2024-2025學(xué)年新教材高中英語Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld泛讀技能初養(yǎng)成學(xué)案含解析牛津譯林版必修第三冊

PAGEUnit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld閱讀教材P53－54的材料，選出最佳選項(xiàng)1．What'sthemainideaofthepassage?A．Ittellsusscienceisofgreatvalueinourlives.B．Ittellsusscienceonlymakesgoodthingsforpeople.C．Ittellsussciencerepresentsthedestructionofpeopleandoftenputsusatrisk.D．Ittellsussciencecan'tbemeasuredbybeinggoodorevil.2．Whichvalueofscienceisnotmentionedinthepassage?A．Scientificknowledgeenablesustoinventsomething.B.Sciencecanprovidepeoplewithintellectualenjoyment.C.Sciencecanmakepeoplefeelignorant，doubtfulanduncertainaboutsomething.D.Sciencemakespeopleformahabitofthinkingfreelyandeffectively.3．Accordingtothepassage，what'sthescientists'responsibility?A．Declaringthevalueofthefreedomofthought.B.Teachingthatdoubtisn'ttobefearedbuttobewelcomed.C.Knowingtheprogressisthefruitoffreedomofthought.D．Ensuringthefreedomofthoughtisforallcominggenerations.[答案]1－3ADCWordsandPhraseseq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)1)surroundvt.圍繞，環(huán)繞；包圍；與……緊密相關(guān)(教材P48)Heobservedthatthebacteriasurroundingthemouldweredead.他視察到霉菌四周的細(xì)菌都死了。[例1]Theoriginalbuilderssurroundedthecitywithawall.最初的建設(shè)者們在該城的四周修起了城墻。[例2]Tosome，happinessisbeingsurroundedbyfamilyandfriends.對一些人來說，華蜜就是有家人和摯友陪伴在自己身邊。[造句]一群運(yùn)動(dòng)員圍著教練。Thecoachwassurroundedby/withagroupofplayers.[學(xué)問拓展](1)surroundsb./sth.(with...) (以……)圍繞，包圍besurroundedby/with... 被……環(huán)繞/包圍(2)surroundingadj. 四周的，旁邊的(3)surroundingsn. 環(huán)境；四周的事物[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Surrounded(surround)bybeautifulrivers，thecountryhasattractedalotofvisitors.②Thepolicemendecidedtosearchthesurrounding(surround)area.③WhenMr.Browngotoffthetrain，hefoundhimselfsurrounded(surround)byhisstudents.④Therearealotoffanssurrounding(surround)theyoungstaroverthere.[小片段助記]Onceuponatime，akingwhowasverypolitetosurroundingcountrieslivedinacastlesurroundedbytalltreesandwithwonderfulsurroundings.eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)2)byaccident偶然，意外地(教材P48)OnemightthinkFlemingdiscoveredpenicillinbyaccident，butactuallythisisfarfromthetruth.有人可能會(huì)認(rèn)為弗萊明發(fā)覺青霉素是出于偶然，然而事實(shí)上，這遠(yuǎn)非事實(shí)。[例1]Asamatteroffact，IlandedinBritainbyaccident.事實(shí)上，我在英國上岸是偶然的。[例2]Successinlifedoesn'thappenbyaccident.生活的勝利并不是偶然發(fā)生的。[造句]我只是碰巧找到這些老照片的。Ionlyfoundtheseoldphotosbyaccident.[學(xué)問拓展]byaccident＝bychance 偶然；無意中；不當(dāng)心bymistake 錯(cuò)誤地bydesign＝onpurpose 有意地[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Ican'tfindmybook.Someonemayhavetakenitbymistake.②YourwordssoundasifIdiditbydesign!③ItwasbyaccidentthatImetoneofmyoldfriendsinthestreet.④Hediditonpurpose，knowingitwouldannoyher.eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)3)favourvt.較喜愛；偏袒；有助于n.幫助，好事；贊同；偏袒(教材P48)AsLouisPasteursaid，“Fortunefavoursthepreparedmind.”正如路易斯·巴斯德所說：“幸運(yùn)垂青于有打算的人?！盵例1]I'llaskStevetotakeit.Heowesmeafavour.