口譯二級實務衛(wèi)生與健康練習試卷1（共8題）

口譯二級實務衛(wèi)生與健康練習試卷1（共4套）（共8題）口譯二級實務衛(wèi)生與健康練習試卷第1套一、聽力漢譯英(本題共2題，每題1.0分，共2分。)1、自1月27日至3月16日，我國有16個省(市、自治區(qū))相繼發(fā)生高致病性禽流感疫情，對人民群眾的財產和健康安全構成嚴重威脅。面對突發(fā)疫情，黨中央、國務院高度重視，緊急部署，及時啟動防治高致病性禽流感應急預案，成立全國防治高致病性禽流感指揮部。//在黨中央、國務院的堅強領導下，各地區(qū)、各部門加強領導、密切配合，依靠科學、依法防治，群防群控、果斷處置，以對人民群眾高度負責的精神，認真落實各項防治措施。//經過一個多月的努力，高致病性禽流感疫情得到迅速控制。隨著今天廣西南寧市和西藏拉薩市疫區(qū)的解除封鎖，我國前一階段確診的49起高致病性禽流感疫情已全部撲滅，全國已有29天沒有接到新的高致病性禽流感報告，也沒有發(fā)生人的感染。高致病性禽流感阻擊戰(zhàn)取得了階段性成果。//這個成績來之不易，是黨中央、國務院果斷決策、堅強領導的結果；是各地區(qū)、各部門密切配合，共同努力的結果；是人民群眾特別是疫區(qū)廣大干部群眾團結奮戰(zhàn)的結果；是全國畜牧獸醫(yī)戰(zhàn)線的同志們無私奉獻、忘我工作的結果。//但是，我們應該看到，當前防治工作形勢依然嚴峻。從動物傳染病的流行規(guī)律看，如果不加強防范，疫情還有可能出現反復。//主要有以下幾個因素：一是水禽帶毒的現象仍然存在；二是隨著北方大部分地區(qū)氣候轉暖，候鳥大范圍遷徙，可能造成病源傳播；三是隨著各地家禽的大量補欄和長途販運的增加，跨區(qū)域傳播的可能也在增加；四是我國周邊國家和地區(qū)還有疫情，傳入的威脅依然存在；//五是我國家禽養(yǎng)殖量大，分布面廣，很多地方防疫條件較差，防疫難度大的問題沒有得到根本解決。因此，高致病性禽流感疫情反復的可能性很大，防治工作絲毫不能松懈。//(節(jié)選自農業(yè)部禽流感防治工作新聞發(fā)言人賈幼陵于2004年3月16日在記者招待會上的講話“中國防治高致病性禽流感取得階段性成果”)標準答案：FromJan.27toMarch16,HPAI(HighlyPathogenicAvianInfluenza)hit16provinces(municipalities,autonomousregions)ofChina,posingabigthreattopeople’spropertiesandhealth.Confrontedwiththesuddenoutbreakofthedisease,theCentralPartyCommittee(CPC)andtheStateCouncilpaidcloseattentiontoitspreventionandcontrol,madeemergentarrangements,implementedthecontingencyplanandestablishedtheNationalHPAIPreventionandControlHeadquarters.//UnderthestrongleadershipoftheCPCandtheStateCouncil,allgovernmentdepartmentsandlocalitiesactedincompliancewiththeprincipleofstrongleadership,soundcooperation,relianceonscienceandlaws,participatoryapproachanddecisiveintervention,andearnestlyimplementedvariouscontrolmeasures,beatinginmindthegreatresponsibilityforthepeople.//Withtheeffortsformorethanonemonth,HPAIhasbeenbroughtundercontrol.WiththeliftingofthecordonstodayintheinfectedareasinNanning,Guangxi,andinLhasaTibet,all49casesofHPAIconfirmedinthepastinChinahavebeenstampedout.Forthepast29days,neithernewHPAIcasesnorcasesofhumaninfectionhavebeenreported.ThefightagainstHPAIhasachievedaninitialsuccess.//Thisisahard-earnedachievement.ItisattributedtothestrongleadershipandresolutedecisionoftheCPCandtheStateCouncil,totheclosecooperationandjointeffortsofvariousdepartmentsandlocalities,andtotheunityandhardworkofthepeople,especiallythoseintheaffectedareas,andalsototheselflessdevotionandhardworkofthoseinvolvedinanimalhusbandryandhealth.//Weshould,however,awarethatthesituationisstillgraveforthediseasepreventionandcontrol,Inlightofthespreadingpracticeoftheanimalepidemics,wemaysufferarelapseofHPAIunlesspreventivemeasuresareintensified.//Itisbecause:a)therearestillwaterfowlsthatcarrythevirus;b)withtheweatherwarmingupinmostpartsofthenorth,migratorybirdswillflynorthwardsonalargescale,whichmayresultinthespreadofthepathogen;c)therewillbemorechancesforthetrans-regionalspreadofthediseaseastherewillbemorelongdistancetransportationofpoultryandsubstantialreplenishmentofbirdsinthepoultryproduction;d)thediseasestillexistsinsomecountriesorregionssurroundingChina,hencethereistheriskofthediseasespreadingintoChina;//e)thetremendousdifficultiesencounteredinthediseasepreventionandcontrolhavenotbeenovercomeattheroot,sincethepoultryproductionisalargeindustryandiswidelydistributedoverthecountry.Manyplacesstillsufferfromverypoorconditionsfordiseasecontrol.Therefore,thereisagreatpossibilityofHPAIcomingagain,andweshouldnotslackoffinitspreventionandcontrol.