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第八章認(rèn)知功能發(fā)育Developmentofcognitivefunction

目錄content認(rèn)知功能發(fā)育規(guī)律Developmentofcognitivefunction1影響因素及異常發(fā)育Influencingfactorsandabnormaldevelopment23發(fā)育評(píng)定Developmentalassessment認(rèn)知功能發(fā)育規(guī)律

Developmentofcognitivefunction一、認(rèn)知功能概念Theconceptofcognitivefunction二、嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能發(fā)育Cognitivefunctiondevelopmentofinfants三、上肢功能與認(rèn)知的發(fā)育Upperlimbfunctionandcognitivedevelopment四、游戲與認(rèn)知功能發(fā)育Playanddevelopmentofcognitivefunction案例引導(dǎo)Caseguidance患兒,難產(chǎn)兒,2歲半。10個(gè)月時(shí)才會(huì)坐,1歲多才會(huì)站,2歲半基本能獨(dú)立步行,但不能維持平衡?;純翰粫?huì)說(shuō)話,只能發(fā)一些單音,不能說(shuō)出自己的年齡、姓名、父母姓名,隨地大小便。患兒對(duì)聲音一般沒(méi)有反應(yīng),對(duì)玩具沒(méi)多大興趣,愛(ài)發(fā)脾氣,扔?xùn)|西。作為治療師,應(yīng)回答以下問(wèn)題:①是什么原因?qū)е略摶純焊鞣矫姘l(fā)育明顯遲緩?②如何評(píng)價(jià)該患兒的智力發(fā)育程度?③對(duì)該患兒的教育和康復(fù)治療應(yīng)該從哪些方面著手?④如何預(yù)防類似疾病的發(fā)生?Child,hardtogivebirth,2andahalfyearsold.Only10monthswillsit,onlywhenIaminmyearlychildhood,andIcanwalkindependentlyattheageof2andahalf,butcannotmaintainbalance.Childrencannotspeak,canonlysendsomesingletone,cannotsaytheirownage,name,parents'name,urinate.Childrengenerallydonotrespondtosound,notmuchinterestintoys,lovetolosetemper,throwthings.Asatherapist,thefollowingquestionsshouldbeanswered:1.Whatcausestheobviousretardationofthechildreninallaspects?②Howtoevaluatetheintelligencedevelopmentofthechild?③Whatshouldeducationandrehabilitationtreatmentbedoneforthechild?④Howtopreventtheoccurrenceofsimilardiseases?

一、認(rèn)知功能概念Theconceptofcognitivefunction什么是認(rèn)知功能?Whatiscognitivefunction?

認(rèn)知過(guò)程建立在感知覺(jué)基礎(chǔ)上,通過(guò)記憶、思維、概括、推理、想象而完成對(duì)外界事物本質(zhì)的把握及其規(guī)律性的了解。Theprocessofcognitionisbasedonperception,throughmemory,thinking,generalization,reasoningandimagination,wecangrasptheessenceofexternalthingsandunderstandtheirregularity.(一)基本概念Basicconcepts

感覺(jué)(sensation)

是一定的物質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)作用于感覺(jué)器官并經(jīng)過(guò)外界或身體內(nèi)部的神經(jīng)通路傳入腦的相應(yīng)部位引起的意識(shí)現(xiàn)象,是整個(gè)認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程的起點(diǎn)。(一)基本概念Basicconcepts感覺(jué)淺部感覺(jué)深部感覺(jué)運(yùn)動(dòng)覺(jué)視覺(jué)聽(tīng)覺(jué)平衡覺(jué)機(jī)體覺(jué)味覺(jué)嗅覺(jué)皮膚感覺(jué)溫覺(jué)冷覺(jué)觸覺(jué)痛覺(jué)

知覺(jué)(perception)

