山東省淄博市高二上學期期末英語試題

參照秘密級管理★啟用前2023—2024學年度第一學期高二質量檢測英語學校______姓名______準考證號______注意事項：1.答卷前，考生務必將自己的姓名、考生號等填寫在答題卡和試卷指定位置上。2.回答選擇題時，選出每小題答案后，用鉛筆把答題卡上對應題目的答案標號涂黑。如需改動，用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案標號。回答非選擇題時，將答案寫在答題卡上。與在本試卷上無效。3.考試結束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）做題時，先將答案標在試卷上。錄音內容結束后，你將有兩分鐘的時間將試卷上的答案轉涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)（共5小題；每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面5段對話。每段對話后有一個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽完每段對話后，你都有10秒鐘的時間來回答有關小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對話僅讀一遍。1.Howwillthewomangototheparty?A.Bycar.B.Bybus.C.Bybike.2.Whenwillthespeakersprobablygettothezoo?A.Around7:00.B.Around8:00.C.Around9:00.3.Whatdoesthemanwanttodo?A.Seeamovie.B.GotosleepC.Haveadrink.4.Howmuchshouldthewomanpayforexchanging$3000?A.$10.B.$15.C.$30.5.Whatistheman’sproblem?A.Hehaslosthiscar.B.Heisunabletopark.C.Heislockedoutofhiscar.第二節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對話或獨白。每段對話或獨白后有幾個小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個選項中選出最佳選項。聽每段對話或獨白前，你將有時間閱讀各個小題，每小題5秒鐘；聽完后，各小題將給出5秒鐘的作答時間。每段對話或獨白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，回答第6、7題。6.Whatarethespeakerstalkingabout?A.Wheretoputthingsinthehouse.B.Whentomovetoanewhouse.C.Howtodecoratethehouse.7.Whatwillthemangivehisparents?A.AclockB.Abookcase.C.Awoodenchair.聽第7段材料，回答第8至10題。8Whatdidthewomandothismorning?A.Shewateredtheplants.B.Shepackedhersuitcase.C.Shecleanedherhouse.9.Whydoesthewomancalltheman?A.Togiveadvice.B.Toaskforhelp.C.Tomakeanappointment.10.Whywillthemanmakeatripnextweek?A.Forvacation.B.Forstudy.C.Forwork.聽第8段材料，回答第11至13題。11.Whatdayisthewoman’sbusiestdayoftheweek?A.Monday.B.Tuesday.C.Wednesday.12.Whatdoesthewomanliketodowhenlisteningtothelectures?A.Recordthelectures.B.Takenotes.C.Readbooks.13.Whatdoesthemanthinkofskimmingabook?A.Important.B.Timesaving.C.Difficult.聽第9段材料，回答第14至17題。14.Whichclasshasnoplacenow?A.Ballet.B.Yoga.C.Swimming.15.Whenwillthewomangotofitnessclassesifshejoins?A.OnWednesdays.B.OnFridays.C.OnSundays.16.Whydoesthemanadvisethewomantoregisteronline?A.Theputerdoesn’twork.B.Thepriceislower.C.It’sconvenient.17.Howwillthewomanpay?A.Bycreditcard.B.Byphone.C.Incash.聽第10段材料，回答第18至20題。18.Whatdidthespeakerstudyatuniversity?A.puting.B.Cartoondesign.C.Art.19.Whatisthespeakerdoingnowtoimproveherwork?ACollectingstories.B.Learningacting.C.Doingawritingcourse.20.Howlongdoesittakethespeaker’spanytomakeafulllengthfilm?A.Eightmonths.B.Sixteenmonths.C.Twoyears.第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出最佳選項。ARegistrationforourwinteronlinecontesttrainingclassesisopen!Weoffer3coursesforbinedlevels12,34,56and78.CourseStreamsContestCoursesaredesignedtocovercontestquestionsandproblemsolvingstrategiesthatstudentsmayeacross.Instructionwillfocusonthefundamentalsofproblemsolvinginfunandageappropriateways,aswellasimprovingtheirskillsinquicklyjudginghowtosolveaproblembyrecognizingitstype.EnrichmentCoursesaredesignedforstudentswhoarefortableinmathconceptsattheirgradelevelandarelookingforgreaterchallengesandnewwaystostimulatetheirinterestinmath.CodingCoursesfocusonexploringtherelationshipamongmath,algorithms(算法),andcoding.Buildingonmathknowledge,solvingmathpuzzles,andlearningkeyprogrammingconcepts,studentscodetogethertosolvechallengesandminiprojects.ProgramFeesandFinancialSupportTheregularfeeis$17andincludesafree60minutetrainingclassifregisteredbyFebruary25.Thelatefeeis$25fromFebruary26totheregistrationdeadlineonMarch3rd.Ifyouareunabletopayforthefullprogrambecauseyouhavebeenfinanciallyaffected,pleaseapplyforascholarship.DiscountsandRefundPolicyTherewillbediscountsforgroupregistrations($2discountperstudentfor20participants,$3discountfor30,$4for40).Therewillbenorefunds/creditsofcontestfeesunderanycircumstances.1.WhatisthefocusofContestCourses?A.Decodingmathpuzzles. B.Improvingmathlevels.C.Recognizingstrategytypes. D.Instructingbasicsandskills.2.Howmuchshould20studentspayforregistrationonFebruary24?A.$300. B.$340. C.$460. D.$500.3.Whatcanweknowabouttheprogram?A.Thecoursesaredesignedatthesamelevel. B.Agroupof10studentswillgetnodiscounts.C.Refundswillbereceivedforcancellation. D.Anyparticipantcanapplyforascholarship.【答案】1.D2.A3.B【解析】【導語】本文體裁為應用文。文章是關于冬季在線競賽培訓課程的招生啟事。內容涵蓋了課程介紹（包括競賽課程、豐富課程、編程課程）、項目費用及財政支持信息（包括常規(guī)費用、逾期費用、獎學金申請）、折扣與退款政策等細節(jié)?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據CourseStreams部分“ContestCoursesaredesignedtocovercontestquestionsandproblemsolvingstrategiesthatstudentsmayeacross.Instructionwillfocusonthefundamentalsofproblemsolvinginfunandageappropriateways,aswellasimprovingtheirskillsinquicklyjudginghowtosolveaproblembyrecognizingitstype.(競賽課程旨在涵蓋學生可能遇到的競賽問題和解決問題的策略。教學將側重于以有趣和適合年齡的方式解決問題的基本原理，以及提高他們通過識別問題的類型來快速判斷如何解決問題的技能。)”可知，競賽課程的重點是教授解題基礎和技巧，以及通過識別問題類型來快速判斷如何解決問題的技能。故選D?！?題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據ProgramFeesandFinancialSupport部分中的“Theregularfeeis$17andincludesafree60minutetrainingclassifregisteredbyFebruary25.(常規(guī)費用為17美元，如果在2月25日之前注冊，包括免費的60分鐘培訓課程。)”和DiscountsandRefundPolicy部分“Therewillbediscountsforgroupregistrations($2discountperstudentfor20participants,$3discountfor30,$4for40).(團體報名有折扣（20人每人2美元折扣，30人每人3美元折扣，40人每人4美元折扣）。)”可知，20名學生在2月24日注冊可以享受每人減免2美元的優(yōu)惠，即每人支付15美元。所以，20名學生的總費用為15*20=$300。故選A。【3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據DiscountsandRefundPolicy部分中的“Therewillbediscountsforgroupregistrations($2discountperstudentfor20participants,$3discountfor30,$4for40).Therewillbenorefunds/creditsofcontestfeesunderanycircumstances.(團體報名有折扣（20人每人2美元折扣，30人每人3美元折扣，40人每人4美元折扣）。在任何情況下，比賽費用將不予退還/抵扣。)”可知，只有達到20名及以上參與者的團體才能享受折扣，10名學生組成的團體不符合折扣條件，故不會得到折扣，選項B正確，選項C錯誤。根據CourseStreams部分中的“EnrichmentCoursesaredesignedforstudentswhoarefortableinmathconceptsattheirgradelevelandarelookingforgreaterchallengesandnewwaystostimulatetheirinterestinmath.(強化課程是為那些在他們的年級水平上對數學概念感到舒適的學生而設計的，他們正在尋找更大的挑戰(zhàn)和新的方法來激發(fā)他們的數學興趣。)”可知，課程是針對不同級別設計的，選項A錯誤。根據ProgramFeesandFinancialSupport部分中的“Ifyouareunabletopayforthefullprogrambecauseyouhavebeenfinanciallyaffected,pleaseapplyforascholarship.(如果你因為經濟上受到影響而無法支付全部費用，請申請獎學金。)”可知，并非任何參與者都能申請，選項D錯誤。故選B。