民法典中英對照(官方翻譯版)-第一編

中華人民共和國民法典CivilCodeofthePeople’sRepublicofChina(2020年5月28日第十三屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議通過)(AdoptedattheThirdSessionoftheThirteenthNationalPeople’sCongressonMay28，2020)第一編總則BookOne：GeneralPart第一章基本規(guī)定ChapterI：GeneralProvisions第一條【立法目的】為了保護民事主體的合法權益，調整民事關系，維護社會和經(jīng)濟秩序，適應中國特色社會主義發(fā)展要求，弘揚社會主義核心價值觀，根據(jù)憲法，制定本法。Article1ThisLawisformulatedinaccordancewiththeConstitutionofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaforthepurposesofprotectingthelawfulrightsandinterestsofthepersonsofthecivillaw，regulatingcivil-lawrelations，maintainingsocialandeconomicorder，meettheneedsfordevelopingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics，andcarryingforwardthecoresocialistvalues.第二條【調整范圍】民法調整平等主體的自然人、法人和非法人組織之間的人身關系和財產(chǎn)關系。Article2Thecivillawregulatespersonalandproprietaryrelationshipsamongthepersonsofthecivillaw，namely，naturalpersons，legalpersons，andunincorporatedorganizationsthatareequalinstatus.第三條【民事權益受法律保護】民事主體的人身權利、財產(chǎn)權利以及其他合法權益受法律保護，任何組織或者個人不得侵犯。Article3Thepersonalrights，proprietaryrights，andotherlawfulrightsandinterestsofthepersonsofthecivillawareprotectedbylawandfreefrominfringementbyanyorganizationorindividual.第四條【平等原則】民事主體在民事活動中的法律地位一律平等。Article4Allpersonsofthecivillawareequalinlegalstatuswhenconductingcivilactivities.第五條【自愿原則】民事主體從事民事活動，應當遵循自愿原則，按照自己的意思設立、變更、終止民事法律關系。Article5Whenconductingacivilactivity，apersonofthecivillawshall，incompliancewiththeprincipleofvoluntariness，create，alter，orterminateaciviljuristicrelationshipaccordingtohisownwill.第六條【公平原則】民事主體從事民事活動，應當遵循公平原則，合理確定各方的權利和義務。Article6Whenconductingacivilactivity，apersonofthecivillawshall，incompliancewiththeprincipleoffairness，reasonablyclarifytherightsandobligationsofeachparty.第七條【誠信原則】民事主體從事民事活動，應當遵循誠信原則，秉持誠實，恪守承諾。Article7Whenconductingacivilactivity，apersonofthecivillawshall，incompliancewiththeprincipleofgoodfaith，upholdhonestyandhonorcommitments.第八條【守法與公序良俗原則】民事主體從事民事活動，不得違反法律，不得違背公序良俗。Article8Whenconductingacivilactivity，nopersonofthecivillawshallviolatethelaw，oroffendpublicorderorgoodmorals.第九條【綠色原則】民事主體從事民事活動，應當有利于節(jié)約資源、保護生態(tài)環(huán)境。Article9Whenconductingacivilactivity，apersonofthecivillawshallactinamannerthatfacilitatesconservationofresourcesandprotectionoftheecologicalenvironment.第十條【法律適用】處理民事糾紛，應當依照法律；法律沒有規(guī)定的，可以適用習慣，但是不得違背公序良俗。Article10Civildisputesshallberesolvedinaccordancewithlaw.Wherethelawdoesnotspecify，custommaybeapplied，providedthatpublicorderandgoodmoralsmaynotbeoffended.第十一條【優(yōu)先適用特別法】其他法律對民事關系有特別規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。Article11Wherethereareotherlawsprovidingspecialprovisionsregulatingcivil-lawrelations，suchprovisionsshallbefollowed.第十二條【效力范圍】中華人民共和國領域內的民事活動，適用中華人民共和國法律。法律另有規(guī)定的，依照其規(guī)定。Article12ThelawsofthePeople’sRepublicofChinashallapplytothecivilactivitiestakingplacewithintheterritoryofthePeople’sRepublicofChina，exceptasotherwiseprovidedbylaw.第二章自然人ChapterII：NaturalPersons第一節(jié)民事權利能力和民事行為能力Section1：CapacityforEnjoyingCivil-lawRightsandCapacityforPerformingCivilJuristicActs第十三條【自然人民事權利能力的起止】自然人從出生時起到死亡時止，具有民事權利能力，依法享有民事權利，承擔民事義務。