考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷1（共200題）

考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷1（共9套）（共200題）考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷第1套一、閱讀（補(bǔ)全短文）(本題共20題，每題1.0分，共20分。)Whenwecomparemenwithanimals,wemustrememberthatamanisalsoananimal.Butinmakingthiscomparison,itissometimesmoreconvenienttorefertotherestoftheanimalkingdomas"animals".【R1】______Manyanimalsareintelligentinthesensethattheycanexploretheirsurroundingsoracquirenewskillsbylearningfromtheirparents.Animalorganismshaveorganswhosephysicalpowerexceedsthepowerofmen.Thebodiesofmenhavenowingsandcannotfly.Mencannotimitatefishandspendlongperiodsunderwaterunlesstheycarrybreathingapparatuswiththem.【R2】______Butitisveryuncommonforanimalstogomadordestroytheirownkind.Animals,lefttothemselves,donotdisturbthebalanceofnature.Theydonotturngrasslandintodesertormakewaterundrinkablebyfillingwholelakesandriverswithwastematerials.Comparedwithmostotherorganisms—ifweseehimasapartofnature—maniswastefulanddestructive.Thoughheismoreintelligentthananimals,heoftenuseshisintelligenceforstrangepurposes.【R3】______ThispowerispossessedbytherichbusinessmaninChicagoandthepoor,primitiveBushmanoftheKalahariDesertinAfrica.ItmayindeedshowitselfmoreobviouslyintheBushman,whoseenvironmentdoesnotprovidehimwithsecurityandwhoseentirefoodsupplyisacquiredbyfacingnewsituations.Itisapowerwhichcanbewastedormisusedorbeweakenedthroughneglect.Butitisapowerwhichbelongstoeveryhumanbeing.【R4】______Languagegivesdepthtohumancommunitiesintime.Itenablesonegenerationtohandonitsexperiencetoanother,bymeansofstories,whicharetheoriginofhumanhistory.Itisonlyhumanbeingswhorecognizeapastandfuture,andwhofeelthattheystandatacertainpointinthedevelopmentoftheircommunity.【R5】______Thisbringsustoanotheraspectofhumanintelligence.Manismoreadaptablethananimals,butintheagesofcivilizationhehasusedthispowerinaspecialway.Afewcommunities,liketheAfricanBushman,stillmanagetosurviveinaprimitiveway.Butothermenwishtomaketheirfuturemoresecureandtrytofindawayofdoingthis,whichistypicalofcivilizedcommunities.[A]Wecallthiscapacityintelligence.Itschiefinstrumentorweaponishumanlanguage,asystemofsymbols(spokenorwritten)whichenablesmentocommunicateinformationandpurpose,andseeonesituationintermsofanother.Theabilitytousesymbolsisnotpossessedbyanimals,anditisamajoraspectofhumanintelligence.[B]Likeanimals,menareadaptedtoacertainenvironment.Theyrequirefoodandwater;theycandigestonlycertainkindsoffood.Theyrequirewarmth;theycansurviveonlywithincertainlimitsoftemperature.[C]Man'ssenseoffutureleadshimtoprovideforthefuture.Heaccumulatesfood,clothes,usefulobjects,rawmaterials,buildings,informationandinmoderntimesheaccumulatesmoney—themeansofexchangeandthereforeanimportantmeansofpoweroverothermen.[D]Differentfromananimal,manisabletoconvertanaturalenvironmentintoahuman,socialenvironment—anenvironmentwhichrepresentstheaccumulatedlaborofmanygenerations.[E]Wecannotsaythatmenaresuperiortoanimals.Buttheydifferfromanimalsinseveralimportantways.Andallthesedifferencesarereallyaspectsofoneandthesamedifference.Thiscentraldifferenceisman'sunusualmentalflexibility,hisabilitytomeetanewsituationinanewwayandhiscapacitytolearnfromhisexperienceandtheexperienceofothers.[F]Itisverydoubtfulwhethermenare"superior"toanimals.Itistruethattheirresponsesaremorecomplex.