WeleUnitDiscoveringUsefulStructures課件高中英語人教版22

WELCOMEUNITDiscoveringusefulstructureLeadinvocabularyIflanguageislikeatree,whatcangrammarbeandwhatcanvocabularybe?grammarwithoutvocabularywithoutgrammar××LeadinThat’swhyweneedtolearnbothvocabularyandgrammar.meaning?Part

1

ThecomponentsofEnglishsentence英語句子成分Review初中知識回顧:英語中的詞類、句子成分

Partsofspeech

10大英語詞類名詞

n（noun）冠詞

art（article)：數(shù)詞

num（numeral）代詞

pron(pronoun)

連詞

conj(conjuction）動詞

v(verb)形容詞

adj(adjective)

副詞adv（adverb）介詞prep(preposition)感嘆詞int(interjection)Components8大英語句子成分：順口溜：主謂賓

定狀補

表同位1.主語：動作的發(fā)出者

I

eatapples2.謂語：主語的動作或狀態(tài)

leatapples.3.賓語：動作的承受者

leatapples.4.定語：修飾賓語或主語

leatredapples.5.狀語：修飾謂語動詞

leatapplesquickly.6.賓語補足語：對賓語進行補充說明Iaskedyou

toeattheapple.7.表語：描述主語的特征（系動詞后).

Theappleisred.8.同位語:對主語、賓語等進一步解釋說明You,mystudents,likeeatingapples.Toseeistobelieve.Whathehassaidistrue.TVnewsoftengivesuslotsofinformation.Cyclingandboatingaremyfavoritefreetimeinterests.主語：句子的主體；謂語陳述、說明的對象，說明動作由“誰”發(fā)出。Itdrivesmemadtoteachher.It’sapitythatyoumissedtheexcitingfootballmatch.注意：主語一般位于句首，但若不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)、名詞性從句作主語，常用it作形式主語，則把真正的主語放在句后。主語即學即練找出下列句子的主語。Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.

Thepoorarenowlivingintheshelter.Runningisgoodforourhealth.

Tostudyhardisyourduty.

Shelikesdancing.

WhatIwantissomeapples.主語可以用下面這些詞類表示：1.Thesunrisesintheeast.（）2.Helikesdancing.（）3.Twowillbeenough.()4.Seeingisbelieving.（）6.Toseeistobelieve.（）名詞代詞數(shù)詞v-ing不定式在“Therebe…”句型中，主語的位置在be動詞之后。Therearesomebottlesofmilkinthebox.Thereisaduckinthelake.形式主語（形式上的主語）和真正主語（真正的主語）

原因：常用作形式主語的是代詞it。當主語過長時，可以先用代詞it作為形式上的主語，而把真正的主語放在句子尾部，避免句子“頭重腳輕”，影響平衡美感。例1：動詞不定式短語作主語參照：Togettoschoolusuallytakesmethirtyminutes.例句：Itusuallytakesmethirtyminutestogettoschool.例2：主語從句作主語參照：Thatwehavetoworkmorethantenhourseveryday

isafact.例句：It

isafactthatwehavetoworkmorethantenhourseveryday.例3：動名詞短語作主語參照：Pretendingtoworkhardinfrontofothers

isnogoodforoneself.例句：It

isnogoodforoneselfpretendingtoworkhardinfrontofothers.謂語：表示主語的行為或狀態(tài)；是英語句子的靈魂、核心。一般在主語之后。謂語中最重要的是謂語動詞(通常由實義動詞充當)，它有時態(tài)，語態(tài)的變化，并受主語人稱和數(shù)的影響。簡單謂語：由動詞或動詞詞組組成Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Tomlooksforwardto

meetingthenewexchangestudent.復合謂語：由情態(tài)動詞或助動詞+動詞組成HecanspeakEnglishwell.Iwillreturnyouthebooktomorrow.謂語實義動詞有實在意義并能獨立作謂語。助動詞本身沒有意義，不單獨作謂語，協(xié)助主要動詞構成謂語。情態(tài)動詞有一定詞義，不能單獨作謂語，后加動詞原形。系動詞有詞義，但不能獨立做謂語，必須和表語構成主系表結構。動詞的分類behavedowillcanmustmayneedshallreadeatdrinkamkeepstaysoundbecome謂語在哪里They

can

speak

English

well.He

looked

after

two

boys.Theyenjoyedplayingcomputergames.We

have

finished

reading

this

book.賓語：動作的承受者，表示行為或活動的對象、接受者或受影響者。賓語一般位于及物動詞和介詞之后。Thechildrenareflyingkites.Doyoumindpassingmethedictionary？Shedidn'tsayanything.Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?賓語SomestudentsfinditdifficulttostudyEnglish.Mostofusthink

it

nousearguingwithher.注意：不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)、名詞性從句作賓語，常用it作形式賓語，則把真正的賓語放在句后。賓語分為直接賓語(DO)和間接賓語(IO)，指人的是間接賓語，指物的是直接賓語，合稱雙賓語。1.Hegaveme

someink.

