都是用來表示無能為力的過去愿望。Iwishyouhadcalledyesterday．我希望你昨天來過電話。Iwishyouhaddonetheworkyourself.我真希望你是單獨作的這工作。Iwishwehadtreatedthechildrenbetter.我真希望我們當(dāng)時對孩子們好一些?！褡⒁鈝ish與hope的區(qū)別。wish后的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣，而hope后的賓語從句要用陳述語氣。但如果不定式做賓語時，則意思上無區(qū)別。Ihopetoseeyou．（Iwishtoseeyou．）我希望看見你。3）賓語從句在動詞would，would／hadrather，would／hadsooner，would／hadassoon等后面，表示與事實相反的虛擬語氣要用“did”型，表示現(xiàn)在和將來的含義，用“haddone型”表示過去的含義。例如：I’dratherwedidn’tknoweachother.我寧愿我們不認(rèn)識。I’dratherIhadn’tgivenherthemoneyyesterday.我真希望我昨天沒給她錢?！究键c三、虛擬語氣在主語從句中的應(yīng)用】1）“It+is+形容詞+that引導(dǎo)的主語從句”句型，與用動詞原形或“should+動詞原形”虛擬語氣。用于本句型的形容詞有：necessary，important，surprising,shocking,natural,essential，reserved，urgent，impossible等；還有與表示提議、要求、命令等動詞有關(guān)的形容詞，如desirable（←desire），urgent（←urge），advisable（←advise），preferable（←prefer）等。Itisnecessarythathelistentotheradiofrequently．他很有必要常聽收音機(jī)。Itissurprisingthatheshouldmarryagainsoonafterhisex-wifedied.很令人驚訝，他前妻剛?cè)ナ?，他就結(jié)婚了。Itisimpossiblethattheyshouldfeeluncomfortabletolivewithus.他們跟我們住在一起不舒服，這不可能。2）用于“it+is+過去分詞+that引導(dǎo)的主語從句”句型，可用“（should）+動詞原形”虛擬語氣。用于本句型中的過去分詞就是表示提議、要求、命令等動詞的過去分詞，如suggested，required，requested，demanded，urged，proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。Ithasbeensuggestedthatthemeeting（should）beputoff．有人建議推遲會議。Itisrequiredthatyoushouldwearpropersuitstotakepartintheparty.參加這個晚會要著裝適當(dāng)，這是規(guī)定。Itisdesiredthatthepricesofhousesshouldbestoppedfromincreasing.大家都渴望房子的價格能停止增長。ItisproposedthatweshouldpayavisittotheConfucius有人推薦我們?nèi)⒂^一下孔廟?！究键c四、虛擬語氣在“Itistimethat…”句型中的應(yīng)用】在“It+is+（high或about）time+（that）主語從句”句型中，可用“did型”虛擬語氣，表示“做某事的時間早完了或早該做了”。例如：It'stimeyouwenttobed.你該睡覺了。ItisabouttimethatIwentandpickedupmylittlesonfromschool.到了我去接兒子放學(xué)的時間了。Itishightimethatyougotdowntowritingyourpapers.到了你好好寫論文的時候了。Itistimethatthatwetalkedaboutourbusiness.我們該談?wù)勆饬?。【考點五、虛擬語氣在表語從句和同位語從句中的應(yīng)用】在proposal，suggestion，order，requirement，desire，decision，advice，plan，necessity等表示提議、要求、命令等名詞的后面的表語從句和同位語從句中，可用“動詞原形”或“should+動詞原形”虛擬語氣。例如：Hissuggestionisthatthemeetingbeputoff．他的建議是推遲開會。Myteacher’sadvisewasthatIchoosethelessfamousuniversitybutthemoresuitablemajor.我老師的建議是我選擇那所不太知名的大學(xué)但更適合我的專業(yè)。Theirfinaldecisionwasthattheymoveoutofthebuilding.他們的最后決定是搬出這座大樓?！究键c六、虛擬語氣在讓步狀語從句中的應(yīng)用】以be開頭的讓步狀語從句Betheproblemeasyordifficult，thismethodworks．不管問題容易還是難，這種方法都起作用。Betherobbersmenorwomen,theyhavetobepunished.不管搶劫犯是男是女，都應(yīng)受到懲罰。第三節(jié)鞏固練習(xí)一、【基礎(chǔ)鞏固】1.IfI___tenyearsyounger,I______veryhappy.A.were,wouldbe