Article13Anaturalpersonshall，fromthetimeofbirthuntilthetimeofdeath，havethecapacityforenjoyingcivil-lawrights，andmayenjoycivil-lawrightsandassumecivil-lawdutiesinaccordancewithlaw.第十四條【自然人民事權利能力平等】自然人的民事權利能力一律平等。Article14Allnaturalpersonsareequalintheircapacityforenjoyingcivil-lawrights.第十五條【自然人出生和死亡時間的判斷標準】自然人的出生時間和死亡時間，以出生證明、死亡證明記載的時間為準；沒有出生證明、死亡證明的，以戶籍登記或者其他有效身份登記記載的時間為準。有其他證據(jù)足以推翻以上記載時間的，以該證據(jù)證明的時間為準。Article15Thetimeofbirthandtimeofdeathofanaturalpersonaredeterminedbythetimerecordedonhisbirthordeathcertificateasapplied，or，ifthereisnobirthordeathcertificate，bythetimerecordedinthenaturalperson’shouseholdregistrationorothervalididentitycertificate.Ifthereissufficientevidenceoverturningthetimerecordedintheaforementioneddocuments，thetimethatisestablishedbysuchevidenceshallprevail.第十六條【胎兒利益的特殊保護】涉及遺產(chǎn)繼承、接受贈與等胎兒利益保護的，胎兒視為具有民事權利能力。但是，胎兒娩出時為死體的，其民事權利能力自始不存在。Article16Afetusisdeemedashavingthecapacityforenjoyingcivil-lawrightsinestatesuccession，acceptanceofgift，andothersituationswhereprotectionofafetus’interestsisinvolved.However，astillbornfetusdoesnothavesuchcapacityabinitio.第十七條【成年人與未成年人的年齡標準】十八周歲以上的自然人為成年人。不滿十八周歲的自然人為未成年人。Article17Anaturalpersonaged18oraboveisanadult.Anaturalpersonundertheageof18isaminor.第十八條【完全民事行為能力人】成年人為完全民事行為能力人，可以獨立實施民事法律行為。十六周歲以上的未成年人，以自己的勞動收入為主要生活來源的，視為完全民事行為能力人。Article18Anadulthasfullcapacityforperformingciviljuristicactsandmayindependentlyperformciviljuristicacts.Aminoraged16orabovewhosemainsourceofsupportistheincomefromhisownlaborisdeemedasapersonwithfullcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts.第十九條【限制民事行為能力的未成年人】八周歲以上的未成年人為限制民事行為能力人，實施民事法律行為由其法定代理人代理或者經(jīng)其法定代理人同意、追認；但是，可以獨立實施純獲利益的民事法律行為或者與其年齡、智力相適應的民事法律行為。Article19Aminoraged8orabovehaslimitedcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，andmayperformaciviljuristicactthroughoruponconsentorratificationofhislegalrepresentative，providedthatsuchaminormayindependentlyperformaciviljuristicactthatispurelybeneficialtohimorthatisappropriatetohisageandintelligence.第二十條【無民事行為能力的未成年人】不滿八周歲的未成年人為無民事行為能力人，由其法定代理人代理實施民事法律行為。Article20Aminorundertheageof8hasnocapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，andmayperformaciviljuristicactonlythroughhislegalrepresentative.第二十一條【無民事行為能力的成年人】不能辨認自己行為的成年人為無民事行為能力人，由其法定代理人代理實施民事法律行為。八周歲以上的未成年人不能辨認自己行為的，適用前款規(guī)定。Article21Anadultunabletocomprehendhisownconducthasnocapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，andmayperformaciviljuristicactonlythroughhislegalrepresentative.Theprecedingparagraphisapplicabletoaminoraged8orabovewhoisunabletocomprehendhisownconduct.第二十二條【限制民事行為能力的成年人】不能完全辨認自己行為的成年人為限制民事行為能力人，實施民事法律行為由其法定代理人代理或者經(jīng)其法定代理人同意、追認；但是，可以獨立實施純獲利益的民事法律行為或者與其智力、精神健康狀況相適應的民事法律行為。Article22Anadultunabletofullycomprehendhisownconducthaslimitedcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，andmayperformaciviljuristicactthroughoruponconsentorratificationofhislegalrepresentative，providedthatsuchanadultmayindependentlyperformaciviljuristicactthatispurelybeneficialtohimorthatisappropriatetohisintelligenceandmentalstatus.第二十三條【法定代理人】無民事行為能力人、限制民事行為能力人的監(jiān)護人是其法定代理人。Article23Theguardianofapersonwhohasnoorlimitedcapacityforperformingciviljuristicactsisthelegalrepresentativeoftheperson.