是人腦對(duì)客觀事物的各個(gè)部分和屬性及其相互關(guān)系的綜合的、整體的反映,它把從環(huán)境中得到的各種信息,如光、聲音、味道等轉(zhuǎn)化為對(duì)物體、事件等的整體認(rèn)識(shí)的過(guò)程。如伸手摸硬幣。具有整體性、恒常性、選擇性和理解性等基本特征。Itisthecomprehensiveandoverallreflectionofthehumanbrainonthevariouspartsandattributesofobjectivethingsandtheirmutualrelations.Ittransformsvariouskindsofinformationobtainedfromtheenvironment,suchaslight,soundandtaste,intotheoverallunderstandingofobjectsandevents.Likereachingforacoin.Itischaracterizedbyintegrity,constancy,selectivityandcomprehensiveness.(一)基本概念Basicconcepts(一)基本概念Basicconcepts(一)基本概念Basicconcepts(1)時(shí)間知覺(jué):是對(duì)客觀現(xiàn)象延續(xù)性和順序性的感知。Itistheperceptionofcontinuityandorderofobjectivephenomena

(2)空間知覺(jué):是對(duì)物體距離、形狀、大小、方位等空間特性的知覺(jué)。Itistheperceptionofspatialcharacteristicssuchasdistance,shape,sizeandorientationofanobject.

(3)運(yùn)動(dòng)知覺(jué)(movementperception)即動(dòng)覺(jué),是個(gè)體對(duì)自己身體的運(yùn)動(dòng)和位置狀態(tài)的感覺(jué)。Itisanindividual'sfeelingofhisbody'smovementandposition.(一)基本概念Basicconcepts社會(huì)知覺(jué)(socialperception)是人對(duì)客體的認(rèn)知和認(rèn)識(shí)過(guò)程。社會(huì)知覺(jué)中有關(guān)對(duì)他人知覺(jué)的內(nèi)容又稱為人際知覺(jué),即個(gè)體對(duì)他人的感知、理解與評(píng)價(jià)。包括對(duì)他人表情、性格的認(rèn)知,對(duì)人與人之間關(guān)系的認(rèn)知和對(duì)行為原因的認(rèn)知等。Socialperceptionofothersisalsocalledinterpersonalperception,thatis,individualperception,understandingandevaluationofothers.Itincludesthecognitionofotherpeople'sexpressionandpersonality,thecognitionoftherelationshipbetweenpeopleandthecognitionofthecauseofbehavior.(一)基本概念Basicconcepts記憶(memory)

是人腦對(duì)過(guò)去經(jīng)驗(yàn)的反映,包括識(shí)記、保持、再認(rèn)和再現(xiàn)4個(gè)基本過(guò)程。識(shí)記是記憶的開(kāi)始階段,是信息的輸入和編碼。保持是記憶過(guò)去的信息在頭腦中得以鞏固的過(guò)程。再現(xiàn)也稱回憶,是對(duì)已存儲(chǔ)的信息進(jìn)行提取,使之恢復(fù)活動(dòng)。已存儲(chǔ)的信息由于某種原因不能被提取,但當(dāng)被刺激重新出現(xiàn)時(shí)卻仍能加以確認(rèn),這種確認(rèn)的過(guò)程稱為再認(rèn)。Memorizationisthebeginningofmemory,theinputandcodingofinformation.Retentionisaprocessinwhichtheinformationofthepastisconsolidatedinthemind.Reappearance,alsoknownasrecall,istoextractthestoredinformationandmakeitrecover.Thestoredinformationcan'tbeextractedforsomereason,butitcanstillbeconfirmedwhenthestimulusreappears.Theprocessofconfirmationiscalledrecognition.(一)基本概念Basicconcepts注意(attention)