間賓

直賓2.Ourteachertoldus

aninterestingstory.

間賓

直賓常借助介詞to的常用動詞teach/tellsb.sth=teach/tellsth.tosb.take/bring/givesb.sth=take/bring/givesthtosb.Show/

send/writesb.sth.=show/send/writesth.tosb.

常借助介詞for的常用動詞buysb.sth=buysth.forsb.lendsb.sth.（借）=lendsth.forsb.makesb.sth=makesth.forsb.雙賓語易位VS賓語在哪里

Mybrother

hasn’t

donehishomework.

Youmustpaygood

attentiontoyour

pronunciation.

Shelivedahappylife.HebegantolearnEnglishayearago.Shebroughtmeagift.說明主語“是什么”,“怎么樣”，位于系動詞之后。表語(P)Hermotherisateacher.Thefoodtastesdelicious.What'sthedifferencebetweenpredictiveandobject?

表語：描述主語的特征，用來說明主語的身份、性質、狀況等，位于系動詞后。Theflowersmells

sweet.Myhobbyis

collectingstamps.Englishis

bothusefulandimportant.Thatis

whyhedidn'tcometoschoolyesterday.表語系動詞：起連接主語和表語作用，本身有一定詞義，它和實義動詞一樣有時態(tài)變化，也受主語人稱和數(shù)的影響。狀態(tài)beThedoctorareverypatient.持續(xù)keep,remain,stay,Healwayskeptsilent.像seem,appear,lookHeseems(tobe)verysad.感官feel,smell,sound,tasteThiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.變化become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,runShegrewrichwithinashorttime.終止prove,turnoutHisplanturnedoutasuccess.連系動詞（Link-verb）ＳＶ（是系動詞）Ｐ(表語)1.This2.Thedinner3.He4.Everything5.He6.Thebook7.Theweather8.Hisface

issmells(聞)felllooksisisbecameturnedanEnglishdictionary.good.happy.different.tallandstrong.interesting.warmer.red.即學即練找出下列句子的表語。Theproblemremainstobesettled.Youlookyoungerthanbefore.Myfatherisateacher.Theyareatthetheatre.Everythinglooksdifferent.Herjobistrainingthenurses.賓語補足語：用來補充說明賓語的動作或狀態(tài)。Wesawhimplaysoccer.Theymade

hertheir

monitor.Mymotheralwayskeepseverythingingoodorder.Whenhewokeup,hefoundhimselflyinginthestreet.常見接賓語補足語的動詞：make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let.賓語補足語ObjectComplement賓補與雙賓語的區(qū)別是什么呢？ＳＶ（及物）Ｏ（賓語）Ｃ（賓補）1.We2.They3.They4.They5.What6.We7.He8.Ikeeppaintedcallfoundmakessawaskedsaw

thetablethedoorsupperthehousehimhimmethem

clean.green.dinner.dirty.sad?out.tocomebacksoon.gettingonthebus.

Hewasseentogoupstairs.Hecamehomeoutofhumour.Tiredandsleepy,Iwenttobed.Startingasastreetvender,heisnowamanagerofafamouscompany.

主語補足語：對主語進行補充說明。主語補足語SubjectComplement

修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句,說明時間、地點、方式、原因、結果、條件、讓步、程度、頻率、伴隨、目的等。狀語

AdverbialThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachines.Hesatthere

quietly.修飾動詞The

dog

walkedslowlyalongthestreet(沿著街).Sheswimsverywell.狀語（程度）修飾形容詞He

was

very

serious,butextremelyboring.

Heisoldenoughtodecideforhimself.

修飾副詞

He

runs

very

fast.

修飾句子Fortunately,thedriverescapedthedanger.

Thedriverescapedthedanger,fortunately.