第二十四條【無民事行為能力人或限制民事行為能力人的認定與恢復】不能辨認或者不能完全辨認自己行為的成年人，其利害關系人或者有關組織，可以向人民法院申請認定該成年人為無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人。被人民法院認定為無民事行為能力人或者限制民事行為能力人的，經(jīng)本人、利害關系人或者有關組織申請，人民法院可以根據(jù)其智力、精神健康恢復的狀況，認定該成年人恢復為本條規(guī)定的有關組織包括：居民委員會、村民委員會、學校、醫(yī)療機構、婦女聯(lián)合會、殘疾人聯(lián)合會、依法設立的老年人組織、民政部門等。Article24Whereanadultisunabletocomprehendorfullycomprehendhisconduct，anyinterestedpersonofsuchanadultorarelevantorganizationmayrequestthepeople’scourttodeclarethatthesaidadultbeidentifiedasapersonwithnoorlimitedcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts.Whereapersonhasbeenidentifiedbyapeople’scourtasapersonwithnoorlimitedcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，thepeople’scourtmay，uponrequestoftheperson，aninterestedpersonthereof，orarelevantorganization，andbasedontherecoveryofhisintelligenceandmentalhealth，declarethatthesaidpersonbecomesapersonwithlimitedorfullcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts.ArelevantorganizationreferredtointhisArticleincludesaresidents’committee，avillagers’committee，aschool，amedicalinstitution，thewomen’sfederation，thedisabledperson’sfederation，alegallyestablishedorganizationforseniorpeople，thecivilaffairsdepartment，andthelike.第二十五條【自然人的住所】自然人以戶籍登記或者其他有效身份登記記載的居所為住所；經(jīng)常居所與住所不一致的，經(jīng)常居所視為住所。Article25Thedomicileofanaturalpersonistheresidencerecordedinthehouseholdorothervalididentificationregistrationsystem;ifanaturalperson’shabitualresidenceisdifferentfromhisdomicile，thehabitualresidenceisdeemedashisdomicile.第二節(jié)監(jiān)護Section2：Guardianship第二十六條【父母子女之間的法律義務】父母對未成年子女負有撫養(yǎng)、教育和保護的義務。成年子女對父母負有贍養(yǎng)、扶助和保護的義務。Article26Parentshavethedutytoraise，educate，andprotecttheirminorchildren.Adultchildrenhavethedutytosupport，assist，andprotecttheirparents.第二十七條【未成年人的監(jiān)護人】父母是未成年子女的監(jiān)護人。未成年人的父母已經(jīng)死亡或者沒有監(jiān)護能力的，由下列有監(jiān)護能力的人按順序擔任監(jiān)護人：（一）祖父母、外祖父母；（二）兄、姐；（三）其他愿意擔任監(jiān)護人的個人或者組織，但是須經(jīng)未成年人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門同意。Article27Theparentsofaminorarehisguardians.Wheretheparentsofaminoraredeceasedorincompetenttobehisguardians，thefollowingpersons，ifcompetent，shallactashisguardiansinthefollowingorder：(1)hispaternalgrandparentsandmaternalgrandparents;(2)hiselderbrothersandsisters;or(3)anyotherindividualororganizationthatiswillingtoactashisguardian，providedthatconsentmustbeobtainedfromtheresidents’committee，thevillagers’committee，orthecivilaffairsdepartmentintheplacewheretheminor’sdomicileislocated.第二十八條【無、限制民事行為能力的成年人的監(jiān)護人】無民事行為能力或者限制民事行為能力的成年人，由下列有監(jiān)護能力的人按順序擔任監(jiān)護人：（一）配偶；（二）父母、子女；（三）其他近親屬；（四）其他愿意擔任監(jiān)護人的個人或者組織，但是須經(jīng)被監(jiān)護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門同意。Article28Foranadultwhohasnoorlimitedcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，thefollowingpersons，ifcompetent，shallactashisguardiansinthefollowingorder：(1)hisspouse;(2)hisparentsandhischildren;(3)anyothercloserelativesofhim;or(4)anyotherindividualororganizationthatiswillingtoactashisguardian，providedthatconsentmustbeobtainedfromtheresidents’committee，thevillagers’committee，orthecivilaffairsdepartmentintheplacewheretheadult’sdomicileislocated.第二十九條【遺囑指定監(jiān)護人】被監(jiān)護人的父母擔任監(jiān)護人的，可以通過遺囑指定監(jiān)護人。