是人的心理活動(dòng)對(duì)一定對(duì)象的指向和集中。注意能使人的感受性提高,知覺(jué)清晰,思維敏銳從而使行動(dòng)及時(shí)、準(zhǔn)確,是獲得知識(shí)和提高工作效率的前提。注意的方向和強(qiáng)度受客觀刺激物特點(diǎn)的影響,也受個(gè)人知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及個(gè)性特征的制約。Attentioncanimprovepeople'sperception,clearperception,sharpthinking,andmakeactiontimelyandaccurate,whichisthepremiseofacquiringknowledgeandimprovingworkefficiency.Thedirectionandintensityofattentionareinfluencedbythecharacteristicsofobjectivestimulants,andalsobypersonalknowledgeandexperienceandpersonalitycharacteristics.(一)基本概念Basicconcepts思維(thinking)是人腦對(duì)客觀事物的間接的、概括的反應(yīng),是認(rèn)識(shí)的高級(jí)形式。它反映的是客觀事物的本質(zhì)屬性和事物間規(guī)律性的聯(lián)系。思維同感知覺(jué)一樣是人腦對(duì)客觀事物的反應(yīng)。Theindirectandgeneralizedreactionofhumanbraintoobjectivethingsisanadvancedformofcognition.Itreflectstheessentialattributeofobjectivethingsandtheregularrelationshipbetweenthings.Thinking,likeperception,isthereactionofhumanbraintoobjectivethings.(一)基本概念Basicconcepts感知覺(jué)所反映的是事物的個(gè)別屬性、個(gè)別事物及其外部的特征和聯(lián)系,屬于感性認(rèn)識(shí),而思維所反映的是事物共同的、本質(zhì)的屬性和事物間內(nèi)在的、必然的聯(lián)系,屬于理性認(rèn)識(shí)。Perceptionreflectstheindividualattributesofthings,individualthingsandtheirexternalcharacteristicsandconnections,whichbelongstoperceptualknowledge,whilethinkingreflectsthecommonandessentialattributesofthingsandtheinternalandinevitableconnectionsbetweenthings,whichbelongstorationalknowledge.(二)認(rèn)知的特點(diǎn)Thecharacteristicsofcognition多維性Multidimensional相對(duì)性Relativity聯(lián)想性availability發(fā)展性Developmental先占性Preemption整合性Integration認(rèn)知cognition

二、嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能發(fā)育Cognitivefunctiondevelopmentofinfants在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。(一)感知覺(jué)的發(fā)育Thedevelopmentofsensoryperception

在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)育且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域,在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。嬰幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。Ininfantcognitivefunction,sensoryperceptionisthefirstandfastestdevelopingfield,whichplaysadominantroleininfantcognitiveactivities.Infantsgettheinformationofthesurroundingenvironmentthroughsensoryperceptionandapplytothesurroundingenvironment.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。1.視覺(jué)的發(fā)育Developmentofvision

(1)眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育:出生2~3周之后,眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)開(kāi)始協(xié)調(diào),兒童開(kāi)始能夠注視客觀事物,但注視時(shí)間很短。約2個(gè)月時(shí),兒童能注視距離較遠(yuǎn)的物體,注視時(shí)間增長(zhǎng),并且出現(xiàn)了追視現(xiàn)象。3個(gè)月時(shí),視覺(jué)更為集中而靈活,能用眼睛搜索附近的物體。5~6個(gè)月時(shí),兒童開(kāi)始能注視遠(yuǎn)距離的物體,如飛機(jī)、月亮、街上行人等。2-3weeksafterbirth,eyemovementbegantocoordinate,childrenbegantobeabletolookatobjectivethings,butthefixationtimewasveryshort.Atabout2monthsold,childrencangazeatdistantobjects,thefixationtimeincreases,andthephenomenonofchasingappears.At3months,thevisionismoreconcentratedandflexible,andcanusetheeyestosearchfornearbyobjects.Attheageof5-6months,childrenbegintobeabletolookatdistantobjects,suchasairplanes,themoonandpedestriansonthestreet.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。(1)眼球運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)育Eyemovementdevelopment在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。1.視覺(jué)的發(fā)育Developmentofvision