BThisstampbelongstoalongrunningseriesofpostagestampsissuedbytheUS.Atfirstglance,RachelCarsonseemsaslightfigureamongthesegiants.Physically,perhaps,shewas—butshehasturnedouttobeoneofthemostinfluential.Asachild,Carsonwasfascinatedbybooksandanimals.Herfirstbook,UndertheSeaWind,waspublishedin1941,butsoldpoorly.Hersecondbook,TheSeaAroundUs,waspublishedin1951,whichwasasuccess.Agreatersuccesswastofollow.Theearly1950swereatimewhentechnologywasunquestioned.Manwouldironoutalltheinconveniencesofnature,andcreateanevermoreconvenientoneforhumanworld.OneofthetoolswithwhichthiswouldbeachievedwasDDT.SwisschemistPaulMullerhadwonthe1948NobelPrizefordiscoveringitscapacityforkillinginsects,andthechemicalwasgoingtorootoutnotjustdiseasesrelatedtoinsectslikemalaria(瘧疾),butagriculturalandhouseholdpests.Butwhataboutbirdsthatatethedyinginsects?OrthelastingeffectsofDDTintheatmosphere,onceithaddoneitswork?VoiceswerealsobeingraisedthatDDTandotherpesticidescouldcausecancerinhumans.ThemoreCarsonexploredthesesideeffects,themoreconvincedshebecameoftheirdanger.Shedecidedtowritehernextbookaboutthat,and,beyondit,thethreatofotheroverusedchemicals.SilentSpring—thetitlesymbolizesaterrifying,birdlessfuture—waspublishedin1962.Itwasthefirstbooktobringawarenessofwhatwenowregardasecologicalissuestothegeneralpublicand“BookoftheMonth”inOctoberthatyear.Scientistsgaveitfavourablereviews.Chemicalpaniesdidnot,attackingnotjustherargumentsbutherpersonality.Shewasaccusedofassistingthespreadofmalariabysupportingnopestcontrolofanykind.By1970,evenPresidentNixonhaderoundtoherpointofview,settinguptheUSEnvironmental.ProtectionAgency.4.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“ironout”inparagraph2mean?A.Giveout. B.Putout. C.Takeaway. D.Clearaway.5.Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A.Theinspirationofwritingherbook. B.ThesideeffectsofDDT.C.Theresultsofeatingdyinginsects. D.TheadvantagesofDDT.6.WhatcanwelearnaboutthebookSilentSpring?A.Itgainedwidesupportinitially. B.ItbroughtCarsonamountsofprofits.C.Itarousedpublicawarenessonecology. D.Itreceivedviolentattackfromscientists.7.Whatmightbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TheBookoftheMonth B.ThePowerofWordsC.AnInfluentialBiography D.AFantasticStamp【答案】4.D5.A6.C7.B【解析】【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了RachelCarson如何通過她的書籍和言論對環(huán)境問題產生了深遠的影響，特別是她的《寂靜的春天》一書對公眾生態(tài)意識的覺醒起到了重要作用?！?題詳解】詞句猜測題。根據下文“createanevermoreconvenientoneforhumanworld.(為人類世界創(chuàng)造一個更加便利的環(huán)境。)”可知，人類將消除自然界的一切不便。由此可知，ironout意為“消除”。故選D?！?題詳解】主旨大意題。根據文章第三段“Butwhataboutbirdsthatatethedyinginsects?OrthelastingeffectsofDDTintheatmosphere,onceithaddoneitswork?VoiceswerealsobeingraisedthatDDTandotherpesticidescouldcausecancerinhumans.ThemoreCarsonexploredthesesideeffects,themoreconvincedshebecameoftheirdanger.Shedecidedtowritehernextbookaboutthat,and,beyondit,thethreatofotheroverusedchemicals.(但是那些吃垂死昆蟲的鳥類呢?或者DDT在大氣中的持久影響，一旦它完成了它的工作？滴滴涕和其他殺蟲劑可能導致人類癌癥的聲音也越來越高?？ㄉ瓕@些副作用研究得越多，她就越確信它們的危險。她決定寫她的下一本書，除此之外，還有其他過度使用化學品的威脅。)”可知，第三段主要講述了她寫這本書的靈感。故選A?！?題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據文章最后一段“Itwasthefirstbooktobringawarenessofwhatwenowregardasecologicalissuestothegeneralpublicand“BookoftheMonth”inOctoberthatyear.