//(Excerptsfrom"ChinaHasAchievedInitialStageSuccessofHPAIControl",aspeechmadebyJiaYouling,MOASpokesmanforHPAIControlonMarch16,2004)知識點解析：暫無解析2、針對當前的形勢，農業(yè)部要求各級畜牧獸醫(yī)行政管理部門一定要按照全國防治高致病性禽流感指揮部的總體部署，總結前段防治工作的經驗教訓，將防治工作做得更加深入。//各地要繼續(xù)保持高度戒備，做到思想不麻痹，領導不削弱，工作不松懈，確保機構的繼續(xù)有效運轉，確保各項防治措施的落實，確保出現疫情后具有足夠的快速反應能力。同時，針對我國動物防疫體系的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，我們將著手建立動物防疫工作的長效機制，全面提高我國動物疫病控制能力//在不放松防治工作的同時，當前比較緊迫的是，要抓住有利時機，促進國內消費，幫助消費者和生產者樹立信心，幫助農戶和企業(yè)盡快恢復生產，促進家禽業(yè)發(fā)展，努力減少疫情帶來的損失。//2月份，國務院出臺了扶持家禽生產的8項措施，受到廣大家禽生產者、加工者的熱，烈歡迎，目前各地正在加緊貫徹落實。在此基礎上，我們還將對重點種禽場特別是因禽流感疫情受損嚴重種禽場的建設加以支持，切實穩(wěn)定種禽生產能力。//積極引導家禽業(yè)轉變生產方式，鼓勵發(fā)展養(yǎng)殖小區(qū)，推行標準化、規(guī)范化生產，改善防疫條件。//只要我們統(tǒng)籌兼顧，堅持一手抓動物疫病防治，一手抓發(fā)展生產，就一定能最大限度地降低這次疫情帶來的損失，最大限度地維護農村經濟和農民收入的穩(wěn)定增長，保護人民群眾的身體健康//(節(jié)選自農業(yè)部禽流感防治工作新聞發(fā)言人賈幼陵于2004年3月16日在記者招待會上的講話“中國防治高致病性禽流感取得階段性成果”)標準答案：Inlightofthecurrentsituation,MinistryofAgriculturecallsonthecompetentanimalhusbandryandveterinaryauthoritiestofollowupwiththeplansoftheNationalHPAIPreventionandControlHeadquartersandsumuptheexperiencetheyhaveobtainedinpastfewweekssoastofurtherintensifytheworkforcombatingtheepidemic.//Localagenciesmustkeepvigilanceandavoidlaxinmind,actionandleadershipsoastokeeptheirfunctionsrunningsmoothly,makesureallmeasuresareinplaceandtherewillbequickresponseoncetheepidemicoccursagain.Moreover.asthereareweaknessesintheexistingsystem,aneffectiveandlong-termepizooticpreventionmechanismistobedevelopedinordertoenhancetheoverallcontrolcapacityacrossthecountry.//Whileintensifyingtheeffortsinpreventionandcontrol,thecurrentpressingissueistotaketheopportunitytostimulateconsumption.Wewillhelpproducersandconsumerstoestablishconfidence,helpfarmersandenterprisestoresumetheirproductionandbusinesssoastominimizethelosses.//InFebruary,theStateCouncilreleased8measurestobeefupthepoultryindustry,whichhaswontheheartyapprovalofproducersandprocessors.Now.themeasuresarebeingimplemented.Inaddition,supportwillbegiventothekeybreedingstockfarms,withthosesufferinggravestlossinparticular,soastostabilizethebreedingcapacity.//Effortswillalsobemadetoguidethepoultryindustrytoalterfarmingpatternsbyencouragingtheestablishmentofspecialpoultryfarmingzones,standardizethepoultryfarmingandimprovetheconditionsfordiseasecontrol.//Solongaswemakeoverallplansandtakeallfactorsintoconsiderationwhilepursuingtheintensifiedworkofanimaldiseasecontrolandpreventionontheonehand,andstrengtheningproductionontheother,wewillsurelyminimizethelosses,greatlysafeguardthestablegrowthforruraleconomyandforfarmers’incomeandprotectconsumers’health.//(Excerptsfrom"ChinaHasAchievedInitialStageSuccessofHPAIControl",aspeechmadebyJiaYouling,MOASpokesmanforHPAIControlonMarch16,2004)知識點解析：暫無解析口譯二級實務衛(wèi)生與健康練習試卷第2套一、聽力漢譯英(本題共2題，每題1.0分，共2分。)