我要請史蒂夫接受。他欠我一個(gè)人情。[例2]Themanaskedmetodohimafavourtheotherday.不久前的一天，那個(gè)人讓我?guī)退粋€(gè)忙。[造句]你支持這個(gè)確定嗎？Areyouinfavourofthedecision?[學(xué)問拓展](1)infavourof 支持，贊同insb.'sfavour 對某人有利showfavourto 對……偏愛/偏袒dosb.afavour/doafavourforsb. 幫某人一個(gè)忙asksb.afavour/askafavourofsb. 請某人幫個(gè)忙(2)favourableadj. 給人好印象的；贊同的；有利的[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Thetermsoftheagreementarefavourable(favour)tobothsides.②Theexchangerateisinourfavouratthemoment.③Themotheriscarefultoshownofavourtoanychild.④Mostpeopleareinfavourofbringingdownthehousingprices.eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)4)chargevt.&vi.充電；收費(fèi)；控告；指責(zé)；使擔(dān)當(dāng)責(zé)任；使充溢n.收費(fèi)；控告；指責(zé)；掌管(教材P49)Whenathunderstormapproached，thelightningwouldchargethekey.當(dāng)雷雨來臨時(shí)，閃電就會(huì)給鑰匙充電。[例1]Howmuchdoyouchargearoomwithabath?一間帶浴室的房間多少錢？[例2]Therestaurantcharged￡20fordinner.這家餐館收了20英鎊的餐費(fèi)。[造句]他們收了多少修理費(fèi)？Whatdidtheychargefortherepairs?[學(xué)問拓展]inchargeof 主管；負(fù)責(zé)；掌管in/underthechargeofsb.＝inone'scharge 在某人的掌管下；由某人管理takechargeof 負(fù)責(zé)；掌管；接管chargesb.withsth./doingsth. 控告某人犯某罪；指責(zé)某人做某事charge...for... 就……向某人索取……費(fèi)用[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Hewaschargedwithstealing(steal)acarlastweek.②Hechargedme50yuanforrepairingthemobilephone.③ThecompanyisinthechargeofMissGreen.④Hewaschargedwithmurder.eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)5)involvevt.牽涉，影響；包含；(使)參與(教材P53)Ihadtoaskmyself，“Istheresomeevilinvolvedinscience？”我不得不問自己：“科學(xué)里是不是有罪惡？”[例1]Manyofthecrimesinvolveddrugs.很多罪案都與毒品有關(guān)。[例2]Therewasaseriousincidentinvolvingagroupofyouths.有一起涉及一群年輕人的嚴(yán)峻事務(wù)。[造句]這次撞車事故涉及多少輛汽車？Howmanyvehicleswereinvolvedinthecrash?[學(xué)問拓展]involvesb.in(doing)sth. (使)某人參與(做)某事beinvolvedin 包含在……；與……有關(guān)； 被卷入；用心地(做)beinvolvedwith 涉及becomeinvolvedin 卷入，陷入getinvolvedwith 給……纏住[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Whatkindoforganizationswillbeinvolvedinsetting(set)uptheseprojects?②Hewasinvolved(involve)inreadingthenovelallmorning.③Therewasalotofworkinvolved(involve)insettingupthefestival.④Parentsshouldinvolvethemselvesintheirchildren'seducation.eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)6)letsb.down使某人悲觀(教材P54)Neverconcernedthattheanswermayletusdown，withpleasureandconfidenceweturnovereachnewstonetofindunimaginedstrangenessleadingontomorewonderfulquestionsandmysteries.我們從不擔(dān)憂答案可能會(huì)令人悲觀，總是歡樂而自信地起先每一次新探究，發(fā)覺一些意想不到、稀奇怪異的東西，隨之而來的是更加奇異的問題和奇異。[例1]We'lltryourbesttodoitwell.Wedon'twanttolethimdown.我們會(huì)盡全力做好這件事。我們不想讓他悲觀。[例2]Don'tworry.Xiao，Iwon'tletyoudown.不要擔(dān)憂。肖，我不會(huì)讓你悲觀的。[造句]我會(huì)努力工作。我不想讓老板悲觀。I'llworkhard.Idon'twanttoletthebossdown.[學(xué)問拓展]letoff 排放；不懲處，寬恕letout 泄露；發(fā)出叫聲letsb.alone 不要管某人，不打攪某人letalone 更不用說，更談不上letsth.down 使某物降低letin 讓……進(jìn)來[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①I'lllethimoffthistimebutnexttimehe'llbepunished.②I'mcountingonyoutomakeit—don'tletmedown．