即學即練找出下列句子的狀語。Iwaitedtoseeyou.I'mverypleasedtoseeyou.Heoftenwenttoschoolbybus.Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.Pleasecallmeifitisnecessary.Hewenttoschoolinspiteofhisillness.定語（adjective）用來修飾名詞或代詞，說明名詞或代詞的品質與特征。由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞或名詞所有格、介詞短語、不定式、動詞-ing形式、過去分詞、從句等或相當于形容詞的詞或短語充當。·Sheisanindustrialdesigner.她是一名工業(yè)設計師。（形容詞）·WewenttoalectureonItalianart.我們去參加了一個關于意大利藝術的講座。（介詞短語）·ThefemaledesignerwhoisfromtheUSAmadeadeepimpressiononus.這位來自美國的女性設計師給我們留下了深刻的印象。（定語從句）·Theyarecleaningthefallenleavesintheyard.他們正在院子里清掃落葉。（過去分詞）Thecarthatisparkedoutsideismine.There

are

somanyfallen

leavesthereOurcountry

is

adeveloping

country.Thebuilding

beingbuilt

willbe

ourclassroom.Thesuggestion

senttothecommitee

wasadopted.Doyouknow

theman

whoisstandingnexttoMrGreen?123456指出下列劃線部分的成分WeallstudyhardatEnglish.Bettylikeshernewbike.Myfatherisapoliceman.Wereyouathomelastnight?5.Winteristhecoldestseasonoftheyear.6.Heoftenwalksinthepark.賓語謂語表語狀語定語狀語Part

2

ThestructuresofEnglishsentence英語基本句型結構1.常見的句子結構句子結構分三種：簡單句、并列句和復合句。1、簡單句(simplesentence):1個主語+n個謂語

或

n個主語和+1個謂語eg.1.He

isaboy.2.She

smiledandsaidnothing.

3.YouandI

lovedogs.在一個英語句子中，在無連詞，無從句的情況下，有且只能由一個謂語動詞。主謂結構：主語＋謂語Hesetoff.Thesunisrising.Thelittleboyiscrying.Theboy'sdreamcametrue.此句型中的謂語為

或不及物動詞短語，故其后不能接賓語，也

被動語態(tài)。主謂結構常用來表示主語的動作或狀態(tài)。不及物動詞沒有setoff意為“出發(fā)；動身”，是不及物動詞短語，其后不能接賓語。2.S+Vt+O(主+謂+賓結構)1.He

bought

acomputerlastyear.

主(S)謂(V)賓(O)3.Heoftenreads

newspaperbeforebreakfast.SVO2.I

like

English.SVO注意：Vt是及物動詞（能直接

接物的動詞），即后面能直接加賓語或表語主謂賓結構：主語＋謂語＋賓語此句型中的謂語必須是

或及物動詞短語，一般有被動語態(tài)。用作賓語的有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞或從句等。Iwanttohaveacupoftea.Studentshavedifferentopinions.Ourschoolwillholdasportsmeet.Thestudentshaveknowntheanswer.及物動詞注意：在“動詞＋介詞”的動詞短語中，賓語只能跟在介詞之后；在“動詞＋副詞”的動詞短語中，作賓語的名詞放在副詞前、后皆可，而作賓語的代詞只能放在副詞之前。PleasewakeLiLingup(＝wakeupLiLing)．(√)Pleasewakeherup.(√)Pleasewakeupher.(×)主(系)表結構：主語＋系動詞＋表語Everythinglooksdifferent.Allofthemwereamazed.Theproblemremainstobesettled.Thesesuggestionsareofgreatimportance.此句型的句子有一個共同的特點：句子的系動詞都不能表達一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語，才能表達完整的意思。表語多為形容詞，也可以是名詞、介詞短語、動名詞等。常見的系動詞有：be動詞感官系動詞(sound,

look,

smell,

taste,

feel)變化系動詞(become,

get,

grow,

turn,

go,

fall,

run)持續(xù)系動詞(remain,

keep,

hold,

stay)表象系動詞(seem,

appear,

look)等。4.S+Vt.+IO+DO(主+謂+雙賓)1.He

gave

me

agift.

主

謂

間接賓語

直接賓語2.Mymother

bought

me

adictionaryyesterday.SVIODO3.Willyou

tell

us

somethingaboutyourschoollife?SVIODO雙賓：間接賓語、直接賓語此句型中的及物動詞后跟雙賓語，指人的賓語稱為間接賓語，指物的賓語稱為直接賓語。通常間接賓語在前，直接賓語在后，也可把間接賓語置于直接賓語后，但間接賓語前需用介詞for或to。主謂賓補結構：主語＋謂語＋賓語＋賓語補足語Miketoldmenottogo.Thenewsmadeeveryoneofusveryhappy.Sheaskedthestudentstheirnames.WeallheardhimreadingEnglishaloud.此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。常見能夠接賓補的動詞有：使役動詞：keep,

make,let,have,leave,get等；感官動詞或短語：see,watch,notice,observe,find,catch,lookat,listento,hear,feel,smell等；后跟帶to的不定式作賓語補足語的動詞：ask,tell,order,request,permit,persuade等。ExerciseActivity1Readthesentencesandanalysethestructures.1