(2)視覺(jué)敏度發(fā)育:1-2歲兒童的視力為0.5~0.6,3歲視力可達(dá)1.0,4~5歲后趨于穩(wěn)定,6歲左右達(dá)到正常成年人的視力范圍。Thevisualacuityofchildrenaged1-2is0.5-0.6,thatof3-year-oldis1.0,thatof4-5-year-oldisstable,andthatof6-year-oldisnormal.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。1.視覺(jué)的發(fā)育Developmentofvision

(3)顏色視覺(jué)的發(fā)育:約從第4個(gè)月起,兒童開(kāi)始能對(duì)顏色產(chǎn)生分化反應(yīng),特別是紅色的物體最能引起兒童的興奮。兒童開(kāi)始能夠正確地辨別各種基本顏色(如紅色、黃色、藍(lán)色、綠色),但是對(duì)一些混合色(如橙色、紫色等)和色度不同的顏色(如粉紅色、大紅色、深紅色等),還不能很好的辨別。Fromaboutthefourthmonth,childrenbegintorespondtocolordifferentiation,especiallytheredobjectscanarousechildren'sexcitement.Childrenbegintobeabletocorrectlydistinguishavarietyofbasiccolors(suchasred,yellow,blueandgreen),buttheycan'tdistinguishsomemixedcolors(suchasorange,purple,etc.)andcolorswithdifferentchroma(suchaspink,scarlet,crimson,etc.).在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。2.聽(tīng)覺(jué)的發(fā)育Developmentofhearing

3個(gè)月時(shí),嬰兒出現(xiàn)明顯的集中性聽(tīng)覺(jué),能感受不同方位發(fā)出的聲音,并將頭轉(zhuǎn)向聲源。3~4個(gè)月時(shí),能傾聽(tīng)音樂(lè)的聲音,并對(duì)樂(lè)音表示愉快的情緒。4個(gè)月開(kāi)始,嬰兒能分辨成人發(fā)出的聲音。8~9個(gè)月時(shí),嬰兒可以認(rèn)識(shí)各種聲音,能分辨嚴(yán)厲的聲調(diào)和和藹的聲調(diào),并做出不同的反應(yīng)。At3monthsofage,thebabyhadobviousconcentratedhearing,couldfeelthesoundfromdifferentdirections,andturnedhisheadtothesoundsource.3~4months,canlistentothesoundofmusic,andexpresshappymoodtothemusic.At4monthsofage,babiescanrecognizethesoundsofadults.Attheageof8-9months,thebabycanrecognizeallkindsofsounds,distinguishbetweenharshtoneandkindtone,andmakedifferentresponses.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。3.知覺(jué)的發(fā)育Thedevelopmentofperception

嬰幼兒知覺(jué)的發(fā)育,包括空間知覺(jué)與時(shí)間知覺(jué)的發(fā)育。Thedevelopmentofinfantperceptionincludesthedevelopmentofspaceperceptionandtimeperception.

空間知覺(jué)由形狀知覺(jué)、深度知覺(jué)和方位知覺(jué)構(gòu)成:3個(gè)月左右的嬰兒已有分辨簡(jiǎn)單形狀的能力;6個(gè)月的嬰兒就已經(jīng)具有深度知覺(jué);一般來(lái)說(shuō),3歲左右能辨別上下,4歲左右辨別前后,5歲左右辨別以自身為中心的左右,7~8歲辨別以客體為中心的左右。Spatialperceptionconsistsofshapeperception,depthperceptionandorientationperception:infantsabout3monthshavetheabilitytodistinguishsimpleshapes;Sixmonthsofinfantshaddeepperception;Generallyspeaking,thethree-year-oldcandistinguishtheupperandlower,beforeandaftertheageof4,theleftandrightoftheself-centeredaroundtheageof5,andtheobjectcenteredaroundthe7-8yearsold.