[G]Manisconcernedabouthislivingenvironment.Thediscoveriesofscienceandtheinventionsoftechnologyhaveproducedanenvironmentwhichisalmostequivalenttoasecond,outershellofbodyandisadaptednotonlytolocalconditionsbutalsotoaverywiderangeofvariationsinclimate,altitudeandotherfeaturesofthegeographicalsurroundings.1、【R1】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點(diǎn)解析：第一段作者談到，人也是動物，但為方便起見把人以外的動物稱作“動物”。B項(xiàng)“Likeanimals，menareadaptedtoacertainenvironment．Theyrequirefoodandwater；theyCandigestonlycertainkindsoffood．Theyrequirewarmth；theycansurviveonlywithincertainlimitsoftemperature．”與上文在邏輯上連貫、一致。D項(xiàng)為強(qiáng)干擾項(xiàng)，它談的是人與動物的不同之處，故與上文意思相悖。2、【R2】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F知識點(diǎn)解析：本段空格前一段中作者談到，許多動物很聰明，而且有些器官的生理能力超過人的生理能力。可見，無法確定人是否比動物“更好”。F項(xiàng)“Itisverydoubtfulwhethermenare‘superior’toanimals．Itistruethattheirresponsesaremorecomplex．”正好符合這個意思。此外，空格后談到動物在某些方面比人“更強(qiáng)”：動物不會破壞自然的生態(tài)平衡等等。因此在邏輯上與F項(xiàng)保持連貫、一致。3、【R3】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E知識點(diǎn)解析：本段空格前一段最后一句說，“Thoughheismoreintelligentthananimals，heoftenuseshisintelligenceforstrangepurposes．”這一句與E項(xiàng)的第1句“Wecannotsaythatmenaresuperiortoanimals．”在邏輯上是連貫的。E項(xiàng)中第2句通過But的轉(zhuǎn)折，接著談到人和動物的區(qū)別，即人有思維能力?？崭窈笸ㄟ^thispower與上文相連，接著對這種power進(jìn)行闡述。最后指出，這是一種屬于每一個人的能力，即人與動物的差別。4、【R4】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點(diǎn)解析：空格前一段最后一句說，“Butitisapowerwhichbelongstoeveryhumanbeing．”A項(xiàng)第1句“Wecallthiscapacityintelligence．”中的thiscapacity正好與上文中的apower在邏輯上前后呼應(yīng)。然后談智力表現(xiàn)的工具——語言，與下一段對語言功能的闡述相接，前后邏輯連貫。5、【R5】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點(diǎn)解析：空格前一段最后一句說，“Itisonlyhumanbeingswhorecognizeapastandfuture，andwhofeelthattheystandatacertainpointinthedevelopmentoftheircommunity”，句中談到，只有人能認(rèn)識過去和未來，能從社會的發(fā)展來看自己所處的階段。C項(xiàng)一開頭就說，“Man’ssenseoffutureleadshimtoprovideforthefuture”正好與上文在邏輯上相吻合。接著闡述這種“未來感”的具體表現(xiàn)。最后一段中，作者談到人類智力的另一個方面，即對周圍環(huán)境的改變的適應(yīng)能力，這一點(diǎn)是文明社會所特有的。實(shí)際上，這說明了人與動物不同的又一方面。Rainforeststructureisdistinctfrommostotherforesttypesbecauseofitsmanylayersofvegetation,referredtoasstrata.Theloweststratumistheunderstory,composedofpalms,herbaceousplants(suchaswildginger),andtreeseedlingsandsaplings.【R1】______Manyhavedeepredcoloringontheundersideoftheirleavestocapturesomeofthescarcelightthatdoesmanagetoreachtheforestunderstory.Thisredcoloringenablesunderstoryplantstoabsorblightofdifferentwavelengthsthandotheplantswithrich,green-foliagedcanopy,theumbrella-shapedupperstructureoftrees.Abovetheforestfloorbutbelowthecanopyareoneormoremidstorystrata,madeupofwoodyplants,suchaslargeshrubsandmidsizedtrees.Theoverstoryisthecanopy,inwhichthetreecrownsformacontinuouslayerthatcapturesthemajorpartoftherainwaterandsunlighthittingtheforest.Theheightofthecanopyvariesfromregiontoregionandforesttoforest,rangingfrom20to50m(65to165ft).【R2】______Researchersusehotairballoons,cables,catwalks,towers,sophisticatedtree-climbinggear,andevenrobotstostudythemillionsofplantsandanimalsthatmaketheirhomehighupintheforestcanopy.Canopyresearchersalsousehugecranesthataredroppedintotheheartoftheforestbyhelicopters.Suspendedfromthecrane'slong,movablearmisalargecabinthatfunctionsasamobiletreetoplaboratory.Movingfromtreetotree,forestresearcherscollectspecimens,conductexperiments,andobservelifeinthecanopyfrontier.Thehigheststratumoftherainforestismadeupoftheemergenttrees,thoseindividualsthatstickupabovetheforestcanopy.Emergents,whichdonotformacontinuouslayer,areusuallythegiantsoftheforest,reachingheightsof35to70m(115to230ft)ormore,andtrunksizesofover2m(6.6ft)indiameter.