Unit5市公開(kāi)課一等獎(jiǎng)省賽課微課金獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

ContentsAEncounterBInterculturalCommunicationCLettertoFranDGeneralizingAboutWesternCultureELearningAboutotherCulture1/24TeachingObjectivesHelpstudentsimprovetheirEnglishlanguageskills.Helpstudentsdevelopgoodinterculturalcommunicationhabitsandskills.Learntheconceptofinterculturalcommunication.Learnthebasicconceptofculture:culture、stereotype2/24Encounter

ClassActivity:Reading,Smallgrouptalk

Read‘TheInvitation’forabout1minute,takingnotesifnecessary.Pleaseworkinasmallgroupof4-6studentsanddiscussthefollowingquestions,everymembershouldmakeacontribution,eachgroupshouldaskastudenttorecordtheresultandonetoreporttheresulttotheclass.3/24Invitation

Whydoesn’tMsMerrickseemhappytoseeXiaoYang?

MsMerrickissurprised,andperhapsalittleannoyed,becauseXiaoYangdidn’tletherknowshewascoming.MsMerrickisn’tannoyedthatXiaoYangcameby,althoughsheisalittleannoyedthatshenowhastoturnXiaoYangaway.However,shehasplannedtodosomethingelsethiseveningandisn’tgoingtochangeherplanjustbecauseXiaoYangcameby.MsMerrick’sinvitationsweremeanttobepolitemorethanserious.MsMerrickwasinabadmoodforreasonsunrelatedtoXiaoYang,ormaybethiswasaninconvenienttimeandshewascaughtoffguard,orshewasjustlookingforwardtoafreeevening.

XiaoYang4/24Invitation

HowtypicalisMsMerrick’sbehavior?Alittleunusual.Inasituationlikethis,itwouldbemorelikelyforWesternerstomakeaconsciousefforttoappearpleasedtoseeXiaoYang.However,MsMerrick’sbehaviorisnotextremelystrangebyWesternstandards.CulturalNotes:Visiting:ItisverycommonforWesternerstoarrangeatimebeforegoingtovisitpeople.Evenwhentheydecideonthespurofthemomenttogovisitsomeonewithwhomtheyhavemadenopreviousarrangements,theymaycallinadvancetoletothersknowtheyarecoming.Scheduling:ManyWesternersscheduletheirtimequitecarefully.Politeinvitations:AmongWesterners,someinvitationsarepoliteinvitations,invitationsthatpeoplemainlyinordertobepoliteinasocialsituation.5/24InvitationWhatshouldXiaoYangdo?Pleaselist1-3possibleresponsestrategies,butthepotentialadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeach.6/24Interculturalcommunication

Whatare”violatedexpectations”?

ViolatedExpectations:negativefeelingscausedwhenyourexpectationsareviolated;inotherwords,whenyouexpectonething,butsomethingelsehappen.7/24Interculturalcommunication

Whyareviolatedexpectationsaprobleminterculturalencounters?

“Wetrustpeoplewhosebehaviorwecanpredict.Whenweseepeoplewithstrangecustoms,webecomeanxiousandhostile,becausewecannotpredictwhattheyaregoingtobe.”Triandis(1994)8/24Interculturalcommunication

Whatis“projectedculturalsimilarity”?

Oneinteresting(andperhapssurprising)stumblingblock障礙物ininterculturalcommunicationistheassumptionthat‘‘therearesufficientsimilaritiesamongpeoplesoftheworldtomakecommunicationeasy.”“Theassumptionofsimilaritydoesnotoftenextendtotheexpectationofacommonverballanguagebutitdoesinterfereindecodingnonverbalsignals,signs,andsignals”(Bama1994：337)9/24Interculturalcommunication

Whatis“projectedculturalsimilarity”?

“

…whilemostpeopleacknowledgesuperficialbehavioraldifferencesindress,custom,languageandsoon,ittakesbutascratchofthissurfaceencounterabasicbeliefintheessentialsimilarityofallpeople.Thestatementindicativeofthisbeliefis,‘Onceyougetusedtotheirdifferent(dress,manners,style)they’rejustlikeus’”(Bennettl998：192)10/24Interculturalcommunication

Americansandprojectedculturalsimilarity(2):“Americanstypicallybelievethateveryoneisbasicallyalike,andotherpeoplehavethesamebasicneedstheyhavethemselves.Sincetheimportantdifferencesamongpeoplearebelievedtobeindividual,notculturalorsocial,Americansaresensitivetosimilaritiesinothersratherthantodifferences．HenceAmericansoftenuseacommunicationstrategyofassumingotherswillrespondastheywould.Imaginehowyouwouldfeelintheirshoes.”(StewartandBennett1991151)11/24Interculturalcommunication