時(shí)間知覺(jué)是個(gè)體對(duì)時(shí)間的延續(xù)性和順序性的知覺(jué)。Timeperceptionisanindividual'sperceptionofthecontinuityandsequenceoftime.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。3.知覺(jué)的發(fā)育Thedevelopmentofperception視覺(jué)懸崖試驗(yàn):6個(gè)月嬰兒具有深度知覺(jué)。Visualclifftest:6-month-oldinfantshavedepthperception.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。(二)注意的發(fā)育Developmentofattention

嬰兒一生下來(lái)就有對(duì)外界進(jìn)行掃視的能力。1~3個(gè)月嬰兒的注意已經(jīng)明顯地偏向曲線、不規(guī)則圖形,以及對(duì)稱、集中的或復(fù)雜的刺激物和所有輪廓密度大的圖形;3~6個(gè)月的嬰兒視覺(jué)注意能力進(jìn)一步發(fā)展,平均注視時(shí)間縮短,探索活動(dòng)更為積極,可操作的物體更能引起他們的興趣。1~3歲幼兒注意穩(wěn)定性仍然較差,到5~6歲時(shí)才能更好的控制自己的注意力,但也只能維持10~15分鐘。Babiesarebornwiththeabilitytoscantheoutsideworld.Theattentionofinfantsaged1-3monthswasobviouslybiasedtowardscurves,irregularfigures,symmetrical,concentratedorcomplexstimuliandallfigureswithhighcontourdensity;Thevisualattentionabilityofinfantsaged3-6monthswasfurtherdeveloped,theaveragefixationtimewasshortened,theexplorationactivitiesweremoreactive,andtheoperableobjectscouldarousetheirinterest.1-3yearsoldchildren'sattentionstabilityisstillpoor,to5-6yearsoldcanbettercontroltheirattention,butalsocanonlymaintain10-15minutes.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。(三)記憶的發(fā)育Thedevelopmentofmemory4個(gè)月的嬰兒開(kāi)始能認(rèn)識(shí)周圍的物體和人。5個(gè)月的嬰兒明顯的表現(xiàn)出“認(rèn)生”,能夠把熟悉的人和生疏的人區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。1歲時(shí)只能再認(rèn)相隔幾天或十幾天的事物,到了3歲,已經(jīng)能再認(rèn)相隔幾十天或幾個(gè)月的事物了。At4monthsofage,babiesbegintorecognizeobjectsandpeoplearoundthem.The5-month-oldbabyobviouslyshows"recognition",whichcandistinguishthefamiliarfromtheunfamiliar.Attheageofone,youcanonlyrecognizethingsthatareseparatedbyafewdaysormore.Attheageofthree,youcanrecognizethingsthatareseparatedbydozensofdaysormonths.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。(四)想象的發(fā)育Thedevelopmentofimagination

兒童最初的想象出現(xiàn)在2歲左右。從3歲開(kāi)始,隨著生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累和游戲活動(dòng)的發(fā)展,想象有了進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。Children'sfirstimaginationappearsaroundtheageoftwo.Fromtheageof3,withtheaccumulationoflifeexperienceandthedevelopmentofgameactivities,imaginationhasfurtherdeveloped.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。(五)思維的發(fā)育Thedevelopmentofthinking3歲以后想象能力增強(qiáng),兒童開(kāi)始利用頭腦中的形象進(jìn)行思維,如學(xué)計(jì)算,利用物體的具體形象,掌握數(shù)的實(shí)際意義。4-5歲兒童隨著大腦發(fā)育越來(lái)越成熟,逐步形成更強(qiáng)的獨(dú)立思考能力,如在陌生環(huán)境中會(huì)吵著“要媽媽、要回家”。5-6歲時(shí)判斷力得到發(fā)展,能進(jìn)行直覺(jué)判斷。7歲左右兒童能進(jìn)行間接推理判斷。

After3yearsold,children'simaginationabilityisenhanced,andtheybegintousetheimagesintheirmindsforthinking,suchaslearningtocalculate,usingthespecificimagesofobjects,andmasteringthepracticalsignificanceofnumbers.Withthedevelopmentofbrain,4-5-year-oldchildrengraduallydevelopstrongerindependentthinkingability,suchas"askingformotherandgoinghome"instrangeenvironment.Attheageof5-6,theabilityofjudgmentisdevelopedandintuitivejudgmentcanbemade.Childrenabout7yearsoldcanmakeindirectreasoningjudgment.