Article29Aparentwhoistheguardianofhischildmay，inhiswill，designateasucceedingguardianforhischild.第三十條【協(xié)議確定監(jiān)護人】依法具有監(jiān)護資格的人之間可以協(xié)議確定監(jiān)護人。協(xié)議確定監(jiān)護人應當尊重被監(jiān)護人的真實意愿。Article30Aguardianmaybedeterminedthroughagreementamongthepersonswhoarelegallyqualifiedtobeguardians.Thetruewillofthewardshallberespectedindeterminingtheguardianthroughagreement.第三十一條【監(jiān)護爭議解決程序】對監(jiān)護人的確定有爭議的，由被監(jiān)護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門指定監(jiān)護人，有關當事人對指定不服的，可以向人民法院申請指定監(jiān)護人；有關當事人也可以直接向人民法院申請指定監(jiān)護人。居民委員會、村民委員會、民政部門或者人民法院應當尊重被監(jiān)護人的真實意愿，按照最有利于被監(jiān)護人的原則在依法具有監(jiān)護資格的人中指定監(jiān)護人。依據(jù)本條第一款規(guī)定指定監(jiān)護人前，被監(jiān)護人的人身權利、財產(chǎn)權利以及其他合法權益處于無人保護狀態(tài)的，由被監(jiān)護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會、法律規(guī)定的有關組織或者民政部門擔任臨時監(jiān)護人。監(jiān)護人被指定后，不得擅自變更；擅自變更的，不免除被指定的監(jiān)護人的責任。Article31Whereadisputearisesoverthedeterminationofaguardian，theguardianshallbeappointedbytheresidents’committee，thevillagers’committee，orthecivilaffairsdepartmentintheplacewheretheward’sdomicileislocated，andapartynotsatisfiedwithsuchanappointmentmayrequestthepeople’scourttoappointaguardian;therelevantpartiesmayalsodirectlyrequestthepeople’scourttomakesuchanappointment.Whenappointingaguardian，theresidents’committee，thevillagers’committee，thecivilaffairsdepartment，orthepeople’scourtshallrespectthetruewillofthewardandappointaguardianinthebestinterestofthewardfromamongthelegallyqualifiedpersons.Wherethepersonal，proprietary，andotherlawfulrightsandinterestsofawardarenotunderanyprotectionbeforeaguardianisappointedinaccordancewiththefirstparagraphofthisArticle，theresidents’committee，thevillager’scommittee，arelevantorganizationdesignatedbylaw，orthecivilaffairsdepartmentintheplacewheretheward’sdomicileislocatedshallactasatemporaryguardian.Onceappointed，aguardianshallnotbereplacedwithoutauthorization;whereaguardianhasbeenreplacedwithoutauthorization，theresponsibilityoftheoriginallyappointedguardianisnotdischarged.第三十二條【公職監(jiān)護人】沒有依法具有監(jiān)護資格的人的，監(jiān)護人由民政部門擔任，也可以由具備履行監(jiān)護職責條件的被監(jiān)護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會擔任。Article32Wherethereisnopersonlegallyqualifiedasaguardian，thecivilaffairsdepartmentshallactastheguardian，andtheresidents’committeeorvillagers’committeeintheplacewheretheward’sdomicileislocatedmayalsoactastheguardianiftheyarecompetentinperformingthedutiesofguardian.第三十三條【意定監(jiān)護】具有完全民事行為能力的成年人，可以與其近親屬、其他愿意擔任監(jiān)護人的個人或者組織事先協(xié)商，以書面形式確定自己的監(jiān)護人，在自己喪失或者部分喪失民事行為能力時，由該監(jiān)護人履行監(jiān)護職責。Article33Anadultwithfullcapacityforperformingciviljuristicactsmay，inanticipationofincapacityinthefuture，consulthiscloserelatives，orotherindividualsororganizationswillingtobehisguardian，andappointinwritingaguardianforhimself，whoshallperformthedutiesofguardianwhentheadultlosesallorpartofthecapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts.第三十四條【監(jiān)護人的職責與權利及臨時生活照料措施】監(jiān)護人的職責是代理被監(jiān)護人實施民事法律行為，保護被監(jiān)護人的人身權利、財產(chǎn)權利以及其他合法權益等。監(jiān)護人依法履行監(jiān)護職責產(chǎn)生的權利，受法律保護。監(jiān)護人不履行監(jiān)護職責或者侵害被監(jiān)護人合法權益的，應當承擔法律責任。因發(fā)生突發(fā)事件等緊急情況，監(jiān)護人暫時無法履行監(jiān)護職責，被監(jiān)護人的生活處于無人照料狀態(tài)的，被監(jiān)護人住所地的居民委員會、村民委員會或者民政部門應當為被監(jiān)護人安排必要的臨時生活照料措施。