WhydoesPCScauseinterculturalcommunicationproblems?1.Itishardforpeopletoimagineaperspectivedifferentfromtheirown.Itisaffectedbyhumannature;peopleareaccustomedtoself-centered.whentheycommunicatewithforeigners,theyusuallyassumethatforeignersaresimilartous2.Aswegrowupandlearnwhatisrightandwrong，truthandfalse,normalandabnormal,andsoforth,wenaturallylearntoviewtheworldasourcultureviewsit.12/24Interculturalcommunication

Whatshouldyoudoabouttheseproblems?1.Beaware2.manageanynegativefeelingsyouhavewhenyourexpectationsareviolated.3.Checkyourexpectationsandassumptions.13/24LettertoFran

TheGoodnightKissGroupdiscussion:Anythingtoadd?CommentsyouwouldmakeaboutwhatFransays.SuggestionsforadditionalpointsFranmighthavemade.QuestionsaboutFran’sletter.14/24ConformityinWesternCultures“Loose”culturesdon’tdemandahighdegreeofconformity.Inloosecultures,peoplehavearelativelywiderangeofviewsastowhatisconsiderednormalbehavior.Theyalsotendtoberelativelytolerantofbehaviorthatdoesnotconformtoculturalnorms.Andthereislesspressureonindividualswithinthesameculturetobehavethesamewaymostotherpeopleintheculturedo.

“Tight”cultures

expectarelativelyhighdegreeofconformity.Thereisaclearconsensusastowhatisandisnotacceptablebehaviorandthereismorepressureonpeopletoconformtothenormsoftheculture.15/24ConformityinWesternCulturesThedegreeoftightnessofacultureisbasedonthedegreetowhich“…numbersofaculture1)agreewhatconstitutescorrectaction；2)mustbehaveexactlyaccordingtothenormsoftheculture；3)sufferorofferseverecriticismforevenslightdeviationsfromnorms16/24ConformityinWesternCultures“…individualismislinkedtoloosenessandcollectivismtotightness”(Triandis1995：52,56)(ThetightnessconceptwasfirstsuggestedbyP.J.Peltoin1968.)17/24ConformityinWesternCulturesInfluenceofculturaltightnessandloosenessonadvertisement(1)：Sincethedegreeoftightnessofacultureisbasedonthedegreetowhichnumbersofaculturemustbehaveexactlyaccordingtothenormsoftheculture,itusuallyreflectsintheorientalandthewesternadvertisements.Forexample,asChinesehavethetendencyoffollowingsuit,theChineseadvertisementstakeadvantageofsuchkindofpsychology.AdvertisementstendtofocusongroupbehaviorbecauseChineseconsumersalwaysbelievethemorepeoplebuyaproduct,thebetterqualityitwillhave.Tobeexact,theytrytopersuadeconsumersintopurchasingtheadvertisedwiththemasses.18/24ConformityinWesternCulturesWecanfindmanyexamplesinourdailylife,whichstressgroupbehaviorssuchas“我們都…(Weall“深受大眾喜愛(ài)”(bewellpopular),”:老少皆宜“(goodforallages),“大家好，才是真好”(theproductisgoodforall,soitisindeedgood),“全國(guó)用戶(hù)滿(mǎn)意”(thecustomersalloverthecountrysatisfy...).19/24ConformityinWesternCulturesHowever,itisjustecontrarywiththeWesternadvertisementsbecauseindividualismisfirmlyestablishedinwesterncultureandinwesterner'smind.Wordssuchas“independence/independent”,”uniqueness/unique","own","individual","different/difference"spreadoutproducts'orservices‘featuresthatmatchwithone'sdistinction.20/24ConformityinWesternCulturesThefollowingadvertisementsshowthisorientationclearly.l)Findyourownroad2)Inthisageoftechnology-sharing,whateverhappenedtoindividuality.21/24ConformityinWesternCulturesFactorscontributingtotightness/Iooseness1)Thedegreeofchangeinthepopulation___themorepeoplemove，themoreloose

andIndividualistasocietytendstobe.

2)Thedensityofthepopulation.Smalldensesocietiestendtobecollective,hencetighter.Largerdensesocietiestendtobemorecomplex,hencenotquitesotight．22/2