三、上肢功能與認(rèn)知的發(fā)育Upperlimbfunctionandcognitivedevelopment在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。

上肢功能是什么?Whatisupperlimbfunction?在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。

上肢功能主要是指上肢精細(xì)運(yùn)動(dòng)能力,即個(gè)體主要憑借手以及手指等部位的小肌肉或小肌群的運(yùn)動(dòng),在感知覺(jué)、注意等心理活動(dòng)的配合下完成特定任務(wù)的能力。Upperlimbfunctionmainlyreferstothefinemotorabilityoftheupperlimb,thatis,theabilityofindividualstocompletespecifictaskswiththehelpofsensoryperception,attentionandotherpsychologicalactivities,mainlyrelyingonthemovementofsmallmusclesorsmallmusclegroupsofhandsandfingers.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。

上肢精細(xì)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的發(fā)育和人類的認(rèn)知、語(yǔ)言的發(fā)育有著密切的關(guān)系。精細(xì)運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的發(fā)展依賴于感覺(jué)、認(rèn)知等其他智能發(fā)育,同時(shí)精細(xì)運(yùn)動(dòng)技能的快速發(fā)育也促進(jìn)視覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)等感知系統(tǒng)發(fā)育,進(jìn)而影響認(rèn)知能力發(fā)展。Thedevelopmentofupperlimbfinemotorfunctioniscloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentofhumancognitionandlanguage.Thedevelopmentoffinemotorabilitydependsonsensory,cognitiveandotherintelligentdevelopment.Atthesametime,therapiddevelopmentoffinemotorskillsalsopromotesthedevelopmentofvisual,tactileandotherperceptualsystems,andthenaffectsthedevelopmentofcognitiveability.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。(一)上肢的精細(xì)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能與手的直覺(jué)能力發(fā)育

手的精細(xì)動(dòng)作主要包括伸手取物,手掌大把抓握較大物品,拇指和其他手指分開(kāi)取一些小的物品等。上肢運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的細(xì)化使得手具備了操作能力,隨著操作過(guò)程的不斷練習(xí),手的知覺(jué)能力也隨著提高。Thefinemovementsofthehandmainlyincludereachingforobjects,holdinglargeobjectswithalargehand,andtakingsmallitemsseparatelyfromthethumbandotherfingers.Therefinementoftheupperlimbmovementfunctionmakesthehandhavetheoperationability.Withthecontinuouspracticeoftheoperationprocess,theperceptionabilityofthehandisalsoimproved.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。(一)上肢的精細(xì)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能與手的直覺(jué)能力發(fā)育

手的知覺(jué)能力是人們認(rèn)識(shí)事物的重要途徑,人類單憑用手觸及物體就能識(shí)別物體。用手識(shí)別物體不同于視覺(jué)識(shí)別,通過(guò)用手觸摸物體后能夠了解物體的屬性,如性質(zhì)、形狀、大小、質(zhì)地等。同時(shí)也能夠感覺(jué)手的動(dòng)作和其與身體部位之間的空間位置關(guān)系。早期嬰兒不僅僅是通過(guò)眼看、耳聽(tīng),更需要通過(guò)雙手觸摸、擺弄,才能理解事物的含義。Handperceptionisanimportantwayforpeopletoknowthings.Peoplecanrecognizeobjectsonlybytouchingthemwiththeirhands.Handrecognitionofobjectsisdifferentfromvisualrecognition.Bytouchingobjectswithhands,wecanunderstandthepropertiesofobjects,suchasnature,shape,size,textureandsoon.Atthesametime,itcanalsofeelthemovementofthehandandthespatialpositionrelationshipbetweenthehandandthebodyparts.Earlyinfantscanunderstandthemeaningofthingsnotonlybyseeingandhearing,butalsobytouchingandplayingwiththeirhands.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。(二)上肢的精細(xì)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能與視覺(jué)發(fā)育