【R3】______However,thesetreestendtobesolargethattheycollectivelyaccountforthevastmajorityofthewoodymass,orbiomass,oftheforest.Thenicelyorderedstrataoftherainforest,includingthecontinuouslayerofthecanopy,areregularlydisturbedbynaturallyoccurringevents,suchasfallingtrees.Treesinarainforestcanopyareofteninterconnectedbyvines,andafallingtreemaypullaswellaspushothertreesdownwithit,producingadominoeffectoffallingtrees.Theresultingopeningintheforestcanopyenableslighttopourontotheforestfloor.【R4】______Othernaturaldisturbancescreateevenlargeropeningsintheforestcanopies.Forexample,alongthehurricanebeltintheCaribbeanandthetyphoonbeltalongthewesternPacific,someforestsaresubstantiallyalteredwhenhighwindsandstormsblowdownhundredsoftreeseveryfewdecades.【R5】______Scientistshavefoundthatthesenaturaldisturbancesandthesubsequentforestregenerationareavitalprocessthatleadstohealthyanddiverseforests.[A]Newplantsandanimalsthenmoveintotheareaandbegintogrow.[B]Just2percentofthesunlightgoesthroughthemanylayersofleavesandbranchesabove,sounderstoryplantspecieshavedevelopedspecialtraitstocopewithlowlightlevels.[C]Onasmallerscale,largemammals,suchaselephants,regularlydestroyrainforestvegetationintheCongoRiverBasininAfrica.[D]Anunderstoryofshortertreesandalaceworkofwoodyvines,orlianas,produceaforestofsuchcomplexinternalarchitecturethatmanyanimals,includingsomesizableones,rarelyorneverdescendtotheground[E]Lessthanonepercentofthetreesintheforestresideinthecanopyandemergentlayers.[F]Becausemorelightpenetratesthecanopy,however,thevegetationoftheunderstoryandforestfloorisbetterdevelopedthaninthetropics.[G]Therich,greencanopyisteemingwithlife,andforestresearchershavedevelopedingeniousmethodsforaccessingthismysteriousecosystem.6、【R1】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點(diǎn)解析：本題空格出現(xiàn)在第一段中。上文提到熱帶雨林結(jié)構(gòu)中的最低層是下層植被。下文提到，下層植被的植物葉子呈深紅色，從而能夠獲取到達(dá)下層植被的少量的光。由此可見，上下文都圍繞“下層植被”展開論述。出現(xiàn)關(guān)鍵詞“understory”的選項(xiàng)有B、D和F。但是，D項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)了上下文沒有的新信息“藤蔓植物(vines)”。F項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了“冠層(canopy)”，但從下文即第一段倒數(shù)第二句對canopy一詞的定義可知，它應(yīng)在下文中第一次出現(xiàn)。由此排除D項(xiàng)和F項(xiàng)。B項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)下層植被適應(yīng)低光強(qiáng)的特性，其中“低光強(qiáng)”與下文“獲取少量的光”“吸收不同波長的光”等內(nèi)容相呼應(yīng)，因此B項(xiàng)為正確答案。7、【R2】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G知識點(diǎn)解析：本題空格出現(xiàn)在第二段中。上文介紹了冠層的功能與高度。下文的內(nèi)容可概括為：研究人員使用各種各樣的手段對冠層進(jìn)行研究。由此可見，上下文都圍繞“冠層”展開論述。出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞“canopy(冠層)”的選項(xiàng)是E、F和G。E項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了上下文沒有的新信息“新生樹木層”，破壞了段落的一致性，該信息實(shí)際上到第三段第二句才首次出現(xiàn)。F項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)了邏輯詞however，但從內(nèi)容上看，上文與F項(xiàng)并不構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。而且F項(xiàng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是冠層與下層植被和森林地表植被的關(guān)系，與下文也無法銜接。G項(xiàng)只涉及“冠層”和“研究者”的內(nèi)容，與上下文都實(shí)現(xiàn)了很好的銜接，因此G項(xiàng)為正確答案。8、【R3】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E知識點(diǎn)解析：本題空格出現(xiàn)在第三段中。上文介紹了在熱帶雨林最上層的新生樹木的特點(diǎn)。下文只有一句話，其中出現(xiàn)了表轉(zhuǎn)折的邏輯詞However和代詞thesetrees。