1、臺灣當局和少數國家宣稱臺灣因為未能加入WHO影響了防治SARS，這完全違背事實海峽兩岸中國人民根連根、心連心。臺灣發(fā)生SARS疫情后，中國中央政府十分關心，迅速采取了一系列加強兩岸交流與合作的措施。//除通過醫(yī)學專業(yè)機構向臺灣同行傳送有關SARS疫情、防治技術和政策方面的信息外，我們邀請臺灣專業(yè)人員來大陸的廣州和北京實地考察SARS防治工作。//4月下旬，中國大陸有關醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生團體組織與臺灣有關衛(wèi)生團體召開了“海峽兩岸預防控制SARS學術研討會”，臺灣醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生專家出席。5月9日，兩岸以電視電話形式聯(lián)合舉辦SARS研討會，北京、廣東、臺灣三地專家參加了會議。//大陸與臺灣的同行一起探討了有關防疫的學術問題，取得了很好的效果。中國疾病預防控制中心還向臺灣有關防病部門提供了SARS檢測試劑。中國紅十字會還向臺灣紅十字會提出向臺灣捐贈防治SARS的醫(yī)用物資。//與此同時，中國中央政府同意WHO派專家赴臺考察SARS疫情，同意臺灣醫(yī)學專家出席WHO將于6月舉行的SARS全球科學會議。兩岸同胞，血濃于水。我們多次表示，如果臺灣方面還需要WHO的其它信息和技術援助，只要向中央政府提出，我們一定會積極考慮。//然而，正當海峽兩岸醫(yī)務專家為防治SARS攜手合作之際，臺灣當局卻把SARS作為搞分裂活動的政治工具，以金錢為誘餌，鼓動少數國家為其參與世界衛(wèi)生大會搖旗吶喊。//它們的根本目的并不在于發(fā)展衛(wèi)生事業(yè)，而是在國際上制造“兩個中國”、“一中一臺”這種乘人之危的做法是極不道德，也是很不明智的。臺灣當局的政治圖謀六年來均告失敗，今年也不會得逞。//(節(jié)選自前副總理吳儀于2003年5月20日第56屆世界衛(wèi)生大會總務委員會審議涉臺提案時的發(fā)言)標準答案：TheassertionbytheTaiwanauthoritiesandahandfulofWHOmembersthatSARScontrolinTaiwanisunderminedbyTaiwan’sexclusionfromtheWHOistotallyuntrueandgroundless.TheChinesepeopleonbothsidesoftheTaiwanStraitsareboundbybloodandourheartsreachoutforeachother.SincetheoutbreakofSARSinTaiwan,theChineseCentralGovernmenthasbeendeeplyconcernedaboutthehealthofTaiwancompatriotsandswiftlytakenaseriesofmeasurestoenhanceexchangesandcooperationacrosstheStraits.//WehaveprovidedtoourcounterpartsinTaiwantheinformationaboutthestatusofthedisease,itspreventionandtreatmentmeasuresandrelatedpoliciesthroughprofessionalmedicalagenciesand,inaddition,wehaveinvitedTaiwanprofessionalstoGuangzhouandBeijingforfieldinspectiononthepreventionandtreatmentofthedisease.//InlateApril,healthandmedicalgroupsandorganizationsofthetwosidesconductedthe"SymposiumonthePreventionandControlofSARSonBothSidesoftheTaiwanStraits"whichwasattendedalsobymedicalexpertsfromTaiwan.On9May,thetwosidesjointlyheldatele-videoseminaronSARSwiththeparticipationofexpertsfromBeijing,GuangdongandTaiwan.//Theiracademicdiscussionsonthepreventionofthediseaseyieldedgreatresults.TheChineseCenterforDiseaseControlandPreventionhasalsoprovidedSARStestreagentsfortheTaiwandiseasepreventionauthorities.TheRedCrossSocietyofChinahasproposedtoprovidemedicaldonationstoTaiwanthroughtheTaiwaneseRedCrossOrganizationforthepreventionandtreatmentofSARS.//Inthemeantime,theChineseCentralGovernmenthasagreedthattheWHOdispatchexpertstoTaiwantoinvestigatetheSARSsituationthereandthatthemedicalexpertsfromTaiwancanattendaglobalSARSscienceconferencetobeheldbytheWHOinJunethisyear.PeopleonbothsidesoftheTaiwanStraitsareofthesameblood,andbloodisthickerthanwater.WehavemadeitclearonmanyoccasionsthatifTaiwanneedsadditionalinformationandtechnicalassistancefromtheWHOandsubmitstheirrequeststotheCentralGovernment,wewillreadilyconsidertheirrequests.//However,whilemedicalexpertsacrosstheStraitsarejoininghandsintheireffortstofightSARS,theTaiwanauthoritiesareusingSARSasthepoliticalployfortheirseparatistactivities.UnderthepretextofSARScontrol,theyhaveusedmoneyandinstigatedasmallnumberofcountriestojointheirclamoringfortheirparticipationintheWorldHealthAssembly.