Article34Thedutiesofaguardianaretorepresentthewardtoperformciviljuristicactsandtoprotectthepersonal，proprietary，andotherlawfulrightsandinterestsoftheward.Aguardian’srightsarisingfromperformanceofhisdutiesasrequiredbylawareprotectedbylaw.Aguardianwhofailstoperformhisdutiesorinfringesuponthelawfulrightsorinterestsofthewardshallbearlegalliability.Whereaguardianistemporarilyunabletoperformhisdutiesowingtoanemergencysuchasanunexpectedincident，thusleavingthewardinanunattendedsituation，theresidents’committee，thevillagers’committee，orthecivilaffairsdepartmentintheplacewheretheward’sdomicileislocatedshallmakearrangementasatemporarymeasuretoprovidenecessarylifecarefortheward.第三十五條【監(jiān)護人履行職責的原則與要求】監(jiān)護人應當按照最有利于被監(jiān)護人的原則履行監(jiān)護職責。監(jiān)護人除為維護被監(jiān)護人利益外，不得處分被監(jiān)護人的財產(chǎn)。未成年人的監(jiān)護人履行監(jiān)護職責，在作出與被監(jiān)護人利益有關的決定時，應當根據(jù)被監(jiān)護人的年齡和智力狀況，尊重被監(jiān)護人的真實意愿。成年人的監(jiān)護人履行監(jiān)護職責，應當最大程度地尊重被監(jiān)護人的真實意愿，保障并協(xié)助被監(jiān)護人實施與其智力、精神健康狀況相適應的民事法律行為。對被監(jiān)護人有能力獨立處理的事務，監(jiān)護人不得干涉。Article35Aguardianshallperformhisdutiesinthebestinterestoftheward.Aguardianshallnotdisposeoftheward’spropertyunlessitisforprotectingtheinterestsoftheward.Whenperforminghisdutiesandmakingdecisionsrelatingtoaminor’sinterests，aguardianofaminorshallrespectthetruewilloftheminorbasedonthelatter’sageandintelligence.Whenperforminghisduties，aguardianofanadultshallrespectthetruewilloftheadulttothegreatestextentpossible，andensureandaidthewardinperformingciviljuristicactsappropriatetohisintelligenceandmentalstatus.Theguardianshallnotinterferewiththemattersthatthewardiscapableofindependentlymanaging.第三十六條【撤銷監(jiān)護人資格】監(jiān)護人有下列情形之一的，人民法院根據(jù)有關個人或者組織的申請，撤銷其監(jiān)護人資格，安排必要的臨時監(jiān)護措施，并按照最有利于被監(jiān)護人的原則依法指定監(jiān)護人：（一）實施嚴重損害被監(jiān)護人身心健康的行為；（二）怠于履行監(jiān)護職責，或者無法履行監(jiān)護職責且拒絕將監(jiān)護職責部分或者全部委托給他人，導致被監(jiān)護人處于危困狀態(tài)；（三）實施嚴重侵害被監(jiān)護人合法權益的其他行為。本條規(guī)定的有關個人、組織包括：其他依法具有監(jiān)護資格的人，居民委員會、村民委員會、學校、醫(yī)療機構、婦女聯(lián)合會、殘疾人聯(lián)合會、未成年人保護組織、依法設立的老年人組織、民政部門等。前款規(guī)定的個人和民政部門以外的組織未及時向人民法院申請撤銷監(jiān)護人資格的，民政部門應當向人民法院申請。Article36Whereaguardianhasperformedanyofthefollowingacts，thepeople’scourtshall，uponrequestofarelevantindividualororganization，disqualifytheguardian，adoptnecessarytemporarymeasures，andappointanewguardianinthebestinterestofthewardinaccordancewithlaw：(1)engaginginanyactswhichseverelyharmthephysicalormentalhealthoftheward;(2)failingtoperformthedutiesofguardian，orbeingunabletoperformsuchdutiesbutrefusingtodelegateallorpartofthedutiestoothers，thusplacingthewardinadesperatesituation;or(3)engaginginotheractswhichseverelyinfringeuponthelawfulrightsandinterestsoftheward.TherelevantindividualandorganizationreferredtointhisArticleincludeanyotherpersonlegallyqualifiedtobeaguardian，theresidents’committee，thevillagers’committee，aschool，amedicalinstitution，thewomen’sfederation，thedisabledpersons’federation，achildprotectionorganization，alegallyestablishedorganizationforseniorpeople，thecivilaffairsdepartment，andthelike.Wheretheaforementionedindividualandorganizationotherthanthecivilaffairsdepartment，asstatedintheprecedingparagraph，failtorequestthepeople’scourttodisqualifytheguardianinatimelymanner，thecivilaffairsdepartmentshallinitiatesucharequesttothepeople’scourt.