從文章結(jié)構(gòu)看，第一至三段已經(jīng)依次介紹了熱帶雨林的下層、中層、冠層和最上層，因此本題空格處不應(yīng)該再回過去只談?wù)撓聦踊蚬趯?。與上文內(nèi)容能很好銜接的只有E項(xiàng)，它直接提到了“新生樹木層”；而且它的內(nèi)容與下文也能構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折，即雖然樹較少，但是都很粗壯。9、【R4】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點(diǎn)解析：本題空格出現(xiàn)在第四段末。上文介紹了雨林中連續(xù)的樹層可能遭到的破壞及影響。下文即第五段首句提到．其他的自然干擾會造成冠層更大的空隙。由此可知，上下文論述的是自然干擾對樹層的影響。根據(jù)段落一致原則，空格處應(yīng)延續(xù)上文的內(nèi)容。A項(xiàng)中thearea指代上文中theforestfloor，故A項(xiàng)能和上文銜接，為正確答案。C項(xiàng)有一定的干擾性，其中destroy一詞與上文disturb呼應(yīng)，但是從內(nèi)容看，“非洲剛果河盆地的熱帶雨林植被”無法與上文“連續(xù)的樹冠層”銜接。D項(xiàng)雖然重現(xiàn)了上文的詞語vines，但其內(nèi)容與上下文毫無關(guān)聯(lián)。F項(xiàng)干擾性最大，其中從句“由于更多的陽光穿透森林冠層”與上文銜接非常緊密，但是主句內(nèi)容與上下文都無法銜接，而且出現(xiàn)了新信息“inthetropics”。因此，可以排除C、D、F項(xiàng)。10、【R5】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點(diǎn)解析：本題空格出現(xiàn)在第五段中。上文提到對森林造成影響的自然干擾因素并舉例說明。下文指出科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)自然干擾因素對森林的形成很關(guān)鍵。由此可知，整個第五段圍繞“自然干擾因素對森林的影響”展開論述。符合這一主題的只有C項(xiàng)，它銜接上文，繼續(xù)舉例說明自然干擾因素對森林的影響，因此C項(xiàng)是本題的正確答案。Severalmonthsago,planningtovisitafriendhospitalizedwithAIDS,IaskedadoctorwhetherIshouldtakeanyprecautions."You'remoreofarisktohimthanheistoyou,"saidthedoctor,FredValentine,anassociateprofessorofmedicineatNewYorkUniversityMedicalCenter."Youmighthaveacoldorsomeminorinfectionthatwouldbeveryseriousforhimifhecaughtitbecausehehasnoresistance."Therisktome,thedoctorsaid,wasalmostnonexistent.【R1】______Doctorsnowthinktheyunderstandhowitinfects,cantestwhethersomeonehasbeenexposedtothevirus,andknowhowtopreventitsspreadtoothers.【R2】______AIDSisasilentepidemic.AccordingtorecentfiguresfromtheCentersforDiseaseControl(CDC),since1979,15,172peopleintheUnitedStateshavebeendiagnosedashavingAIDS,and7,111ofthemhavedied.Thesenumbersaredoublingevery10to12months.Another60,000to120,000peoplehaveAIDS-related-complex(ARC),amilderformofthediseasewhichwillturnintoAIDSin5to20percentofthecases.【R3】______Dr.HaroldJaffe,chiefepidemiologistoftheAIDStaskforceattheCDC,saysthatoverfiveyearsperhaps10percentofthepeoplecarryingtheviruswillgetAIDS.Another25percentwilldevelopARC.SinceinamajorityofcasesAIDSisfatal—atleastsofar—thedeathtollcouldbeenormous.ThoughthemedicalcommunityisoverwhelminglyconvincedthatAIDScan'tbecaughtbycausalcontact,thatiswhatmostpeopleworryabout.Partoftheproblemissemantic.Doctorsaretaughtnevertosay"never"becausethere'snosuchthingas100-percentcertaintyinscience.【R4】______ButthefactsdospeakstronglyagainsttransmissionofAIDSthroughcasualcontact.Tobeginwith,noresearcherhasfoundasinglecasecontractedthatway.OfalltheAIDScasesreportedinthepastfiveyears,notoneresultedfromsharingaresidence,aschool-roomoranofficewithanotherAIDSpatient,saysDr.Jaffe.【R5】______Theoretically,thereisasmallriskfromabarbershopshavewithastraightedgedrazor(whichmayproduceaminuteamountofbleeding)iftherazorhasbeencontaminatedwithAIDS-carryingbloodandleftuncleaned.Asimilarsituationholdsifbleedingoccursduringamanicureandtheinstrumentsarecontaminatedandnotdisinfectedbetweencustomers.[A]Forexample,dentalpatientsaren'tthoughttobeatrisk.Instrumentsaresterilizedbyboiling,orautoclaving—theuseofsuperheatedsteamunderpressure.EitherwouldkilltheAIDSvirusifitwerepresent.Furthermore,mostdentistsusedisposableneedlesforinjections.[B]AIDS(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome)wasidentifiedonlyfouryearsagoandisstillasmystifyingtothepublicasitisfrightening.Thoughagreatdealremainstobelearnedaboutthedisease,thestoreofinformationisincreasingquickly.