(這是第一本讓公眾意識到我們現在所說的生態(tài)問題的書，也是當年10月的“月度圖書”。)”可知，《寂靜的春天》喚起了公眾的生態(tài)意識。故選C?！?題詳解】主旨大意題。文章主要講述了RachelCarson如何通過她的書籍和言論對環(huán)境問題產生了深遠的影響，特別是她的《寂靜的春天》一書對公眾生態(tài)意識的覺醒起到了重要作用。因此，最符合文章主旨的標題是B項：“ThePowerofWords”（文字的力量）。故選B。COneofthegreatdiagnostic(診斷的)toolscreatedinthelast30yearsistheputedtomography(CT)scanner,whichhasbeenbetteredovertheyears,withmobilecapabilities.ACTscannerisasystemthatbinesaseriesofXrayimagesfromdifferentanglesaroundthebodyandthenusesaputertocreatecrosssectionalimages.Theresultsofthescanarereadywithin15to30minutes,enablingdoctorstoreviewandinterpretthescanassoonasitispleted.ItisimportanttonotethatfixedCTscannersaremassivemachinesweighingupto4,000kilogramsthatrelyonhighvoltagecapacitiesandcoolingmachinery.However,therearesomesituationswherefixedCTscannersarejusttooheavytobeusedefficiently.ThisiswhereMobileCTscanningunitsfitin:theybringthehospitaltothepatients.MobileCTscannersareCTscanningsystemsonwheelsmeanttobemovedeasilyfromroomtoroom.Overtheyears,theCTscannerstechnologyimprovedandprovidedhigherqualitymultifunctionalimaging,whilehelpingthetransporttothepatientspointofcare.WhenparedtofixedCTscanners,mobileCT’swerefoundtohaveverypositiveoutesincluding:reductionintimeofreceivingdiagnosticservices;helpingthepatients’recovery;reductionintotallengthofstayatthehospital;higheraccuracyinpatientmanagement;aswellasincreasedaccessandresponsetothepatients’needs.ThepossibilityofriskyeventswhiletransportingcriticallyillpatientsforCTimagingisashighas71%.AkeypointisthemobileCT’sabilitytoperformimagingandtotreatapatientwithoutrepositioningandbyreducingthepatients’movements,whichhelpsprovidemoreaccuratediagnosis.8.Whatisstatedinparagraph2?A.Thewaysofscanningbones. B.ThedefinitionofanXrayimage.C.Thepreparationtimeofascanner. D.TheworkingprincipleofaCTscanner.9.Inparagraph3,theauthormentioned“theybringthehospitaltothepatients”toshow______.A.morehospitalsareneeded B.lesspeoplegotohospitalsC.CTscansaremoreconvenient D.scanningdemandsareincreasing10.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsthemobileCTscanners?A.Objective. B.Supportive. C.Indifferent. D.Unclear.11.Whatcanweinferfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Stayinginhospitalsisbeingunnecessary.B.Patientsshouldn’tbemovedbeforehavingCTscans.C.MobileCTscanscanreducenegativeincidentsgreatly.D.Doctorsshouldpaymoreattentiontomanagingpatients.【答案】8.D9.C10.B11.C【解析】【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章介紹并強調移動CT儀的重要性和優(yōu)勢?！?題詳解】主旨大意題。根據文章第二段“ACTscannerisasystemthatbinesaseriesofXrayimagesfromdifferentanglesaroundthebodyandthenusesaputertocreatecrosssectionalimages.Theresultsofthescanarereadywithin15to30minutes,enablingdoctorstoreviewandinterpretthescanassoonasitispleted.(CT掃描儀是一種系統，它將身體周圍不同角度的一系列x射線圖像組合在一起，然后使用計算機創(chuàng)建橫截面圖像。掃描結果在15到30分鐘內準備好，使醫(yī)生能夠在掃描完成后立即檢查和解釋掃描結果。)”可知，第二段CT掃描儀的工作原理。故選D?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。根據文章第三段“However,therearesomesituationswherefixedCTscannersarejusttooheavytobeusedefficiently.ThisiswhereMobileCTscanningunitsfitin:theybringthehospitaltothepatients.MobileCTscannersareCTscanningsystemsonwheelsmeanttobemovedeasilyfromroomtoroom.