第三十七條【監(jiān)護人資格被撤銷后負擔義務不免除】依法負擔被監(jiān)護人撫養(yǎng)費、贍養(yǎng)費、扶養(yǎng)費的父母、子女、配偶等，被人民法院撤銷監(jiān)護人資格后，應當繼續(xù)履行負擔的義務。Article37Aparent，child，orspouselegallyobligatedtopayforhisward’ssupportshallcontinuetoperformsuchobligationsafterbeingdisqualifiedasaguardianbythepeople’scourt.第三十八條【恢復監(jiān)護人資格】被監(jiān)護人的父母或者子女被人民法院撤銷監(jiān)護人資格后，除對被監(jiān)護人實施故意犯罪的外，確有悔改表現(xiàn)的，經(jīng)其申請，人民法院可以在尊重被監(jiān)護人真實意愿的前提下，視情況恢復其監(jiān)護人資格，人民法院指定的監(jiān)護人與被監(jiān)護人的監(jiān)護關系同時終止。Article38Whereaward’sparentorchild，whohasbeendisqualifiedasaguardianbythepeople’scourtforreasonsotherthanhavingcommittedanintentionalcrimeagainsttheward，andwhohastrulyrepentedandmendedhisways，appliestothepeople’scourtforbeingreinstated，thepeople’scourtmay，uponconsideringtheactualsituationanduponthesatisfactionoftheprerequisitethatthetruewillofthewardisrespected，reinstatetheguardian，andtheguardianshipbetweenthewardandtheguardiansubsequentlyappointedbythepeople’scourtafterthedisqualificationoftheoriginalguardianshallthusbeterminatedsimultaneously.第三十九條【監(jiān)護關系終止的情形】有下列情形之一的，監(jiān)護關系終止：（一）被監(jiān)護人取得或者恢復完全民事行為能力；（二）監(jiān)護人喪失監(jiān)護能力；（三）被監(jiān)護人或者監(jiān)護人死亡；（四）人民法院認定監(jiān)護關系終止的其他情形。監(jiān)護關系終止后，被監(jiān)護人仍然需要監(jiān)護的，應當依法另行確定監(jiān)護人。Article39Aguardianshipisterminatedunderanyofthefollowingcircumstances：(1)thewardhasobtainedorregainedfullcapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts;(2)theguardianhasbecomeincompetenttobeaguardian;(3)thewardortheguardiandeceases;or(4)Anyothercircumstanceinwhichthepeople’scourtdeterminestoterminatetheguardianship.Whereawardisstillinneedofaguardianaftertheterminationoftheguardianship，anewguardianshallbeappointedinaccordancewithlaw.第三節(jié)宣告失蹤和宣告死亡Section3：DeclarationofAMissingPersonandDeclarationofDeath第四十條【宣告失蹤的條件】自然人下落不明滿二年的，利害關系人可以向人民法院申請宣告該自然人為失蹤人。Article40Ifanaturalperson’swhereaboutshavebeenunknownfortwoyears，aninterestedpersonmayrequestthepeople’scourttodeclarethenaturalpersonasamissingperson.第四十一條【下落不明的時間計算】自然人下落不明的時間自其失去音訊之日起計算。戰(zhàn)爭期間下落不明的，下落不明的時間自戰(zhàn)爭結束之日或者有關機關確定的下落不明之日起計算。Article41Theperiodoftimeduringwhichanaturalperson’swhereaboutsisunknownshallbecountedfromthedatewhenthenaturalpersonhasnotbeenheardofeversince.Ifapersonismissingduringawar，thetimeofhiswhereaboutsbecomingunknownshallbecountedfromthedatethewarisendedorfromthedateasdeterminedbytherelevantauthority.第四十二條【失蹤人的財產(chǎn)代管人】失蹤人的財產(chǎn)由其配偶、成年子女、父母或者其他愿意擔任財產(chǎn)代管人的人代管。代管有爭議，沒有前款規(guī)定的人，或者前款規(guī)定的人無代管能力的，由人民法院指定的人代管。Article42Amissingperson’spropertyshallbeplacedinthecustodyofhisspouse，adultchildren，parents，oranyotherpersonswillingtotakesuchcustody.Whereadisputearisesoverthecustodyofamissingperson’sproperty，orthepersonsprovidedintheprecedingparagraphareunavailableorincompetentforsuchapurpose，thepropertyshallbeplacedinthecustodyofapersonappointedbythepeople’scourt.第四十三條【財產(chǎn)代管人的職責】財產(chǎn)代管人應當妥善管理失蹤人的財產(chǎn)，維護其財產(chǎn)權益。失蹤人所欠稅款、債務和應付的其他費用，由財產(chǎn)代管人從失蹤人的財產(chǎn)中支付。財產(chǎn)代管人因故意或者重大過失造成失蹤人財產(chǎn)損失的，應當承擔賠償責任。