[C]NorhaveanyfriendsorfamilymemberswhohavetendedAIDSvictimscomedownwiththedisease,unlesstheyhadsexualcontactwiththevictim."Motherswho'vetakencareofsonsthroughtheirterminalillness,handlingblood,bodysecretions,vomit—noneofthemhascaughtAIDS."saysDr.Valentine.[D]Because392AIDSvictimscontractedAIDSfromcontaminatedbloodgiveninatransfusionorfrombloodproductsusedtotreathemophilia,manypeopleworryaboutgivingorreceivingblood.Tobeginwith,itisimpossibletogetAIDSbygivingblood.Anew,sterilizedneedleisusedforeachdonorandisdisposedofafterward.[E]Moredisturbingisthatasmanyas1.2millionAmericansmayhaveantibodiestothevirus,andamajorityofthesemaybecarryingit,eventhoughtheyhavenosymptoms.Someofthemcanspreadthedisease.[F]Thoughthepublic'sattentionhasbeenfocusedonfearsofcasualcontactwithAIDSvictims,medicalauthoritiesagreethatthediseaseisnoteasytocatch.Indeed,thekeytocontainingAIDSliesintwoareasofcontactthatareanythingbutcasual:sexandsharingintravenousdrugneedles.Butsexanddrugabusearethingsthatpeoplecancontrol.Researchindicatesthatworriesofthissortareunfounded.[G]Soresearcherssaythingslike"There'snoevidenceofcasualspreadofAIDS".Thepublic,notrecognizingtheunderlyingprinciple,issuspiciousandtendstooverestimatetheuncertainty.11、【R1】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點(diǎn)解析：空格前第一段是全文的鋪墊，即背景。B項(xiàng)接著介紹了艾滋病及人們對它的認(rèn)識。選項(xiàng)的最后一句寫道：Thoughagreatdealremainstobelearnedaboutthedisease，thestoreofinformationisincreasingquickly．由于“關(guān)于艾滋病的知識增加得很快”，所以“Doctorsnowthinktheyunderstandhowitinfects，cantestwhethersomeonehasbeenexposedtothevirus，andknowhowtopreventitsspreadtoothers．”可見此處是因果關(guān)系。12、【R2】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F知識點(diǎn)解析：上一段講到醫(yī)生們對艾滋病的了解越來越深入。F項(xiàng)則進(jìn)一步談到醫(yī)學(xué)界對艾滋病傳播途徑的認(rèn)識。顯然，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)與上文在邏輯上是層遞關(guān)系。13、【R3】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：E知識點(diǎn)解析：空格前一段介紹了美國患艾滋病的人數(shù)、死亡數(shù)以及患與艾滋病有關(guān)的綜合癥的人數(shù)，說明艾滋病是一種無聲的流行病。E項(xiàng)進(jìn)一步談到令人擔(dān)心的事實(shí)：美國有多達(dá)120萬人有這種病毒的抗體，其中大多數(shù)人現(xiàn)在雖然沒有癥狀，但可能傳染給別人。因此，E項(xiàng)與上文的關(guān)系是遞進(jìn)關(guān)系(moredisturbing)?？瞻拙€后引證了賈菲醫(yī)生的話來說明上述病毒攜帶者未來五年病況發(fā)展的趨勢?？梢姡cE項(xiàng)是層遞關(guān)系。關(guān)鍵信息詞連接：haveantibodiestothevirus—carryingthevirus。14、【R4】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G知識點(diǎn)解析：空格前談到：雖然醫(yī)學(xué)界絕大多數(shù)人相信，艾滋病不會由于偶然的接觸而被傳染上……但醫(yī)生們所受的教育讓他們從來不會說“絕不”。G項(xiàng)與上文在邏輯上是因果關(guān)系，注意過渡詞“So”。15、【R5】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點(diǎn)解析：空格前談到，“可是，事實(shí)有力地否定艾滋病可能因?yàn)榕既坏慕佑|而傳染”。這是本段的論點(diǎn)，接著作者通過論據(jù)來闡述這一論點(diǎn)。C項(xiàng)與上文是承接關(guān)系，也就是進(jìn)一步來闡明論點(diǎn)。關(guān)鍵信息詞連接：Nor—not。Life,atleastforaseed,isbetteroutintheworld.【R1】______Seedsknowhowtogetaround.【R2】______Buttheyallhavethesamegoal:totakerootandgiverisetothenextgeneration.Scientistscanunderstandwhattypeofdispersalstrategyaplantemploysbylookingatitsenvironment.Forexample,dispersalbyseacurrentsisimportantforplantsthatgrowonseashores,andwindisimportantinopengrasslands.Andforeachtypeofdispersal,thereisatypeofdesign.