//TheirtruemotiveisnottodevelophealthundertakingsofTaiwanbuttocreate"twoChinas"or"oneChina,oneTaiwan"intheinternationalcommunity.Suchactoftakingadvantageofothers’temporarydifficultiestopursueone’sowninterestsisunwiseandtotallyunacceptablemorally.ThepoliticalattemptsoftheTaiwanauthoritieshaveallmetwithfailureinthepastsixyears.Thisyearwillseethesameresult.//(ExcerptsfromthespeechbyWuYi,formerVicePremierandMinisterofHealth,onTaiwan-relatedProposalatGeneralCommitteeof56thWorldHealthAssemblyonMay20,2003)知識點解析：暫無解析2、國際衛(wèi)生領域的合作必須建立在尊重國家主權和領土完整基礎上。尊重國家主權和領土完整是《聯(lián)合國憲章》的重要原則。中國重視國際衛(wèi)生領域的合作，奉行在國際合作中尊重他國主權和領土完整的原則。我們希望其他國家也能如此。尊重別人，就是尊重自己。//我相信，世界上任何主權國家都不會同意本國的一個省或地區(qū)，參與只有主權國家才能參加的聯(lián)合國機構。否則，世界將失去秩序，國際法將失去意義，國際組織也將失去有效開展工作的基礎。這不是個技術問題，而是重大原則問題。對中國而言，這也是關系到13億人民感情的問題。//少數國家年復一年地提出一個早在上個世紀70年代就已解決的問題，一個根本不屬于本專門機構審議的問題，一個與世界醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生事業(yè)毫不相干的問題，這不能不說是在浪費WHO的寶貴資源和絕大多數代表的時間和精力。//這是在公然挑戰(zhàn)聯(lián)合國大會的有關決議和WHO《組織法》，是在嚴重損害一個成員國的主權和領土完整。這種做法無益于各國在衛(wèi)生領域的合作，也無益于WHO的健康發(fā)展。//過去的六年，少數國家連續(xù)六次在總務委員會上拋出涉臺提案；過去的六年，總務委員會主持正義，連續(xù)六次拒絕了這一提案。事實已經證明，涉臺提案無論以何種面目出現。最終都逃脫不了失敗的結局。//我們呼吁總務委員會全體會員國支持中國代表團的立場，堅持大會和總務委員會近幾年的正確決定，做出不將涉臺提案列入大會臨時議程的決定。相信總務委員會一定會主持正義，捍衛(wèi)聯(lián)大和世界衛(wèi)生大會有關決議的尊嚴和法律效力。謝謝主席先生。//(節(jié)選自前副總理吳儀于2003年5月20日第56屆世界衛(wèi)生大會總務委員會審議涉臺提案時的發(fā)言)標準答案：InternationalcooperationinthefieldofhealthmustbebasedontheimportantprincipleoftheUNCharter—respectforstatesovereigntyandterritorialintegrity.Chinaattachesimportancetointernationalhealthcooperationandpracticestheprincipleofrespectforstatesovereigntyandterritorialintegrityininternationalcooperation.Wehopethatothercountrieswilldothesame.Torespectothersistorespectoneself.//IbelievethatnosovereignstateinthisworldwillallowoneofitsprovincesorareastoparticipateinaUNagencythatisonlyopentosovereignstates.Thisallowed,theworldwouldgooutoforderandtheinternationallawwouldbecomemeaningless.Internationalorganizationswouldalsobedeprivedofthebasisforeffectiveperformanceoftheirfunctions.Itisthereforenotatechnicalissue.Itisanissueofimportantprinciple.ForChina,itisalsoanissuethatbearsonthesentimentsof1.3billionpeople.//Asmallnumberofcountrieshavebeen,yearafteryear,raisingaquestionthatwasalreadysolvedlongagointhe70softhelastcentury,aquestionthatiscompletelyoutofthescopeofdeliberationsofthisspecializedagencyandtotallyirrelevanttotheworldhealthandmedicalundertakings.ItissimplyawasteofthepreciousresourcesoftheWHOandthetimeandenergyoftheoverwhelmingmajorityofthedelegates.//SuchanactinblatantdefianceofrelevantresolutionsoftheUNGeneralAssemblyandtheConstitutionoftheWHOconstitutesgraveencroachmentonthesovereigntyandterritorialintegrityofamemberstate.ItisofdisservicetothecooperationamongallcountriesinthefieldofhealthandiscertainlynotconducivetothesounddevelopmentoftheWHO.//AfewcountriesdishedoutTaiwan-relatedproposalsintheGeneralCommitteesixtimesinarowinthepastsixyears.Andsixtimes,theGeneralCommitteeupheldjusticeandturnedthemdown.Factshaveproventhatwhateverformstheproposalstake,theycannotavoidendinginfailure.