Article43Acustodianshallproperlymanagethemissingperson’spropertyandsafeguardhisproprietaryinterests.Thetaxes，debts，andotherduepaymentobligationsowedbyamissingperson，ifany，shallbepaidbythecustodianoutofthemissingperson’sproperty.Acustodianwho，intentionallyorduetogrossnegligence，causesdamagetothepropertyofthemissingpersonshallbeliableforcompensation.第四十四條【財產(chǎn)代管人的變更】財產(chǎn)代管人不履行代管職責、侵害失蹤人財產(chǎn)權益或者喪失代管能力的，失蹤人的利害關系人可以向人民法院申請變更財產(chǎn)代管人。財產(chǎn)代管人有正當理由的，可以向人民法院申請變更財產(chǎn)代管人。人民法院變更財產(chǎn)代管人的，變更后的財產(chǎn)代管人有權請求原財產(chǎn)代管人及時移交有關財產(chǎn)并報告財產(chǎn)代管情況。Article44Whereacustodianfailstoperformhisdutiesofcustodian，infringesupontheproprietaryrightsorinterestsofthemissingperson，orifthecustodianbecomesincompetenttobeacustodian，aninterestedpersonofthemissingpersonmayrequestthepeople’scourttoreplacethecustodian.Acustodianmay，withjustcause，requestthepeople’scourttoappointanewcustodiantoreplacehimself.Wherethepeople’scourtappointsanewcustodian，thenewcustodianisentitledtorequesttheformercustodiantodelivertherelevantpropertyandapropertymanagementreportinatimelymanner.第四十五條【失蹤宣告的撤銷】失蹤人重新出現(xiàn)，經(jīng)本人或者利害關系人申請，人民法院應當撤銷失蹤宣告。失蹤人重新出現(xiàn)，有權請求財產(chǎn)代管人及時移交有關財產(chǎn)并報告財產(chǎn)代管情況。Article45Whereamissingpersonreappears，thepeople’scourtshall，uponrequestofthesaidpersonoraninterestedpersonthereof，revokethedeclarationofhisbeingmissing.Amissingpersonwhoreappearsisentitledtorequestthecustodiantodelivertherelevantpropertyandapropertymanagementreportinatimelymanner.第四十六條【宣告死亡的條件】自然人有下列情形之一的，利害關系人可以向人民法院申請宣告該自然人死亡：（一）下落不明滿四年；（二）因意外事件，下落不明滿二年。因意外事件下落不明，經(jīng)有關機關證明該自然人不可能生存的，申請宣告死亡不受二年時間的限制。Article46Aninterestedpersonmayrequestthepeople’scourttomakeadeclarationofthedeathofanaturalpersonundereitherofthefollowingcircumstances：(1)thenaturalperson’swhereaboutshavebeenunknownforfouryears;or(2)thenaturalperson’swhereaboutshavebeenunknownfortwoyearsasaresultofanaccident.Thetwo-yearrequirementforanaturalpersontobedeclareddeaddoesnotapplywheretheperson’swhereaboutshavebeenunknownasaresultofanaccidentandifarelevantauthoritycertifiesthatitisimpossibleforthesaidnaturalpersontostillbealive.第四十七條【宣告死亡的優(yōu)先適用】對同一自然人，有的利害關系人申請宣告死亡，有的利害關系人申請宣告失蹤，符合本法規(guī)定的宣告死亡條件的，人民法院應當宣告死亡。Article47Whereaninterestedpersonrequeststhepeople’scourttodeclarethedeathofanaturalperson，whileanotherinterestedpersonrequeststodeclarethepersonbeingmissing，thepeople’scourtshalldeclarethatthepersonisdeadiftheconditionsfordeclarationofdeathasprescribedinthisCodearesatisfied.第四十八條【被宣告死亡的人死亡日期的確定】被宣告死亡的人，人民法院宣告死亡的判決作出之日視為其死亡的日期；因意外事件下落不明宣告死亡的，意外事件發(fā)生之日視為其死亡的日期。Article48Forapersondeclareddead，thedatewhenthepeople’scourtmakesajudgmentdeclaringhisdeathisdeemedasthedateofhisdeath;forapersondeclareddeadbecausehiswhereaboutsisunknownasaresultofanaccident，thedateoftheoccurrenceoftheaccidentisdeemedasthedateofhisdeath.第四十九條【被宣告死亡期間的民事法律行為效力】自然人被宣告死亡但是并未死亡的，不影響該自然人在被宣告死亡期間實施的民事法律行為的效力。Article49Thedeclarationofthedeathofanaturalpersonwhoisstillalivedoesnotaffecttheeffectsoftheciviljuristicactsperformedbythepersonduringtheperiodthedeathdeclarationiseffective.第五十條【死亡宣告的撤銷】被宣告死亡的人重新出現(xiàn)，經(jīng)本人或者利害關系人申請，人民法院應當撤銷死亡宣告。Article50Whereapersondeclareddeadreappears，thepeople’scourtshall，uponrequestofthepersonoraninterestedpersonthereof，revokethedeclarationofhisdeath.第五十一條【宣告死亡、撤銷死亡宣告對婚姻關系的影響】被宣告死亡的人的婚姻關系，自死亡宣告之日起消除。