③Itremainsunknownwholetoutthesecret.④Whenmyfatherisupset，hewouldratherwelethimalone．eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)7)ignorancen．無知(教材P54)Thescientisthasalotofexperiencewithignoranceanddoubtanduncertainty，andthisexperienceisofverygreatimportance.科學(xué)家常常會(huì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)無知、懷疑和不確定。而這種經(jīng)驗(yàn)是非常重要的。[例1]Theyfoughtalongbattleagainstprejudiceandignorance.他們同偏見與無知進(jìn)行了長期的斗爭。[例2]Iambeginningtofeelembarrassedbymycompleteignoranceofworldhistory.我起先為自己對世界歷史的一竅不通感到尷尬。[造句]貧困和愚昧阻礙進(jìn)步。Povertyandignorancearetheenemiesofprogress.[學(xué)問拓展](1)beinignoranceofsth. 不知某事；對某事不了解(2)ignorevt. 忽視；對……不予理睬(3)ignorantadj. 無知的；愚昧的beignorantof/aboutsth. 不知道某事beignorantthat... 不知道……[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Sometimeschildrendodangerousthingsoutofignorance(ignore).②Weareignorantof/aboutyourplan.③Thesingerheldhisheadandwalkedpast,ignoring(ignore)hisfans.④Sheignored(ignore)himandcarriedonwithherwork.eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)8)takeitforgranted想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為，認(rèn)為……是天經(jīng)地義(教材P54)Now，wescientiststakeitforgrantedthatitisperfectlypossibletoliveandnotknow.現(xiàn)在，我們科學(xué)家天經(jīng)地義地認(rèn)為，人類生而有所不知是完全有可能的。[例1]Ijusttookitforgrantedthathe'dalwaysbearound.我還想當(dāng)然地以為他總能隨叫隨到呢。[例2]Heseemedtotakeitforgrantedthatheshouldspeakasarepresentative.他好像天經(jīng)地義地認(rèn)為他應(yīng)當(dāng)作為代表發(fā)言。[造句]這位男士想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為他是最好的。Themantookitforgrantedthathewasthebest.[學(xué)問拓展]take...seriously 仔細(xì)對待……takeone'stime 不用急，漸漸來takepridein 以……驕傲take...forgranted 認(rèn)為……天經(jīng)地義takechargeof 負(fù)責(zé)，掌管takeadvantageof 利用[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Hebegantotakescienceseriously(serious)onlywhenhedidsomeresearchinfarming.②Wetakeitforgranted(grant)thateveryoneshouldhavethechancetobeeducated.③I'mgoingtotakeadvantageofthistourtoexplorethehistoryofthecastle.④Wetakeprideinofferingyouthehigheststandards.eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)9)permitvt.&vi.允許，準(zhǔn)許，許可；使有可能n．許可證(教材P54)Permitustoquestion—todoubt—tonotbesure.允許我們質(zhì)疑、懷疑、不確定。[例1]Nooneispermittedtogointothebuildingatpresent.現(xiàn)在不允許任何人進(jìn)入這座大樓。[例2]Theguardspermittedmetobringmycameraandtaperecorder.保衛(wèi)允許我?guī)舷鄼C(jī)和錄音機(jī)。[造句]假如天氣允許，午飯時(shí)盡量出去散漫步。Trytogooutforawalkatlunchtime，iftheweatherpermits.[學(xué)問拓展](1)permitsb.todosth. 允許某人做某事permit(doing)sth. 允許(做)某事(2)permissionn. 允許；許可；同意asksb.forpermission＝askpermissionfromsb. 懇求某人許可with/without(one's)permission 得到/未經(jīng)(某人的)允許[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Therulesoftheclubdon'tpermitsmoking(smoke).②Weaskedhimforpermission(permit)tousethecar.③Smokingisnotpermitted(permit)inthecinema.④Youarenotallowedtocampherewithoutpermission(permit).