//WecalluponallmemberstatesoftheCommitteetosupportthepositionoftheChinesedelegationandholdbytherighteousdecisionsoftheAssemblyandtheCommitteeanddonotincorporatetheTaiwan-relatedproposalintotheProvisionalAgendaoftheAssembly.WeareconfidentthattheCommitteewilldefendjusticeandsafeguardthedignityandlegaleffectoftheUNGeneralAssemblyandWHAresolutions.//Thankyou,MrChairman.(ExcerptsfromthespeechbyWuYi,formerVicePremierandMinisterofHealth,onTaiwan-relatedProposalatGeneralCommitteeof56thWorldHealthAssemblyonMay20,2003)知識點解析：暫無解析口譯二級實務衛(wèi)生與健康練習試卷第3套一、聽力英譯漢(本題共2題，每題1.0分，共2分。)1、Betweenthe1950sand1980s,wesawtremendousimprovementsinthesafetyofthefoodweeatinEurope.Whatwecancallthe"firstwave"offoodsafetymeasurescamewiththepasteurizationofmilkandmilkproductsandtheintroductionofrigidandeffectivehygienesystemsintheproductionchain,mainlyfromthedairyandtheabattoirtothesupermarket.//The"secondwave"offoodsafetymeasurescamewiththewidespreadintroductionofHACCP,thehazardcontrolsystemfortheproductionchain.Yet,sincetheearly1980s,wehaveseenamarkedincreaseinthereportsoffood-bornediseases,resultingfromchemicalorpathogeniccontamination.//ThenumberofconfirmedcasesofhumandiseasecausedbySalmonellahasincreasedsignificantlysince1985—asmuchasfive-foldinsomeEuropeancountries.ForCampylobactertheincreasehasinsomecountriesbeenevenhigher.Eventhoughsomeofthiscouldreflectbetterreporting,Ibelieveeverybodywouldagreethattheseproblemsareofasizethatwarrantsaction.//Thissituation,andassociatedlossofpublicconfidence,suggeststhatsomethinghasgonewrong.Weneeda"thirdwave"offoodsafetymeasures.Thisthirdwavemustbeafocusonthedirectrisktohumans.Weneedtobeginwiththeepidemiologyoffood-bornediseasesandtrackthembackthroughthefoodchain,allthewaytothefarm.ThisrepresentsatremendouschallengeforthegovernmentsofEurope.//Itmeansbuildingupthecapacity—andmakingeffectiveuseofexpertiseinassessingriskstohumanhealth.Itmeansbuildingupcapacityforepidemiologicaltrackingandmappingoffood-relateddiseases,somethingthatuntilnowhasheldaratherlowpriorityamongmosthealthauthorities.Itmeansimprovingourdatacollectioneffortsforboththepathogensinthefoodandhumandisease,sothatthedataarecomparablebothalongthewholefoodchainandbetweenregionsandcountries.Wealwayshavetorememberthatfoodchainsareinternational.//Anditwillmeanthatofficialsconcernedwithagriculturalproductivity,andofficialsresponsibleforthehealthofpopulations,worktogether.Notonlymusttheycommunicate.Theymustcollaboratecloselysothattheycanquicklytracebackeachincidentofsuspectedfood-bornediseasetoitssource,analyzethesizeandgeographyoftheproblemandsuggestbothshortandlongtermremedialmeasures.//Thisallcallsforpoliticalaction.People—bothasconsumersandproducers—expecttheirgovernmentofficialstoworktogetherforthecommongood.Theydemandthisofthosewhorepresentthemingovernment.Notonlydotheyexpecttheirpoliticianstomakesurethatgovernmentworksintheprimaryinterestsofthosewhoconsumefood:theyalsoexpectpoliticianstotakeactionbasedonexpertevidence.Thiscallsforpoliticalcourage,andforopennessingovernmentprocesses,sothatriskassessmentandanalysisaretransparentandavailableforpublicscrutiny.Onlythencanpublichealthbemaintained,and—atthesametime—consumerconfidenceberestored.