死亡宣告被撤銷的，婚姻關系自撤銷死亡宣告之日起自行恢復。但是，其配偶再婚或者向婚姻登記機關書面聲明不愿意恢復的除外。Article51Themaritalrelationshipwithapersondeclareddeadceasestoexistfromthedatethedeclarationofhisdeathismade.Wherethedeclarationofdeathisrevoked，theaforementionedmaritalrelationshipshallbeautomaticallyresumedfromthedatethedeclarationofdeathisrevoked，exceptwherethespousehasmarriedtosomeoneelseorstatesinwritingtothemarriageregistrationauthoritytheunwillingnesstoresumethemarriage.第五十二條【撤銷死亡宣告對收養(yǎng)關系的影響】被宣告死亡的人在被宣告死亡期間，其子女被他人依法收養(yǎng)的，在死亡宣告被撤銷后，不得以未經(jīng)本人同意為由主張收養(yǎng)行為無效。Article52Whereachildofapersondeclareddeadhasbeenlegallyadoptedbyothersduringtheperiodwhenthedeclarationofdeathiseffective，thepersondeclareddeadshallnot，afterthedeclarationofhisdeathisrevoked，claimthattheadoptionisinvalidonthegroundthathischildisadoptedwithouthisconsent.第五十三條【死亡宣告撤銷后的財產(chǎn)返還】被撤銷死亡宣告的人有權請求依照本法第六編取得其財產(chǎn)的民事主體返還財產(chǎn)；無法返還的，應當給予適當補償。利害關系人隱瞞真實情況，致使他人被宣告死亡而取得其財產(chǎn)的，除應當返還財產(chǎn)外，還應當對由此造成的損失承擔賠償責任。Article53Whereadeclarationofthedeathofapersonisrevoked，thepersonisentitledtorequestthosewhohaveobtainedhispropertyunderBookVIofthisCodetoreturntheproperty，ormakeappropriatecompensationifthepropertycannotbereturned.Whereaninterestedpersonconcealsthetrueinformationandcausesanaturalpersontobedeclareddeadsoastoobtainthelatter’sproperty，theinterestedpersonshall，inadditiontoreturningthewrongfullyobtainedproperty，makecompensationforanylossthuscaused.第四節(jié)個體工商戶和農村承包經(jīng)營戶Section4：Individual-RunIndustrialandCommercialHouseholdsandRural-landContractualManagementHouseholds第五十四條【個體工商戶的定義】自然人從事工商業(yè)經(jīng)營，經(jīng)依法登記，為個體工商戶。個體工商戶可以起字號。Article54Anaturalpersonwhooperatesanindustrialorcommercialbusinessmayregisterit，inaccordancewithlaw，asanindividual-runindustrialandcommercialhousehold.Anindustrialandcommercialhouseholdmayhaveatradename.第五十五條【農村承包經(jīng)營戶的定義】農村集體經(jīng)濟組織的成員，依法取得農村土地承包經(jīng)營權，從事家庭承包經(jīng)營的，為農村承包經(jīng)營戶。Article55Membersofaruraleconomiccollectivewho，inaccordancewithlaw，havebeengrantedanoriginalcontracttooperateaparcelofrurallandandengagesintheoperationofthelandonahouseholdbasisarerural-landcontractualmanagementhouseholds.第五十六條【債務承擔規(guī)則】個體工商戶的債務，個人經(jīng)營的，以個人財產(chǎn)承擔；家庭經(jīng)營的，以家庭財產(chǎn)承擔；無法區(qū)分的，以家庭財產(chǎn)承擔。農村承包經(jīng)營戶的債務，以從事農村土地承包經(jīng)營的農戶財產(chǎn)承擔；事實上由農戶部分成員經(jīng)營的，以該部分成員的財產(chǎn)承擔。Article56Thedebtsofanindividual-runindustrialandcommercialhouseholdshallbepaidfromtheassetsoftheindividualwhooperatesthebusinessinhisownnameorfromtheindividual’sfamilyassetsifthebusinessisoperatedinthenameofthehousehold，or，ifitisimpossibletodeterminewhetherthebusinessisoperatedinthenameoftheindividualorinthenameoftheindividual’shousehold，fromtheindividual’sfamilyassets.Thedebtsofarural-landcontractualmanagementhouseholdshallbepaidfromtheassetsofthehouseholdthatisengagedintheoperationonthecontractedruralland，orfromtheportionoftheassetsofthefamilymemberswhoactuallyengageinsuchoperation.第三章法人ChapterIII：LegalPersons第一節(jié)一般規(guī)定Section1：GeneralRules第五十七條【法人的定義】法人是具有民事權利能力和民事行為能力，依法獨立享有民事權利和承擔民事義務的組織。Article57Alegalpersonisanorganizationthathasthecapacityforenjoyingcivil-lawrightsandthecapacityforperformingciviljuristicacts，andthatindependentlyenjoys