The100-year-oldschool

lies

inthecentreofthecity.2

We

mustact.3

Themathshomework

lookseasy.4Theteacher

found

theclassroom

empty.SVASVSPSVOCExerciseActivity1Readthesentencesandanalysethestructures.EXAMPLE：We

laughed.SV5Mymum

bought

me

anewdictionary.6

Tom

islookingforwardto

meetingthenewexchangestudent.7

Thereis

anEnglishCorneratourschool.8

We

had

chemistry

inthenewlybuiltlab.SSVIODOTherebe...VOSVOAActivity2Readthepassageandanalysethestructuresoftheunderlinedsentences.Howwouldyouliketogotoschoolandtraveltheworldatthesametime?ForTim，thatdream

hascometrue!Thisterm，Timandhisclassmates

areliving

onaship!Theytakethesamesubjectsasyoudo，likemathsandEnglish.They

alsolearnabout

shipsandthesea.Tim

writes

hisparents

anemaileveryweekandtells

them

whathappenedontheship.Timloveslivingontheship.There’s

alwayssomethingexcitingtodo.And，afteralongdayofstudy，helikestowatchthesungodownandwaitforthestarstocomeout.Studyinganddoinghomework

seemmuchmorefunwhenyouareatsea!ExerciseSVSVASVIODOVIODOTherebe…SPSVO觀察下列各組句子的畫線部分作何成分，并分別說出其類別第一組（1）TheexchangestudentsarecelebratingtheChristmas._______________（2）We

areanxioustoimproveourspokenEnglish._______________（3）Toknoweverythingistoknownothing. _______________（4）Makingagoodfirstimpressionisveryimportant. _______________（5）Whyhedidsuchathingisnotclear. _______________第二組（6）Wehaverevisedthetext. _______________（7）Pleaselookafterthetwins. _______________第三組（8）

Thestudentsaretakingnotes. _______________（9）—Howmanydoyouwant?—Iwanttwo. _______________（10）I’mlookingforwardtomeetingher._______________（11）Canyoutellmewhatimpressedyoumost?_______________主語；

名詞短語主語；代詞主語；不定式短語主語；動名詞短語主語；從句謂語；動詞謂語；短語動詞賓語；名詞賓語；數(shù)詞賓語；動名詞短語賓語；從句第四組(12)AndyandIarefriends. ________________(13)Leaveshavegoneyellow.

________________(14)Mydutyistomakeourenvironmentbetter.

________________(15)Myhobbyisreading. ________________(16)That’swheretheriverjoinsthesea. ________________第五組(17)Unfortunately，Davidmissedthetrain.

________________(18)Tenyearsago，shebegantoliveinDalian.

________________(19)Seeingitsmother，thebabysmiled.

________________(20)Whenhewasaboy，JohncametoChina. ________________表語；

名詞表語；

不定式短語表語；

動名詞表語；

從句狀語；

副詞狀語；

名詞短語狀語；

現(xiàn)在分詞短語狀語；

從句表語；

形容詞第六組（21）AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.__________________（22）Ithinkthemeetingformal. __________________（23）Isawthekiteupanddown. __________________（24）Ifoundhimintrouble. __________________（25）I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting. __________________（26）Lastyear，theyheardtheirhouserebuilt. __________________第七組（27）ThepinkdressisMary’s. ________________（28）HisnameisTom. __________________（29）TheboyinblueisTom. __________________（30）Thereisnothingtodotoday. __________________（31）Thesmilingladyisverykind. __________________（32）Thebuildingdesignedbyherisbeautiful. __________________（33）Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou? __________________賓語補足語;

名詞短語賓語補足語;形容詞賓語補足語;副詞短語賓語補足語;介詞短語賓語補足語;現(xiàn)在分詞賓語補足語;

過去分詞定語;代詞定語;形容詞定語;介詞短語定語;不定式定語

;現(xiàn)在分詞定語;

過去分詞短語定語;從句分析下列句子結構（1）Tom

wants

tomakeagoodfirstimpression.

（2）I

excitedly

found

mostofmyclassmatesandteachers

friendlyandhelpful.（3）Thisafternoon，we

had

ourchemistryclass

inthesciencelab.（4）I

didn’tfeel

awkw