//Thiswillmeanarestructuringofagriculturalministriessothattheymovebeyondaprimaryfocusoneconomicissues.Theyneedtorepresenttheinterestsofthewholecommunity—producers,processorsandconsumers.Thiskindoftransformationwillmakeforahealthierbaseforthefutureoftheindustry:thisisalreadytakingplaceinseveralEuropeancountries.ThecurrenteffortsoftheEuropeanCommissiontostrengthenandfocusthescientificadviceforfoodsafetyareanimportantcontributiontothereformsalreadytakingplaceinseveralcountries.//Itwillalsomeanthatministriesofhealthhavetotakeinterestin,andgivepriorityto,actiontomonitorandpreventfood-borneillness.Theywouldneedtostrengthentheirfoodsafetyresourcesandimprovecollaborationwithotherministries.Anincidentofsuspectedfoodpoisoningshouldnolongerjustbeseenbydoctorsasatemporaryhealthproblem.Itshouldbeconsideredasapossiblesymptomofbreak-downinthefood-safetysystem,andthosewhoseepatientsneedmorehelptodecidewhatkindofeventtoreporttopublichealthauthorities.//(Excerptsfromthespeech"FoodSafety—aWorld-wideChallenge"byDr.GroHarlemBrundtland,formerDirector-GeneralofWorldHealthOrganization,Uppsala,Sweden)標準答案：從上個世紀50年代年到80年代，歐洲食品安全有了極大的改進。我們稱之為食品安全措施的“第一次浪潮”是伴隨牛奶和奶制品巴氏滅菌法的出現而產生的，從奶牛場及屠宰場到超市的生產鏈中我們引入了嚴格而有效的衛(wèi)生檢測系統(tǒng)。//由于在生產鏈中廣泛使用了有害物檢測系統(tǒng)，即“HACCP”，食品安全措施的“第二次浪潮”隨之出現了然而從80年代初開始，我們看到由化學污染和病原性污染引起的食源性疾病的報道明顯增多。//從1985年起，由沙門氏菌引起的確診病例顯著增加——在歐洲的一些國家該病例數已增至5倍。由空腸彎曲菌引起的疾病增幅甚至更大盡管部分原因是更多的病例得以報告，但我相信我們每個人都會同意：這些問題已經到了必須采取行動的地步。//這種局面以及與之相關的公眾信心的喪失，表明我們在食品問題上已經出現了紕漏。我們需要食品安全措施的“第三次浪潮”第三次浪潮必須將重點放在對人體產生直接危害的環(huán)節(jié)上。我們需要以食源性疾病的流行病學為開端，沿著食物鏈的各個環(huán)節(jié)一直追蹤到養(yǎng)殖場。這將是對歐洲各國政府的巨大挑戰(zhàn)。//這意味著建立一種能力——有效運用專業(yè)知識對殃及人類健康的危險進行評估；意味著建立起流行病學追蹤和解釋食源性疾病的能力，因為直到現在許多衛(wèi)生機構并未對此予以重視；還意味著提高我們采集食物及人類疾病病原體數據的能力，使得數據在食物鏈的各個環(huán)節(jié)、不同國家和地區(qū)之間具有可比性，我們必須時刻記住食物鏈是國際性的。//這將意味著主管農業(yè)生產和負責人口健康的政府官員們要攜手合作。他們必須相互交流，不僅如此，還必須密切合作，這樣才能快速地對每一例疑似食源性疾病進行追根溯源，分析其規(guī)模和地域分布情況，并提出近期和遠期的治療方案。//所有這些需要我們采取政治行動。作為消費者和生產商，他們希望政府官員們?yōu)榱斯娎媸聵I(yè)能攜手合作，要求代表他們利益的政府官員們這樣做。他們不僅希望政治家們確保政府能為消費者的根本利益而工作，同樣他們也希望政治家們依據專家的證據采取行動。這需要政治膽量，需要政府將工作程序公開化，對危險的評估和分析做到透明，便于公眾進行檢驗。只有這樣，才能維護公眾健康，同時重樹消費者的信心。//這將意味著對農業(yè)部進行改革，使他們工作的首要目標不只是局限在經濟問題上。他們需要代表整個社會的利益——生產商、加工者和消費者的利益。這種轉變將會為食品行業(yè)的未來奠定更加健康的基礎：這種變化已經在歐洲的一些國家發(fā)生了。目前歐洲委員會正致力于加強和重視對食品安全提出科學性建議，這種努力對正在進行改革的國家是一個重要的貢獻。//這也將意味著各國衛(wèi)生部必須對食源性疾病給予關注和重視，采取監(jiān)控和預防行動，增加食品安全的資源，同時加強與其他部委的合作。醫(yī)生不應該視疑似食物中毒的突發(fā)事件為暫時的健康問題，而是要想到這可能是食品安全系統(tǒng)遭遇癱瘓的征兆，對此醫(yī)生需要更多的幫助來決定什么樣的事件應上報公共衛(wèi)生權威機構。//(節(jié)選自世界衛(wèi)生組織前總干事布倫特蘭博士在瑞典烏普薩拉發(fā)表的演講“食品安全——世界范圍的挑戰(zhàn)”。)知識點解析：暫無解析2、Thebirthofachildisatimeofhope.Itsnewlifeisasymbolofpotentialforgrowth.Itsdeathisadenialofprogress.WhenIwasbornin1945,thechildmortalityrateinKoreawas152per1000livebirths.That’sroughlytheequivalenttodayofthedeathratesinBenin,orMozambique,Swaziland,Cameroon,orEthiopia.