B.am,shallbeC.were,shallbe

D.am,wouldbe2.---Youcanaskyourbrotherforhelp.---Heisnotathome.Ifhe______,I______.A.is,would

B.were,wouldC.is,will

D.were,will3.Ifyou_____thedoctorsadvice,youwouldhavealreadyrecovered.A.follow

B.followedC.wouldfollow

D.hadfollowed4.Ifhehadnotmissedthetrain,he______therebythen.A.mightget

B.mighthavegotC.got

D.hadgot5.Whatwouldyouhavedonelastnight,ifyou______towriteyourhomework.A.hadn't

B.haven'thadC.didn'thave

D.hadn'thad6.---Didyoucatchtheplane?---No,ifIhadhurried,I______.A.would

B.wouldhaveC.could

D.did7.Whydidn'tyoutellhimthetruth?IfI______you,Iwouldhave.A.were

B.hadbeenC.am

D.wouldbe8.---Howdoyouliketheparty?---Wonderful.Ifyouhadcomewithus,you______agoodtime.A.had

B.hadhadC.wouldhave

D.wouldhavehad9.IfI______outofmyink,Iwouldhavefinishedwritingthepaper.A.didn'trun

B.shouldn'trunC.haven'trun

D.hadn'trun10.Ifyou______earlytomorrowmorning,youwouldbetherebynoon.A.havestarted

B.werestartC.weretostart

D.hadstarted11.Ifyou______tothemoononeday,youwouldfinditquitedifferentfromtheearth.A.travel

B.hadtravelledC.shouldtravel

D.havetrarelled12.What______yesterdayifyou______TVprogramme.A.wouldyoudo,hadn'twatchB.wouldyouhavedone,hadn'twatchedC.couldyoudo,didn'twatchD.wouldyouhavedone,didn'twatch13.----AreyouthinkingaboutgoingtoDalianforthevacation?----No,butifI______time,I______verygladtogothere.A.have,willbeB.hadhad,wouldhavebeenC.had,wouldbeD.hadhad,wouldbe14.----Mybossoftenmademeworkdayandnight.----IfI______

you,I______thejob.A.am,willgiveupB.hadbeenyou,wouldhavegivenupC.were,wouldgiveupD.hadbeenyou,wouldgiveup15.Ifyoutellmeallaboutit,I______abletodecide.A.wouldbe

B.couldbeC.were

D.shallbe16.Ifyou______George,wouldyoupleasetellhimtoringme?A.saw

B.weretoC.haveseen

D.see17.I'msurehehasn'tsenttheletter.Ifhe______it,I______.A.sent,gotB.sent,havegotC.sent,wouldgoD.hadsent,wouldhavegot18.----SallyfinallygotherefromChicago.----Ifshe______

earlier,we______hertothepartythen.A.came,wouldtakeB.hadcome,wouldhavetakenC.comes,willtakeD.hadcome,wouldtake19.Idon'tknowwhethertotakethemedicineatonce.IfI______，I______it.A.knew,wouldtakeB.hadknown,wouldhavetakenitC.knew,wouldhavetakenD.hadknown,wouldtake20.----Didyouneedanyhelpwithyourmathslastnight?----No,If______,I______you.A.had,wouldhavecalledB.had,wouldcallC.hadneeded,wouldhavecalledD.hadneeded,wouldcall二、【能力提高】1.Iwouldbuythatcar，ifI______enoughmoney.A.have