[小片段助記]Strangersarenotpermittedtoentertheschoolduringtheoutbreakofinvestigationwithoutthepresident'spermission.Ifyouhavetogotoschool，youmustaskthepresidentforpermission.eq\a\vs4\al(學(xué)問要點(diǎn)10)(教材P54)Itisourresponsibilityasscientist，knowingthegreatprogressthatisthefruitoffreedomofthought，todeclarethevalueofthisfreedom...作為科學(xué)家，我們明白巨大進(jìn)步源于思想自由，因此，我們有責(zé)任聲明這一自由的價(jià)值……(1)responsibilityn．責(zé)任，負(fù)責(zé)；職責(zé)，義務(wù)[例1]Childhoodactivitieshelpachilddevelopasenseofresponsibility.兒童時(shí)期的活動(dòng)有助于培育孩子的責(zé)任感。[例2]Nooneadmittedresponsibilityfortheattacks.沒有人對這些攻擊負(fù)責(zé)。[造句]對于一個(gè)孩子來說，這責(zé)任是太重了。That'stoomuchresponsibilityforachild.[學(xué)問拓展](1)take/haveresponsibilityfor 對……負(fù)責(zé)asenseofresponsibility 一種責(zé)任感(2)responsibleadj. 負(fù)責(zé)任的，對……負(fù)責(zé)的beresponsiblefor 對……負(fù)責(zé)[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Youhaveresponsibility(responsible)forclearinguptheclassroomafterclass.②Itistheirresponsibilitytoensure(ensure)thattherulesarecarriedout.③Shefeelsastrongsenseofresponsibilitytowardsheremployees.④Hetakestheviewthatchildrenareresponsiblefortheirownactions.(2)declarevt.表明，宣稱；公布，宣布；申報(bào)[例1]Thegovernmenthasdeclaredastateofemergency.政府已宣布進(jìn)入緊急狀態(tài)。[例2]Theareahasbeendeclaredanationalpark.該地區(qū)已宣布為國家公園。[造句]他聲稱他已愛上了她。Hedeclaredthathewasinlovewithher.[學(xué)問拓展]declarewar(on/against) (向……)宣戰(zhàn)declaresb./sth.(as/tobe)＋n./adj. 宣布某人/物為declaresth./that... 宣布……declarefor/against... 贊成/反對……Itis/wasdeclaredthat... 據(jù)宣布……[即學(xué)即練]單句語法填空①Theydeclaredhimtobe(be)thewinner.②Thegovernmenthasdeclaredwaron/againstdrugdealers.③Itwasdeclared(declare)thattheplanewouldnottakeoffduetothebadweather.④Thedoctorfinallydeclared(declare)thatthewomanwasdead.主旨大意題主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解中?？嫉念}型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的實(shí)力。通常以概括文章大意、概括段落大意、選擇標(biāo)題的形式出現(xiàn)。思維建?！獘故?步解題流程解題方法1．文章大意題——不同文體不同解法(1)爭論文主要是論述作者的某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，往往采納“總—分”或“總—分—總”的模式，所以主題句常在第一段或最終一段。(2)說明文則是說明一個(gè)事物的用途或制作過程，主題句一般在首段。(3)記敘文一般沒有明顯的主題句，須要依據(jù)文中敘述的內(nèi)容和線索來概括文章大意。但是假如文章末段出現(xiàn)說理性的句子，則這個(gè)句子為主題句。2．標(biāo)題歸納題——兩大技巧(1)正面確定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能精確概括主旨。(2)反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去設(shè)想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文比照，一一解除不符選項(xiàng)。3．段落大意題——依據(jù)邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)精準(zhǔn)定位主題句(1)總分依次組織段落：主題句在段首；(2)分總依次組織段落：主題句在段尾；(3)分總分依次組織段落：主題句在段中。[例文]TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight，bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle—namedtheTransition—hastwoseats，fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition，whichflewat1，400feetforeightminuteslastmonth，canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground，itgets35milespergallon.Around100peoplehavealreadyputdowna$10，000deposittogetaTransitionwhentheygoonsale，andthosenumberswilllikelyriseafterTerrafugiaintroducestheTransit