//Tremendousprogressispossible.Themortalityrateinmycountryhasnowdroppedtojust5childrenper1,000.That’soneofthelowestratesintheworld,lowerthantheratesinNewZealand,theUnitedStates,ortheUnitedKingdom.//Ourgoals—partoftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals—aretocutchilddeathsbytwothirdsby2015from1990rates,andmaternaldeathsbythreequarters.Everyminute20childrenundertheageoffivedie.Morethan70%ofallchilddeathsarecausedbypreventableandtreatableconditions,likemalaria,measles,HIVordiarrhea.Thegreatestriskisintheirfirstfourweeksoflifewhenbabiesdiefromconditionslikelowbirth-weight,birthtrauma,asphyxia,andsevereinfectionslikepneumonia,meningitisortetanus.//ThisisElizabeth.ShelivesinEthiopia.Malariaisendemic,yetonly17%ofchildrenunderfiveinthiscountrysleepundermosquitonets.Elizabeth’sfamilycanonlyaffordonenet,whichsheandhermothersleepunder.Manyofthelocalchildrenhavediedfromthedisease.//Nine-month-oldLanglivesintheLaoDemocraticPeople’sRepublic.Like82%ofchildreninhercountry,shesleepsunderabednet.Thefamilyhastwonets,buttheinsecticidetreatmentworethemoffalongtimeago,andtheyarefullofholes.Manypeopleintheirdistrictfallillfrommalaria,includingLang’sfather,whoisunabletoworkattimes.//Simplerandeffectiveprotectionmeasures,liketreatedbednets,makethedifference.Butonlyifeveryfamilyusesone.ElizabethandLang’smotherstrytomaketheirhomeasprotectedaspossiblefortheirchildren.It’snaturaltoseehomeasasafeplace.Sadlyit’snot.//JustlastmonthWHOlaunchedareportondomesticviolence.Oneofthemoreshockingfactsrevealedbythatreportwastheextentofviolenceagainstwomenduringpregnancy.Onequartertoonehalfofthewomenwhoreportedthisabuse,saidthattheyhadbeendeliberatelykickedorpunchedintheabdomen.Unsurprisingly,womeninviolentrelationshipsaresignificantlymorelikelytosuffermiscarriages,ortoundergoabortion.//Thestudyalsofoundthat,insomesettings,asignificantproportionofwomenthoughtitwasacceptableforamantobeathiswifeundercertaincircumstances.Womenintheseviolenthouseholdshavemorehealthproblemsthanothers,yetoftenfeelunabletotalktoanyoneabouttheirsituationorseekhelp.Thisviolenceisalsoassociatedwithlowbirthweight,andwithhigherinfantandunder-fivemortality.//Everyminuteawomanisdyingfromcomplicationsinpregnancyandchildbirth.Almostallofthesedeaths—99%—aretakingplaceinlowandmiddleincomecountries.MothersandchildrenfromthepoorestfamiliesinSub-SaharanAfricaandsouthAsiaarethemostlikelytodie.Malnutritioncontributesstronglytothesedeaths,increasingtheriskofdyingfromothercauses.Lackofaccesstofoodisonereasonformalnourishment,butpoorfeedingpracticesandinfectionalsocontribute.//("MakeEveryMotherandChildCount—TrackingProgressinChildSurvival"byLEEJong-wook,formerDirector-generalofWHOinLondon,UnitedKingdom,13December2005)標準答案：嬰兒降生之日就是希望之時，其新生象征著發(fā)展的潛力，其死亡意味著對進步的否定。在我1945年出生時，韓國嬰兒的死亡率為每1000名活產兒死亡152名。這一數字與今天的貝寧、莫桑比克、斯成士蘭喀麥隆或埃塞俄比亞的死亡率大致相同。//取得巨大進步的可能性是存在的。在韓國，嬰兒死亡率目前已下降至每1000名活產兒里只有5名死亡。這是世界上最低的新生兒死亡率，比新西蘭、美國和英國的還要低。作為《千年發(fā)展目標》的一部分，我們的目標是到2015年，兒童死亡率在90年代基礎上減少三分之二，產婦死亡率減少四分之三。//每分鐘就有20名不到5歲的兒童死亡。在所有死亡的兒童中，70%以上是由一些可預防和治療的疾病造成，例如瘧疾、麻疹、艾滋病毒或腹瀉等。