B.hadC.willhave

D.hadhad2.FordmighthavecometoschoolintimeforProfessorSmith'slecture,______.A.ifhegotupearlierB.unlesshehadgotupearlierC.buthegotupratherlateD.buthehadgotupsolate3.______theirhelpinthepastyears,hewouldbelivingahardlifeandmightevenhavestarvetodeath.A.WithB.IfitwerenotforC.IfithadnotbeenforD.Ifnot4.Ifithadnotrainedyesterday,theground______muddynow.A.isnotB.willnotbeC.wouldnotbeD.wouldnothavebeen5.You______anydifficultynow,ifyouhadmadeamorecarefulplan.A.won'tmeetwithB.wouldnotmeetwithC.wouldnothavemetwithD.havenotmetwith6.Hedidhisbestineverything,______hewouldnothavebeenwhathewas.A.and

B.butC.otherwise

D.butthat7.----Whatwouldyouwishtodoifyouweretobeacollegestudentagain?----That'sveryhardtosay,butIwishI______biologywhenIwasacollegestudent.A.hadstudied

B.studiedC.study

D.havestudied8.----Youshouldhavegonetotheshowwithusyeaterday.It'sverygood.----IwishedI______,butIwasbusywithmyreport.A.had

B.didC.wouldhave

D.were9.MrJohnsonsaidangrily,“Don'tordermeabout,asifI______yourwife.I'mnot.Weareboththeboss'smen.”A.were

B.amC.wouldbe

D.hadbeen10.______thethickfence,hewouldhavebeenmorefearful.A.Butfor

B.WithoutC.Ifitwerenotfor

D.bothAandB11.Hetalkedasifhe______toBeijing,butIknewhehadn't.A.went

B.wereC.hadbeen

D.wouldhavebeen12.----Wouldyouhavetoldhimtheawswer,ifpossible?----Yes,Iwouldhave,butI______verybusy.A.hadbeen

B.wereC.was

D.wouldbe13.Ifhe______inEngland,whatlanguagecouldheprobablyspeaknow?A.wereborn

B.hadbeenbornC.wouldhavebeenborn

D.wasborn14.Ifwe______Steven'sadvice,wewouldnotbelostintheforest.A.took

B.hadtakenC.havetaken

D.wouldtake15.Ifthegovenmenthadbuiltmorehousesforthehomelesspeopleaftertheearthquake,thehousingproblemsnowinsomepartsofthecity______soseriousnow.A.wouldn'tbeB.willnothavebeenC.wouldn'thavebeenD.wouldhavenotbeen16.Whataheavyrainitis!Ifwe______theraincoat,wewouldn't______intherain.A.hadputon,bewalkingB.puton,walkC.puton,bewalkingD.shouldputon,walk17.----Whyisthewindowbroken?----IfI______care,it______.A.took,wouldn'thappenB.hadtaken,wouldn'thavehappenedC.took,wouldn'thavehappenedD.hadtaken,wouldn'thappen18.----Doyouthinkthethiefenteredthroughthesidedoor?----No,ifhehad,he______thelivingroomwindow.A.wouldbreakB.wouldhavebrokenC.wouldn'tbreakD.wouldn'thavebroken19.I______oneofTom'spaintings,butifIhad,hewouldhavegivenittome.A.wanted

B.wantC.didn'twant

D.don'twant20.I'veforgottenhistelephonenumber.IfI______itdown,I______younow.A.put,wouldhavetoldB.put,wouldtellC.hadput,wouldhavetoldD.hadput,wouldtell三、【高考真題】1.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English___mucheasier.

A.willbe

B.wouldhavebeenC.couldhavebeen

D.wouldbe2.Theguardatthegateinsistedthateverybody____therules

A.obeys

B.obeyC.willobey

D.wouldobey3.----“Theexperimenthadfailed!”----“Isuggestyou____again.”

A.try

BtryingC.willtry

D.wouldtry4.----“Heisaverybraveman.”----“Yes.IwishI____hiscourage.”