(然而，在某些情況下，固定CT掃描儀太重而無法有效使用。這就是移動CT掃描設備的用武之地：它們把醫(yī)院帶到病人身邊。移動CT掃描儀是一種裝有輪子的CT掃描系統，可以很容易地從一個房間移動到另一個房間。)”可知，在第3段中，作者提到“他們把醫(yī)院帶到病人面前”，以表明CT掃描更方便。故選C?！?0題詳解】推理判斷題。根據文章第四段“WhenparedtofixedCTscanners,mobileCT’swerefoundtohaveverypositiveoutesincluding:reductionintimeofreceivingdiagnosticservices;helpingthepatients’recovery;reductionintotallengthofstayatthehospital;higheraccuracyinpatientmanagement;aswellasincreasedaccessandresponsetothepatients’needs.(與固定CT掃描儀相比，發(fā)現移動CT具有非常積極的結果，包括：減少接受診斷服務的時間；幫助患者康復；縮短住院總時間；提高患者管理的準確性；以及增加對患者需求的獲取和響應。)”可知，作者在介紹移動CT掃描儀時，提到了它的多個優(yōu)點，如減少患者接收診斷服務的時間、幫助患者恢復、提高患者管理的準確性等，這顯示出作者對于移動CT掃描儀的支持態(tài)度。故選B?！?1題詳解】推理判斷題。根據文章第四段“WhenparedtofixedCTscanners,mobileCT’swerefoundtohaveverypositiveoutesincluding:reductionintimeofreceivingdiagnosticservices;helpingthepatients’recovery;reductionintotallengthofstayatthehospital;higheraccuracyinpatientmanagement;aswellasincreasedaccessandresponsetothepatients’needs.(與固定CT掃描儀相比，發(fā)現移動CT具有非常積極的結果，包括：減少接受診斷服務的時間；幫助患者康復；縮短住院總時間；提高患者管理的準確性；以及增加對患者需求的獲取和響應。)”和文章最后一段“ThepossibilityofriskyeventswhiletransportingcriticallyillpatientsforCTimagingisashighas71%.AkeypointisthemobileCT’sabilitytoperformimagingandtotreatapatientwithoutrepositioningandbyreducingthepatients’movements,whichhelpsprovidemoreaccuratediagnosis.(運送危重病人進行CT成像時發(fā)生危險事件的可能性高達71%。移動CT的一個關鍵點在于其成像和治療病人的能力，無需重新定位和減少病人的運動，這有助于提供更準確的診斷。)”可推知，移動CT掃描可以大大減少負面事件。故選C。DWhenwegoaboutourdailyroutines,mostofusareunawarethatbeneathourfeetliesanoutstandinglydifferentmunityofplants,animalsandmicrobesthatmakesupoursoils.Soilsaremorethanjust“dirt”—they’reamajorsupplyofglobalbiodiversity,supportingagricultureandfoodsecurity,controllinggreenhousegasemissions(排放)andpromotingplant,animalandhumanhealth.Withoutthemourworldwouldn’tbethesame.Soilisalivingresource.Plantsandanimalsaboveandbelowgrounddependontheplexprocessesandinteractionstakingplaceinthesoilandthatenableslifeonearth.Plantsnurtureawholeworldofcreaturesinthesoil,whichinturnfeedsandprotectstheplants.FightinglossofsoilbiodiversityiskeytoglobalfoodsecurityandtheachievementofmorethanhalfoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.Soilbiodiversityplaysavitalroleinthesoilecosystemassoilorganisms(有機體)areresponsiblefornutrientcycling,controllingthedynamics(有機質)ofsoilorganicmatterandgreenhousegasemissions,allowingsoilstofunctionproperly.Soilbiodiversityplaysacentralroleinpreservinghumanhealththrougharangeofpathwaysincludingwaterpurification,climatestabilization,nutrientandfoodsecurity.Topreventandminimizesoilbiodiversityloss,farmersandotherlanduserscanadoptsustainablesoilmanagementpractices.Limitingwastebyrecyclingandreusingwillminimizethechancesofsoilpollutionandthereforeprotectsoilbiodiversity.Governmentsshouldinvestingatheringbetterknowledgeabouttheimportanceofsoilbiodiversityandfunctions,includingbyregionandlandcovertype.Everyonecanprovideopportunitiestosupportsoilbiodiversityaroundyoubyprotectinginsectsandthesurroundingsandallowingbranchesandleavestorotnaturally.12.