視覺(jué)功能的發(fā)育引導(dǎo)了精細(xì)運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的發(fā)育,使其更加精細(xì)精準(zhǔn),更為迅速協(xié)調(diào)。手眼協(xié)調(diào)能力是指在視覺(jué)配合下手的精細(xì)動(dòng)作的協(xié)調(diào)性,隨著精細(xì)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能的發(fā)育,手眼協(xié)調(diào)能力越來(lái)越占重要地位,這是精細(xì)運(yùn)動(dòng)功能發(fā)育的關(guān)鍵。例如,兒童能夠完成購(gòu)物的動(dòng)作,甚至可以抓住運(yùn)動(dòng)著的物體。Thedevelopmentofvisualfunctionleadstothedevelopmentoffinemotionability,makingitmorepreciseandmorecoordinated.Handeyecoordinationabilityreferstothecoordinationoffinehandmovementundervisualcoordination.Withthedevelopmentoffinemovementfunction,handeyecoordinationabilityplaysanincreasinglyimportantrole,whichisthekeytothedevelopmentoffinemotorfunction.Forexample,childrencancompleteshoppingandevengraspmovingobjects.

四、游戲與認(rèn)知功能發(fā)育Playanddevelopmentofcognitivefunction在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。

在嬰幼兒時(shí)期,主導(dǎo)活動(dòng)是游戲,學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)于此期兒童不是主要任務(wù),多在游戲過(guò)程中不知不覺(jué)的學(xué)習(xí),在壓力不大的情況下,可進(jìn)行有意識(shí)的教育。游戲是最適合嬰幼兒身心發(fā)展的活動(dòng)類型,對(duì)嬰幼兒的認(rèn)知發(fā)展有著極其重要的作用。Intheinfantperiod,thedominantactivityisthegame,learningisnotthemaintaskforthisperiodofchildren,moreintheprocessofunconsciouslearninginthegame,inthecaseoflittlepressure,cancarryoutconsciouseducation.Gameisthemostsuitableactivitytypeforinfants'physicalandmentaldevelopment,whichplaysanextremelyimportantroleininfants'cognitivedevelopment.在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知功能中,感知覺(jué)是最先發(fā)一遇且發(fā)展速度最快的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。在嬰幼兒認(rèn)知活動(dòng)中占主導(dǎo)地位。因幼兒通過(guò)感知覺(jué)獲取周圍環(huán)境的信息并適用周圍環(huán)境。(一)游戲在幼兒認(rèn)知發(fā)展中的作用

幼兒在游戲活動(dòng)中,通過(guò)自身積極、主動(dòng)、自由的探索與操作,知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)不斷擴(kuò)大,認(rèn)知能力也不斷得到提高。游戲是兒童學(xué)會(huì)觀察、認(rèn)識(shí)、理解、說(shuō)話和活動(dòng)的最佳工具。此外,游戲還對(duì)幼兒情感發(fā)育和個(gè)性形成有促進(jìn)作用。因此,成人不應(yīng)忽視對(duì)孩子游戲、運(yùn)動(dòng)能力的發(fā)展和訓(xùn)練,要盡量為孩子創(chuàng)造環(huán)境條件,鼓勵(lì)孩子去做游戲、去運(yùn)動(dòng),從而促進(jìn)其智力的發(fā)展。Childreninthegameactivities,throughtheirownpositive,active,freeexplorationandoperation,knowledgeandexperiencecontinuetoexpand,cognitiveabilityisalsoconstantlyimproved.Playisthebesttoolforchildrentolearntoobserve,understand,understand,speakandact.Inaddition,gamescanpromotechildren'semotionaldevelopmentandpersonalityformation.Therefore,adultsshouldnotignorethedevelopmentandtrainingofchildren'sgameandsportsability.Theyshouldtry

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