A.have

B.hadC.willhave

D.wouldhave5.Ifshehadworkedharder,she____.

A.wouldsucceed

B.hadsucceededC.shouldsucceed

D.wouldhavesucceeded6.Theplantisdead.I____it

morewater.

A.willgive

B.wouldhavegivenC.mustgive

D.shouldhavegiven7.IwishI____youyesterday.

A.seen

B.didseeC.hadseen

D.weretosee8.Ifmylawyer____herelastSaturday,he____mefromgoing.

A.hadbeen;wouldhavepreventedB.hadbeen;wouldpreventC.were;wouldpreventD.were;wouldhaveprevented9.He____youmorehelp,eventhoughhewasverybusy.

A.mighthavegiven

B.mightgiveC.mayhavegiven

D.maygive10.Withoutelectricityhumanlife____quitedifferenttoday.

A.is

B.willbeC.wouldhavebeen

D.wouldbe11.Ifit____forthesnow,we____themountainyesterday.

A.werenot;couldhaveclimbedB.werenot;couldclimbC.hadnotbeen;couldhaveclimbedD.hadnotbeen;couldclimb12.We____lastnight,butwewenttotheconcertinstead.

A.musthavestudied

B.mightstudyC.shouldhavestudied

D.wouldstudy13.----Ifhe____,he____thatfood.----Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.

A.waswarned;wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned;wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned;hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned;hadnottaken14.Ididn'tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe____,shewouldhavemetmybrother.

A.hascome

B.didcomeC.came

D.hadcome15.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit____.

A.breaks

B.hasbrokenC.werebroken

D.hadbeenbroken16.Youdidn'tletmedrive.Ifwe____inturn,you____sotired.

A.drove;didn'tgetB.drove;wouldn'tgetC.weredriving;wouldn'tgetD.haddriven;wouldn'thavegot17.____hehadnothurthisleg,Johnwouldhavewontherace.（07全國II）

A.If B.Since C.Though D.When答案與分析1．選A。從句的意思反映出其愿望是不可能實現(xiàn)的，應(yīng)該使用虛擬語氣。從各選項中分析只有A符合虛擬條件句的語法規(guī)則。2．選B。前文已經(jīng)給出，這是一個與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬條件從句。3．選D。從兩個方面分析都應(yīng)選D。從followthedoctor'sadvice動作本身分析，這是個非延續(xù)性動詞，所以它只能是要么已經(jīng)，要么將來，即要么與過去事實相反，要么與將來事實相反。從全句的意思中分析，應(yīng)是前者。也可以從主句中分析。它是與過去事實相反的wouldhaverecovered。從全句的意思上看，從句也應(yīng)是與過去事實相反。4．選B。上一題考查從句中時態(tài)的選用，而本題則是考查主句時態(tài)的選用。從句是與過去事實相反，根據(jù)從句的意思，主句也應(yīng)是與過去事實相反。5．選D。主句與從句都理解為與過去事實要反相才正確。haveto被否定后的意思是“不是不得不”，“不是非得”。have一詞作“有”解時，其否定和疑問的形式有兩種，youdon'thave,youhaven't，但作除“有”解以外的含義時，只能有第一種否定或疑問形式，所以選項A是錯的。B項不是虛擬語氣，C項是與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦嵪喾垂室岔毰懦?．選B。根據(jù)問句，if條件從句及全句的意思，主句只能理解為與過去事實相反，wouldhave是wouldhavecaught的省略。7．選B。從句應(yīng)理解為與過去事實相反，故選hadbeen。8．選D。問句中雖用現(xiàn)在時，但實際上是詢問過去的事，故主從句都是與過去事實相反，所以wouldhavehad是對的。9．選D。與過去事實相反的從句是過去完成時，故選hadn'trun。runoutof意為“用光”。10．選C。從句中的tomorrowmorning已經(jīng)告知我們，