【R3】______"Amongspecieswithseedsdispersedinternallybyanimals,thesizeoftheseedorfruit,itscolor,andthepresenceofprotectivehuskswillreflecttheswallowing,visual,andprocessingabilitiesoftheseeddisperser,"Birkinshawsaid.Forexample,seedsspreadbysmallbirdswillbesmallinsize,coveredwithplantflesh(togivethebirdsarewardforeatingit),huskless(sincemostbirdsareillequippedtoremovesuchanoutershell),andbrightlycolored(sincebirdshavegoodcolorvision).Someseedshavenospecificdispersalstrategy,likethecoco-de-mer,apalmtreethatonlygrowsintheSeychelles,anislandchainintheIndianOcean.Thesepalmshavethelargestseedsofanyplantandlackanyseeddispersalmethodotherthangravity,Birkinshawsaid.Inothercases,aswiththerareMada-gascanpalmsSatranaladecussilvaeandVoanioalagerardii,theseedscollectinpilesbeneaththeirparenttrees.【R4】______AccordingtoJohnDransfield,anexpertonMadagascanpalmswiththeUnitedKingdom'sRoyalBotanicGarden,Kew,bothofthesepalmshaveverylargeseedsthatanimalsalivetodayareincapableofmoving."Youstartdreamingupstoriesthatitcouldhavebeendistributedbyanowextinctanimal",hesaid.PossibleextinctdispersersofthepalmsarelargelemursthatonceroamedMadagascarorflightlesselephantbirds,whichwerethelargestbirdsknowntohavelivedinMadagascar.ThereareonlyafewoftheseMadagascanpalmsleftstanding.【R5】______DonaldDrakeisabotanistwiththeUniversityofHawaiiinHonoluluwhostudieshowplantandanimalinteractionaffectsreproductionofnativeplantsandfoodfornativeanimalsinthePacificOceanislands.Hesaidlossofanimalstodisperseseedscertainlyimpactsaplant'sviability,but"hard,conclusivedataaredifficulttocomeby".HeandcolleagueKimMcConkeyarecurrentlyengagedinresearchthatsuggestsanimalsmaystopperformingecologicalfunctionssuchasseeddispersallongbeforetheygoextinct."Wefoundthistobethecasewithflyingfoxes",Drakesaid.FlyingfoxesareamongthefewremaininglargeanimalsthatdisperseseedsonislandsinthePacificandIndianOceans."Manyflyingfoxesareeitherrareorextinct",Drakesaid,"Iftheyceasetobeeffectivedisperserslongbeforereachingthatstage,thereisapossibilitythattheresultswefoundareofwideapplicability".[A]Wind-dispersedseedsaregenerallylightweightandhaveadaptationssuchaswingsandparachutessotheycancatcharideonthebreeze.Water-dispersedseeds,suchascoconuts,arebuoyant.Seedsdispersedbyanimalsusuallyofferanutritionalrewardsothattheyareeaten,ortheyarestickyorbarbedsotheycanlatchontopassingbodies.[B]Ifresearcherscanconfirmthatindeedtheanimaldisperserofthepalms,seedsareextinct,thentheonlywaytopreventthetreesthemselvesfrombecomingextinctmaybetoreintroduceseedlingsintotheforestwithacontrolledprogramofreplanting,Dransfieldsaid.[C]Inordertomaintaineffectiveseed-dispersingpopulations,theresearcherssayitisimportanttotakeconservationactionsbeforeseed-dispersinganimalspeciesdropbelowthisthreshold.[D]Someflywiththewind,othersgowiththeflow.Manyhitcharidewithunsuspectinganimals.[E]Someanimalsceasebeingeffectiveseeddisperserswhentheirpopulationdensitiesfallbelowapointthatinducesthemtocompeteoverfoodresources—theystopbotheringtoscatterandhidetheirfoodstores.[F]Ingeneral,seeddispersalawayfromtheparentplantincreasesthechancesthataseedwillreachmaturity.[G]Researchersbelievethatperhapstheiranimaldispersersarelongextinct.16、【R1】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：F知識點(diǎn)解析：本題要求根據(jù)上下文來推測本段的大意。本段雖然有兩處空白，但仍可以借助上下文推斷出本段的主要意思。本題空白處的下一句談到種子知道如何傳播，以達(dá)到生根發(fā)芽和成長為新植物的目的，根據(jù)常識可以推斷本段的中心意思肯定與種子的傳播有關(guān)。再聯(lián)系上文“Life，atleastforaseed，isbetteroutintheworld”，可以判斷出空白處應(yīng)承上啟下，引出后文“生根發(fā)芽和繁殖下一代(totakerootandgiverisetothenextgeneration)”，因此本題可采用代入排除法。顯然前6個選項(xiàng)都提到了具體的種子傳播途徑，與后文展開介紹的種子傳播途徑相契合，但符合本題要求的只有F項(xiàng)，“Ingeneral”有總攬全文之意。