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inparagraph1referto?A.Theroutines. B.Thecreatures.C.Thesoils. D.Theemissions.13.Whatroledoessoilbiodiversityplayintheecosystem?A.Providingnutrientstokeepthesoilhealthy. B.Securingfoodsupplytofeedmorepeople.C.Improvingthehumanimmunesystem. D.Stoppinggreenhousegasemissions.14.Whatcanbedonetostopsoilbiodiversityloss?A.Purifyingwater. B.Encouragingrecycling.C.Gradingthelands. D.Speedinguporganisms’rotting.15.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdo?A.Beinvolvedinsoilprotecting. B.Keepthebalanceofbiodiversity.C.Makefulluseofsoilresources. D.Beawareoftheexistenceofsoils.【答案】12.C13.A14.B15.A【解析】【導語】本文屬于說明文。文章介紹了土壤的重要性，強調了土壤生物多樣性的關鍵作用，以及保護土壤生物多樣性的必要性和方法。文中通過闡述土壤生態(tài)系統的功能、土壤對全球食物安全和可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標的貢獻，以及個人和政府可以采取的保護措施，旨在提高公眾對土壤保護意識和參與度?！?2題詳解】詞句猜測題。由文章第一段“Whenwegoaboutourdailyroutines,mostofusareunawarethatbeneathourfeetliesanoutstandinglydifferentmunityofplants,animalsandmicrobesthatmakesupoursoils.Soilsaremorethanjust“dirt”—they’reamajorsupplyofglobalbiodiversity,supportingagricultureandfoodsecurity,controllinggreenhousegasemissions(排放)andpromotingplant,animalandhumanhealth.Withoutthemourworldwouldn’tbethesame.(當我們進行日常生活時，我們大多數人都沒有意識到，在我們腳下是一個由植物、動物和微生物組成的截然不同的群落，它們構成了我們的土壤。土壤不僅僅是“泥土”——它們是全球生物多樣性的主要來源，支持農業(yè)和糧食安全，控制溫室氣體排放，促進植物、動物和人類健康。沒有他們，我們的世界就不一樣了。)”可知，劃線詞them前介紹了土壤的重要性，沒有土壤，我們的世界就不一樣了。them指代的是前文提到的“soils（土壤）”。A.Theroutines常規(guī)；B.Thecreatures生物；C.Thesoils土壤；D.Theemissions排放。故選C?！?3題詳解】推理判斷題。根據文章第三段中的“Soilbiodiversityplaysavitalroleinthesoilecosystemassoilorganisms(有機體)areresponsiblefornutrientcycling,controllingthedynamics(有機質)ofsoilorganicmatterandgreenhousegasemissions,allowingsoilstofunctionproperly.Soilbiodiversityplaysacentralroleinpreservinghumanhealththrougharangeofpathwaysincludingwaterpurification,climatestabilization,nutrientandfoodsecurity.(土壤生物多樣性在土壤生態(tài)系統中起著至關重要的作用，因為土壤生物負責養(yǎng)分循環(huán)，控制土壤有機質和溫室氣體排放的動態(tài)，使土壤正常運作。土壤生物多樣性通過水凈化、氣候穩(wěn)定、營養(yǎng)和糧食安全等一系列途徑，在維護人類健康方面發(fā)揮著核心作用。)”可知，土壤生物多樣性在生態(tài)系統中起著至關重要的作用，包括營養(yǎng)循環(huán)、控制土壤有機質動態(tài)和溫室氣體排放，以及維持土壤正常功能。選項A“Providingnutrientstokeepthesoilhealthy.(提供養(yǎng)分以保持土壤健康。)”最能概括其作用。故選A?！?4題詳解】細節(jié)理解題。根據文章第四段中的“Limitingwastebyrecyclingandreusingwillminimizethechancesofsoilpollutionandthereforeprotectsoilbiodiversity.(通過回收和再利用來限制廢物將最大限度地減少土壤污染的機會，從而保護土壤生物多樣性。)”可知，通過回收再利用，從而保護土壤生物多樣性，所以要鼓勵回收利用。故選B。【15題詳解】推理判斷題。根據文章第四段中的“Everyonecanprovideopportunitiestosupportsoilbiodiversityaroundyoubyprotectinginsectsandthesurroundingsandallowingbranchesandleavestorotnaturally.(每個人都可以提供機會，通過保護昆蟲和周圍環(huán)境，讓樹枝和葉子自然腐爛，來支持你周圍的土壤生物多樣性。)”可知，作者建議讀者參與到保護土壤的行動中來。故選A。第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2.5分，滿分12.5分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后的選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。選項中有兩項為多余選項。Kindnessgivesmeaboost,mentallyandphysically,whichisnotjustbeneficialforthereceiver,butalsoforthegiver.Ifsomeonereallylovesthegiftyou’vechosenforthem,thepleasureofgivingcanbeevenstrongerthanthatofreceiving.Butsuchfeelingsdon’talwayssitfortablywithus.____16____Traditionally,itistiedupwithbeliefsofselfsacrifice(犧牲)andputtingotherpeople’swelfareaheadofyourown.Indeed.someresearchersarguethatakeyelementisthatthepersonperformingtheactmustgiveupsomethinginordertohelpsomeoneelse.____17____IfIgiveupmyseattoanolderpersononacrowdedtube,sheendsupsittingandIstanding.I’velostoutbymykindness.Similarly,ifyougiveupseveralhourstovolunteer,youaresacrificingtimetohelpothers.____18____YetwhenIoffermyseat,oryouvolunteeryourtime,wetendtofeelawarmglowofselfsatisfaction.____19____Wecanactkindlynow,evenifit’satsomecosttous,intheknowledgethatatsomepointinthefuturesomeonewillactinakindwaytowardsuswhenweneedhelp.Reciprocity(互惠)hashelpedhumanstoworktogether,surviveformanythousandsofyears.____20____Rather,itisashared,twowaydevotion.Onlyinextremesituationsdoeskindnessinvolvethepleteornearpleteselfsacrifice,suchaswhenpeoplerisktheirlifetosavethelivesofothers.Andeveninthesesituations,iftheheroessurvive,theycanpersonallygainfromtheiractionthroughahugeimprovementtotheirreputation.A.Thismayphysicallybethecase.B.Kindnessisn’tsimplyanactivity.C.Shouldn’ttruekindnessbeselfless?D.Wecanalsobenefitthroughinteractions.E.Youarenotdirectlybenefitingfromyourkindness.F.Thisrequireseffortandisn’talwaysfullyappreciated.G.Whynotvaluetheadvantageswegainfromourkindness?【答案】16.C17.A18.E19.D20.B【解析】【導語】這是一篇說明文，文章主要介紹了善良行為對于施與者和接受者都有益處，提倡在評估善良行為時不僅要考慮犧牲與回報的平衡，還要重視善良行為本身帶來的心理和社會效益?！?6題詳解】根據上文的“Ifsomeonereallylovesthegiftyou’vechosenforthem,thepleasureofgivingcanbeevenstrongerthanthatofreceiving.Butsuchfeelingsdon’talwayssitfortablywithus.(如果有人真的喜歡你為他們選擇的禮物，那么給予的快樂甚至比接受的快樂更強烈。但這種感覺并不總是讓我們感到舒服)”和下文的“Traditionally,itistiedupwithbeliefsofselfsacrificeandputtingotherpeople’swelfareaheadofyourown.Indeed.someresearchersarguethatakeyelementisthatthepersonperformingtheactmustgiveupsomethinginordertohelpsomeoneelse.

(傳統上，它與自我犧牲的信念和把別人的利益放在自己的利益之前聯系在一起。確實。一些研究人員認為，一個關鍵因素是，實施行為的人必須放棄一些東西來幫助其他人)”可知，C項(真正的善良不應該是無私的嗎？)承接上文，針對人們在付出時會感到吃虧了，從而不舒服提出問題，指出做好事應該不求回報，下文繼續(xù)進行說明這一點，故選C項?！?7題詳解】根據上文的“Traditionally,itistiedupwithbeliefsofselfsacrificeandputtingotherpeople’swelfareaheadofyourown.Indeed.someresearchersarguethatakeyelementisthatthepersonperformingtheactmustgiveupsomethinginordertohelpsomeoneelse.

(傳統上，它與自我犧牲的信念和把別人的利益放在自己的利益之前聯系在一起。確實。一些研究人員認為，一個關鍵因素是，實施善意行為的人必須放棄一些東西來幫助其他人)”和下文的“IfIgiveupmyseattoanolderpersononacrowdedtube,sheendsupsittingandIstanding.I’velostoutbymykindness.Similarly,ifyougiveupseveralhourstovolunteer,youaresacrificingtimetohelpothers.(如果我在擁擠的地鐵上給一位老人讓座，結果是她坐著而我站著。我的好心讓我吃虧了。同樣，如果你放棄自己幾個小時的時間做志愿者，你也犧牲了時間去幫助別人)”可知，A項(這可能是實際情況。)承接上文，肯定了上文的說法，即做好事是需要付出的，下文舉了兩個實例進行具體說明。故選A項?！?8題詳解】根據上文的“IfIgiveupmyseattoanolderpersononacrowdedtube,sheendsupsittingandIstanding.I’velostoutbymykindness.Similarly,ifyougiveupseveralhourstovolunteer,youaresacrificingtimetohelpothers.(如果我在擁擠的地鐵上給一位老人讓座，結果是她坐著而我站著。我的好心讓我吃虧了。同樣，如果你放棄自己幾個小時的時間做志愿者，你也犧牲了時間去幫助別人)”可知，E項(你并沒有直接受益于你的善良。)承接上文，說明了做好事需要付出，卻沒有得到回報。故選E項。【19題詳解】根據上文的“YetwhenIoffermyseat,oryouvolunteeryourtime,wetendtofeelawarmglowofselfsatisfaction.

(然而，當我讓座，或者你自愿提供時間時，我們往往會感到一種自我滿足的溫暖)”和下文的“Wecanactkindlynow,evenifit’satsomecosttous,intheknowledgethatatsomepointinthefuturesomeonewillactinakindwaytowardsuswhenweneedhelp.Reciprocityhashelpedhumanstoworktogether,surviveformanythousandsofyears.(我們現在就可以友善地行動，即使要付出一些代價，因為我們知道，在未來的某個時刻，當我們需要幫助的時候，有人會以一種友善的方式對待我們。互惠幫助人類合作，從而生存了幾千年)”可知，D項(我們也可以通過互動獲益。)承接上文，說明了人們彼此幫助會帶來好處，下文指出了好處所在，人們的合作才使得人們人類發(fā)展至今。故選D項?！?0題詳解】根據下文的“Rather,itisashared,twowaydevotion.Onlyinextremesituationsdoeskindnessinvolvethepleteornearpleteselfsacrifice,suchaswhenpeoplerisktheirlifetosavethelivesofothers.Andeveninthesesituations,iftheheroessurvive,theycanpersonallygainfromtheiractionthroughahugeimprovementtotheirreputation.(在某種程度上，這是一種共享的、雙向的奉獻。只有在極端情況下，善良才會包括完全或近乎完全的自我犧牲，比如當人們冒著生命危險去拯救別人的生命時。即使在這些情況下，如果英雄們幸存下來，他們也可以從他們的行動中獲得巨大的聲譽提升)”可知，B項(善良不僅僅是一項活動。)引出下文對善良的更深入的評價，指出善良帶來的好處。故選B項。第三部分語言運用（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）第一節(jié)（共15小題；每小題1分，滿分15分）閱讀下面短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。InLuleaacityinnorthernSweden,thesunonlyshinesaroundthreehoursadayinthewintermonths.Peopletendto____21____warmathomeandthatcanbeverylonely.Tohelp____22____winterloneliness,thelocalgovernmentisaskingeveryonetojustsay____23____toeachother.AsaKoski,acityofficial,____24____theidea.Shewantsthecitytobeafriendlier,andlesslonelyplaceforthe____25____.“Wedon’tjustwantthatourcityisgoingtogrowasa____26____itself;wewantittobeapleasant,safeandfriendlycityaswellwherethere’s____27____,leisureactivitiesandsport,”KoskitoldTheGuardian.Sheaddedthatbeingseenand____28____bystrangersmakesyoufeellikeyoubelong.“Theresearchshowsthatithasagreat____29____onhealthandoftenaneffectonwantingtohelpeachother,”Koskisaid.Thenewcampaignisasimplewayto____30____lonelypeople,butforacountryknownforpeoplebeingreserved,itisaverybig____31____.Toencouragepeopletosay“hi”,theproposalisnowbeing____32____onbuses,inschools,andevenworkshops.____33____,moreandmorepeoplearebeingtorealizetheimportanceofgreeting.Theseconnectionsmakepeoplefeelmore____34____andsecureintheirmunities,reducetheproblemofloneliness,andmake____35____withneighborslesslikely.21.A.turn B.start C.stay D.bee22.A.fight B.challenge C.seek D.survive23.A.yes B.goodbye C.sorry D.hello24.A.keptupwith B.cameupwith C.caughtupwith D.putupwith25.A.families B.scholars C.residents D.governors26.A.city B.restaurant C.library D.home27.A.nature B.knowledge C.literature D.culture28.A.visited B.greeted C.helped D.offended29.A.decision B.burden C.impact D.impression30.A.connect B.recognize C.introduce D.remember31.A.tool B.method C.fact D.step32.A.proved B.advertised C.recorded D.believed33.A.Similarly B.Obviously C.Gradually D.Generally34.A.acknowledged B.realized C.confirmed D.abandoned35.A.performance B.adventure C.failure D.conflict【答案】21.C22.A23.D24.B25.C26.A27.D28.B29.C30.A31.D32.B33.C