嬰兒出生后的前4個周最易造成死亡，他們大都死于體重低、分娩時的創(chuàng)傷、窒息，以及由肺炎、腦膜炎或破傷風引起的嚴重感染。//她名叫伊麗莎白，生活在埃塞俄比亞。這個國家瘧疾流行，卻只有17%不足5歲的兒童能夠睡在蚊帳里。伊麗莎白的家里只買得起一頂蚊帳，供她和母親使用。當地有許多兒童都死于瘧疾。//9個月的蘭生活在老撾人民民主共和國，同該國82%的兒童一樣，蘭睡覺時也有一頂蚊帳。蘭全家有兩頂蚊帳，但很早前由于殺蟲劑的腐蝕而到處都是窟窿。他們居住的地區(qū)有很多人得了瘧疾，蘭的父親也不例外，以致時常不能工作。//其實類似蚊帳這樣簡單而有效的保護措施就能起到預防作用。假如每個家庭都能用上蚊帳該多好。伊麗莎白和蘭的母親盡力為她們的孩子提供家庭保護。家本應是安全的庇護之地，然而遺憾的是現實并非如此。//就在上個月世界衛(wèi)生組織發(fā)表了一份關于家庭暴力的報告，其中最令人震驚的事實之一是婦女在懷孕期間遭遇暴力襲擊。差不多有四分之一或一半受此虐待的婦女說她們的腹部曾遭到故意踢打。當然受到暴力虐待的婦女更易造成自然流產或人工流產。//這項研究還發(fā)現，有相當多的婦女認為男人毒打自己的妻子在某些情況下是可以接受的。處于這種暴力家庭中的婦女較其他人有更多的健康問題，然而她們通常認為不能向任何人述說她們的境遇或尋求幫助。這種暴力導致嬰兒出生體重輕，并與嬰兒及5歲以下兒童死亡率高有關。//每分鐘就有一名婦女死于懷孕和分娩并發(fā)癥。幾乎所有這些死亡——99%——發(fā)生在低收入和中等收入國家。撒哈拉南部非洲和南亞最貧困家庭的母親和兒童最容易死亡。營養(yǎng)不良是造成這些死亡的重要原因，它也增加了死于其他原因的風險。缺乏食物是造成營養(yǎng)不良的一個原因，但是不良的喂養(yǎng)方法和感染也起著作用。//(選自前世界衛(wèi)生組織總干事李鐘郁2005年12月13日在英國倫敦的講話“珍愛每一個母親和兒童——跟蹤兒童生存方面的進展”)知識點解析：暫無解析口譯二級實務衛(wèi)生與健康練習試卷第4套一、聽力英譯漢(本題共2題，每題1.0分，共2分。)1、HonorableMinisters，YourExcellencies，LadiesandGentlemen,ItisagreatpleasuretowelcomeyoutothefirstsessionoftheConferenceofthePartiestotheWHOFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl.OnehundredandtwentyonecountriesarenowcontractingpartiestotheConvention.Ofthese,110areheretoday,withfullpowersofparticipation.Yourepresentnearlythreequartersoftheworld’spopulation.Yourepresentnationsatalllevelsofincomeandallstagesofdevelopment.//Inthispowerfulgathering,wehavethreeofthefivetoptobacco-leafexportingcountries,andfourofthefivetopcigarette-exportingcountries.Thisgroupofcountriesrepresents69%oftheworld’scigaretteconsumption.Itmightseemastonishingthatthisgroupisalsopreparingtoputintoactiontheroadmapforcountriestocontroltobacco.Butthisgrouphasalreadychangedhistory.//Whentheprocessbegantherewassomeskepticismoveritssuccess.Theskepticswerewrong.Youaredrivingchangeforward.Tonamesomeexamples:Indiahasintroducedcomprehensivetobaccoadvertisingbans.Australia,Brazil,Canada,SingaporeandThailandhaveintroducedhighlyvisiblegraphicwarningsoncigarettepackets.TheEuropeanUnionisonitswaytodoingthesame.InIreland,Norway,andnowinSpain,smokinghasbeenbannedinindoorpublicplaces.These,andothersimilarsteps,willresultinamajorreductionintobaccodeaths.//NewYorkStatepassedasmokingban.Ittermedthisactits"strongestpublichealthpolicyever".Ironically,nowit’ssaidthattheonlyplaceyoucansmokewithimpunityinNewYorkCityistheUnitedNationsBuilding.BothAnnVenemanandIhavesaidthatthisiswrong.//SmokingshouldbebannedinallUNpremises.Also,cigarettesalesshouldbebannedinallUnitedNationspremises.Afterall,thepeoplewhoaresmokingintheUNbuildingsometimesaretherepresentativesofthesameMemberStateswhohavesigneduptotheFrameworkConvention.Butitcanbehardtoputagreementsintopractice.Wewillallfacethis.//Ladiesandgentlemen,whenweknowthat,inanIrishpub,asmokingbancanreallywork,thenweknowthatanythingispossible.Smokingisanadvancecontract.Thosewhosmokedon’tpaynow,butwilldoso30to40yearslater,whentheirhealthfails.Theypaywithlungcancer,withobstructiveairwaysdisorders,withcardiovasculardiseases.Oneintwosmokerspayswiththeirlife.Wehavetohelpthemstopsmoking.Wehavetopreventthemfromstarting.//Thisc