17、【R2】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識點(diǎn)解析：由上道題的分析得知，本段主要概括地講種子的傳播?？瞻滋幍纳弦痪涮岬健癝eedsknowhowtogetaround”，下一句則說“Buttheyallhavethesamegoal：totakerootandgiverisetothenextgeneration”?？瞻滋幧弦痪涞摹癶ow”提示了該題與種子的傳播方式有關(guān)，而下一句的“But”一詞則表明無論種子如何傳播，它們都有一個共同目的：totakerootandgiverisetothenextgeneration。所以綜合上下文可知，空白處應(yīng)該填入有關(guān)種子傳播方式的內(nèi)容。A項(xiàng)、D項(xiàng)似乎都與此有關(guān)，但A項(xiàng)重在介紹種子進(jìn)行風(fēng)傳播(wind-dispersed)、水傳播(water-dispersed)和動物傳播(dispersedbyanimals)的條件，因此不符合題意。D項(xiàng)則概要地介紹了幾種傳播方式，因此符合題意，為正確答案。18、【R3】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點(diǎn)解析：上文提到“Andforeachtypeofdispersal，thereisatypeofdesign”，此處要清楚“design”的意思是“thepurposefulorinventivearrangementofpartsordetails”，下文的幾個例子都說明利用某種傳播途徑需要具備的條件。因此A項(xiàng)為正確答案。19、【R4】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：G知識點(diǎn)解析：本段主要講一些種子沒有特定的傳播途徑，下一段提到有些植物的種子非常大的動物都無法傳播它們，并猜想能傳播這些種子的動物現(xiàn)在可能巳經(jīng)滅絕了。因此空白處可能與某些種子的動物傳播者滅絕有關(guān)，B項(xiàng)、E項(xiàng)、G項(xiàng)都與此有關(guān)。但B項(xiàng)說的是如果某些種子的動物傳播者真的滅絕了，該如何防止植物物種的滅絕，與下文沒有邏輯聯(lián)系。E項(xiàng)講的是在什么條件下某些動物傳播者不能再有效地傳播種子，與題意不符。G項(xiàng)則說研究者認(rèn)為這些棕櫚種子的動物傳播者可能很久以前就滅絕了，符合題意，為正確選項(xiàng)。20、【R5】標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點(diǎn)解析：前文講馬達(dá)加斯加棕櫚種子的傳播者已經(jīng)滅絕了，目前這種馬達(dá)加斯加棕櫚的數(shù)量已經(jīng)很少了(ThereareonlyafewoftheseMadagascanpalmsleftstanding)，所以根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系判斷下文應(yīng)該是講解決問題的辦法或繼續(xù)介紹這種或類似植物因缺乏種子傳播媒介而瀕臨滅絕的情況。B項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與此相符，故為正確答案?？佳杏⒄Z（閱讀）模擬試卷第2套一、閱讀（常規(guī)閱讀理解）(本題共20題，每題1.0分，共20分。)Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional"paid"media—suchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisements—stillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate"earned"mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,andacompanymayleverage"owned"mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketing'simpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers'responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer'spaidmedia—forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderssuchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,hascreatedBabyCenter,astand-alonemediapropertythatpromotescomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome,thepresenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective,givescompaniesopportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompanies'marketing,andmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithmore(andmorediverse)communicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthatpassionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquicker,morevisible,andmuchmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia:anassetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers,otherstakeholders,oractivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialnetworks,forinstance,arelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressureonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.Ifthathappens,passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycottproducts,puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase,thecompany'sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtful,andthelearningcurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor,forexample,alleviatedsomeofthedamagefromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedsocial-mediaresponsecampaign,whichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumersdirectlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.1、Consumersmaycreate"earned"mediawhentheyareA、obsessedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWebsites.B、inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mailssenttothem.C、eagertohelptheirfriendspromotequalityproducts.D、enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：D知識點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位在文章第一段第四句：熱衷于某種產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)者，可以通過自愿推薦給朋友的方式，為企業(yè)創(chuàng)造無償媒介。D項(xiàng)中的enthusiastic和原文中的passionate同義，且recommend和promote同義，因此D項(xiàng)為正確答案。文中未提到網(wǎng)絡(luò)購買，故排除A項(xiàng)。文中消費(fèi)者向朋友推薦喜歡的商品是他們的主動行為，而非被動，故排除B項(xiàng)。文中是向朋友推薦，而非幫朋友推薦，故排除C項(xiàng)。2、AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeaturesA、asafebusinessenvironment.B、randomcompetition.C、strongusertraffic.D、flexibilityinorganization.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：C知識點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位在文章第二段第四句，指出“售出媒介”的特征包括：流量非常大、其他結(jié)構(gòu)將廣告內(nèi)容或電子商務(wù)引擎投放其中、屬于自有媒介。C項(xiàng)對應(yīng)第一個特點(diǎn)，故為正確答案。A項(xiàng)根據(jù)“出售媒介”的定義設(shè)置干擾；B、D兩項(xiàng)根據(jù)第二段第六、七句有關(guān)BabyCenter這個“售出媒介”的細(xì)節(jié)設(shè)置干擾，故排除。3、TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmediaA、inviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.B、canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.C、mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.D、deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：B知識點(diǎn)解析：推斷題。根據(jù)題干定位在文章第三段：科技革新帶來的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，消費(fèi)者可以通過推薦商品而成為“無償”媒介，同時技術(shù)革新讓他們能夠更快、更明顯地表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)，挾持媒介施加壓力，而此處的媒介指的就是上文中提及的earnedmedia；劫持媒介(hijackedmedia)就是無償媒介的對立面。也就是說，無償媒介有可能被劫持，轉(zhuǎn)化為劫持媒介，進(jìn)而給企業(yè)施加壓力。由此可推斷，這是一種負(fù)面效果，所以B項(xiàng)為正確答案。A項(xiàng)為反向干擾。C項(xiàng)非第三段講解的內(nèi)容。原文提到會有負(fù)面批評，但未提及是他們應(yīng)得的，故D項(xiàng)為主觀臆斷。4、ToyotaMotor’sexperienceiscitedasanexampleofA、respondingeffectivelytohijackedmedia.B、persuadingcustomersintoboycottingproducts.C、cooperatingwithsupportiveconsumers.D、takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點(diǎn)解析：細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位在文章第四段，其中第一句為文章的主題句，其大意為：如果發(fā)生了這樣的事情，狂熱的消費(fèi)者可能試圖勸服其他人共同抵制公司產(chǎn)品，從而危及企業(yè)聲譽(yù)。這種情況下，企業(yè)斥應(yīng)也許不夠快或不夠好，而且學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)對的道路會非常曲折。接著，文中列舉了豐田汽車公司的例子，它能減少部分損失，其原因在于：采取了較快且較有序的社交媒體回應(yīng)行動。由此判斷A項(xiàng)為正確答案。文中末段第一句提到了消費(fèi)者可能會勸說其他人抵制某些產(chǎn)品，故B項(xiàng)排除。在例子中提到豐田汽車公司緩解危機(jī)的方式是與消費(fèi)者直接溝通，屬于例子內(nèi)的信息且溝通交流不等于合作，故C項(xiàng)排除。文中是消除被劫持媒體帶來的危害，而非去利用被劫持的媒體，故D項(xiàng)排除。5、Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout?A、Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.B、Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.C、Dominanceofhijackedmedia.D、Popularityofownedmedia.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案：A知識點(diǎn)解析：主旨題。第一段指出除了傳統(tǒng)的媒介方式，還有很多其他媒介形式；第二段講述了自有媒介和付費(fèi)媒介：第三段分析了劫持媒介的弊端；第四段舉例說明有效回應(yīng)劫持媒介的重要性。從文章四個段落的分布來看，第一段提及其他媒介形式，而第二、三、四段分別講述了不同的媒介形式。由此可判斷A項(xiàng)為正確答案。B項(xiàng)只涉及兩種媒體，C、D項(xiàng)只涉及一種，故均排除。Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshavefinallysortedouttheirworstaccounting