語言學(xué)同步練supplementary test

Chapter1Introduction

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.

3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.

4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedon1

anguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.

5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.

6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherarea

s,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmeth

odsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.

7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthe

combinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.

8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningf

ulsentences.

9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtofo

rmwordsiscalledmorphology.

10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlys

tudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesinto

wordsandwordsintosentences.

11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.

12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.

13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudies

meaningnotinisolation,butincontext.

14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.

15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.

16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.

17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.

18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageats

omepointintime.

19.Modemlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notth

ewrittenlanguage.

20.Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposed

byF.deSaussure.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswith

thelettergiven:

21.Chomskydefines“competence“astheidealuser'skof

therulesofhislanguage.

22.Languereferstothealinguisticsystemsharedbyallt

hemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcret

euseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.

23.Disoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhi

chreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:a

lowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelof

meaningfulunits.

24.Languageisasystemofavocalsymbolsusedforhum

ancommunication.

25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofw

ordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds.

26.Humancapacityfbrlanguagehasagbasis,butthedetail

soflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.

27.Preferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlemen

tofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgen

erallyknownasalinguistics.

29.Languageispinthatitmakespossibletheconstructi

onandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,th

eycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsenten

ceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.

30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthesstudyoflanguag

e.

ID.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethat

canbestcompletethestatement:

31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleac

tuallyuse,itissaidtobe.

A.prescriptive

B.analytic

C.descriptive

D.linguistic

32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?

A.Arbitrariness

B.Displacement

C.Duality

D.Meaningfulness

33.Modemlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas.

A.primary

B.correct

C.secondary

D.stable

34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriti

ng,because.

A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting

B.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamount

ofinfonnationconveyed

C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquires

hismothertongue

D.Alloftheabove

35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisastudyoflanguage.

A.synchronic

B.diachronic

C.prescriptive

D.comparative

36.Saussuretooka(n)viewoflanguage,whileChomskyloo

ksatlanguagefromapointofview.

A.sociological...psychological

B.psychological...sociological

C.applied...pragmatic

D.semantic...linguistic

37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,referstotheabstractlingui

Sticsystemsharedbyallthemem-bersofaspeechcommunity.

A.parole

B.performance

C.langue

D.Language

38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconne

ctionbetweenandmeanings.

A.sense

B.sounds

C.objects

D.ideas

39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimm

ediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled,

A.displacement

B.duality

C.flexibility

D.culturaltransmission

40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerat

iontothenextthrough,ratherthanbyinstinct.

A.learning

B.teaching

C.books

D.bothAandB

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

41.Linguistics

42.Phonology

43.Syntax

44.Pragmatics

45.Psycholinguistics

46.Language

47.Phonetics

48.Morphology

49.Semantics

50.Sociolinguistics

51.AppliedLinguistics

52.Arbitrariness

53.Productivity

54.Displacement

55.Duality

56.DesignFeatures

57.Competence

58.Performance

59.Langue

60.Parole

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Givee

xamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymb

olsusedfbrhumancommu-nication.Explainitindetail.

62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Illustratethem

withexamples.

63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudy

andadiachronicstudy?

65.Whydoesmodemlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguage

asprimary,notthewritten?

66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

68.Saussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilarto

Chomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatd

oyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?

69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?Why?

Chapter2Phonology

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Voicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginboth

ChineseandEnglish.

2.Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironments

andtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementary

distribution.

3.Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.

4.EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.

5.Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.

6.Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritin

gintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

7.Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofth

estreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamach

inecalledspectrograph.

8.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthree

importantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest.

9.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundsc

ailedvoicing.

10.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulati

onandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.

11.Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintow

hichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabiala

ndalveolar.

12.Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thep

ositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,thesha

peofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.

13.Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedinto

closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels

14.Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.

15.Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.

16.Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedint

odifferentcategories.

17.Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseei

fsubstitutingonesoundfbranotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.

18.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforo

nesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,th

etwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.

19.Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespeci

fic.

20.Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningover

asequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswith

thelettergiven:

21.Areferstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproduction

ofspeechsounds.

22.Aphoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworkto

producethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.

23.Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,

i.e.,theyareallbsounds.

24.Ofallthespeechorgans,thetisthemostflexible,andi

sresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.

25.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticul

ationorintermsofpofarticulation.

26.Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcom

plete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleas

edandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas.

27.Sfeaturesarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovet

helevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc.

28.Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularla

nguagearecalledsrules.

29.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscall

edbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstog

etherwiththediacriticsiscalledntranscription.

30.Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentencerathe

rthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi

31.Pisadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsounds

ofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaning

fillunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication.

32.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthree

importantcavities:thepharyngealcavity,theocavityand

thenasalcavity.

33.Tarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingr

atesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmean

ingjustlikephonemes.

34.Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,thereare

twokindsofstress:wordstressandsstress.

III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethat

canbestcompletethestatement:

35Ofallthespeechorgans,theis/arethemostflexible.

A.mouth

B.lips

C.tongue

D.vocalcords

36.Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingares

ounds.

A.voiceless

B.voiced

C.vowel

D.consonantal

37.isavoicedalveolarstop.

A./z/

B./d/

C./k/

D./b/

38.Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copyin

g“afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones_

A.identical

B.same

C.exactlyalike

D.similar

39.Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvir

onmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe

A.inphonemiccontrast

B.incomplementarydistribution

C.theallophones

D.minimalpair

40.Thesound/f7is.

A.voicedpalatalaffricate

B.voicedalveolarstop

C.voicelessvelarfricative

D.voicelesslabiodentalfricative

41.Avowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthet

onguemaintainingthehighestposition.

A.back

B.central

C.front

D.middle

42.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwo

ormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabov

ethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled.

A.phoneticcomponents

B.immediateconstituents

C.suprasegmentalfeatures

D.semanticfeatures

43.A(n)isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisana

bstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

A.phone

B.sound

C.allophone

D.phoneme

44.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferent

phoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheofthatphoneme.

A.phones

B.sounds

C.phonemes

D.allophones

IV.Definethetermsbelow:

45.phonology

46.phoneme

47.allophone

48.internationalphoneticalphabet49.intonation

50.phonetics

51.auditoryphonetics

52.acousticphonetics

53.phone

54.phonemiccontrast

55.tone

56.minimalpair

V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveex

amplesforillustrationifnecessary:

57.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismore

basicthanwriting?

58.Whatarethecriteriathatalinguistusesinclassifyingvowels?

59.Whatarethemajordifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?

60.Illustratewithexampleshowsuprasegmentalfeaturescanaffectme

aning.

61.Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeor

not?

Chapter3Morphology

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesby

whichwordsareformed.

2.Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.

3.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,so

isamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.

4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythems

elvesarefreemorphemes.

5.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:rootsandaffixes.

6.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgr

ammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.

7.Theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscal

ledastem,whichcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderi

vedformitself.

8.Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,no

tthemeaningofit.

9.Therearerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattype

ofstemtoformanewword.Therefore,wordsformedaccordingt

othemorphologicalrulesareacceptablewords.

10.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstel

ement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.

II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththeletterg

iven:

11.Misthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.

12.Theaffix"-ish"inthewordboyishconveysagmeaning.

13.Bmorphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindepend

entlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeor

bound,toformaword.

14.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalaffixesanddaffi

xes.

15.Daffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreatewords.

16.Asisaddedtotheendofstemstomodifythemeaningo

ftheoriginalwordanditmaycasechangeitspartofspeech.

17.Cisthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethant

wowordstocreatenewwords.

18.Therulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofs

temtoformanewwordarecalledmrules.

19.Intermsofmorphemicanalysis,dcanbeviewe

dastheadditionofaffixestostemstoformnewwords.

20.Ascanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedf

ormitselftowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.

IH.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethat

canbestcompletethestatement:

21.Themorpheme“vision“inthecommonword“television“isa(n)

A.boundmorpheme

B.boundform

C.inflectionalmorpheme

D.freemorpheme

22.Thecompoundword“bookstore“istheplacewherebooksaresol

d.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompound.

A.isthesumtotalofthemeaningofitscomponents

B.canalwaysbeworkedoutbylookingatthemeaningsofmorph

ernes

C.isthesameasthemeaningofafreephrase.

D.Noneoftheabove.

23.Thepartofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbyt

hepartofspeechof.

A.thefirstelement

B.thesecondelement

C.eitherthefirstorthesecondelement

D.boththefirstandthesecondelements

24.arethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthaveto

becombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toforma

word.

A.Freemorphemes

B.Boundmorphemes

C.Boundwords

D.Words

25.isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstru

ctureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.

A.Syntax

B.Grammar

C.Morphology

D.Morpheme

26.Themeaningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis.

A.lexical

B.morphemic

C.grammatical

D.semantic

27.Boundmorphemesarethosethat.

A.havetobeusedindependently

B.cannotbecombinedwithothermorphemes

C.caneitherbefreeorbound

D.havetobecombinedwithothermorphemes

28.modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchan

gethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.

A.Prefixes

B.Suffixes

C.Roots

D.Affixes

29_areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitso

flanguagebythelinguists.

A.Words

B.Morphemes

C.Phonemes

D.Sentences

30.u,-s^^intheword"books"is.

A.aderivativeaffix

B.astem

C.aninflectionalaffix

D.aroot

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

31.morphology

32.inflectionalmorphology

33.derivationalmorphology

34.morpheme

35.freemorpheme

36.boundmorpheme

37.root

38.affix

39.prefix

40.suffix

41.derivation

42.Compounding

V.Answerthefollowingquestions:

43.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?

44.Discussthetypesofmorphemeswithexamples.

Chapter4Syntax

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Syntaxisasubfiedoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructure

oflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.

2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.

3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimple

linearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearith

meticlogic.

4.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacti

crulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledge

ofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.

5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthere

isnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlang

uageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.

6.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesu

bordinatingtheother.

7.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedfbroneanotherwithoutlossof

grammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.

8.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotf

ixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.

9.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonly

recognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitiv

ephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.

10.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobj

ectusuallyfollowstheverb.

11.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisa

completelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowle

dge.

12.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoption

al.

13.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthe

lexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.

14.WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentence

fromaffirmativetointerrogative.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswith

thelettergiven:

15.Assentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsa

subjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.

16.Asisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprise

sanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorco

mmand.

17.Asmaybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatu

suallyprecedesthepredicate.

18.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbp

hraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammatically

calledp.

19.Acsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwh

ichisincorporatedintotheother.

20.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseis

normallycalledaneclause.

21.Majorlexicalcategoriesareocategoriesinthesensethat

newwordsareconstantlyadded.

22.AConditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignor

andacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.

23.ParesyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciple

stooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlin

guisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.

24.ThetheoryofCconditionexplainsthefactthatnounphr

asesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.

IH.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethat

canbestcompletethestatement:

25.Asentenceisconsideredwhenitdoesnotconformtotheg

rammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.

A.right

B.wrong

C.grammatical

D.ungrammatical

26.Aintheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductory

wordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.

A.coordinator

B.particle

C.preposition

D.subordinator

27.Phrasestructureruleshaveproperties.

A.recursive

B.grammatical

C.social

D.functional

28.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand

A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.

B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwords

C.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentences

D.Alloftheabove.

29.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalled

A.transformationalrules

B.generativerules

C.phrasestructurerules

D.x-bartheory

30.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforthefactthat

A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.

B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphrase

C.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositions

D.nounphrasecanbemovedtoanyplaceifnecessary.

31.Thesentencestructureis.

A.onlylinear

B.Onlyhierarchical

C.complex

D.bothlinearandhierarchical

32.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageareinnumber.

A.large

B.small

C.finite

D.infinite

33.Therulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasesto

formgrammaticalsentences.

A.lexical

B.morphological

C.linguistic

D.combinational

34.rulesmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentenc

e.

A.Generative

B.Transformational

C.X-bar

D.Phrasestructure

IV.Definethefollowingterms:

35.syntax

36.Sentence

37.coordinatesentence

38.syntacticcategories

39.grammaticalrelations

40.linguisticcompetence

41.transformationalrules

42.D-structure

V.Answerthefollowingquestions:

43.Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?

44.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?Illustratethemwithexam

pies.

45.Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?Why?

46.Whataretheadvantagesofusingtreediagramsintheanalysisof

sentencestructures?

47.WhatisNPmovement.Illustrateitwithexamples.

Chapter5Semantics

I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Dialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialects

suchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefound

withinthevarietyitself,fbrexample,withinBritishEnglishorAm

ericanEnglish.

2.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelem

entandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferenced

ealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

3.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferenc

esindifferentsituations.

4.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsican

dinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.

5.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemea

ningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.

6.Behaviouristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageform

asthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitc

allsforthinthehearer.

7.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofall

itscomponents.

8.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutr

ankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.

9.“Itishot.^^isano-placepredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargume

nt.

10.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,

butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,

whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.

II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswith

thelettergiven:

11.Scanbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.

12.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodlinkbetwe

enalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.

13.Rmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physi

calworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticeleme

ntandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

14.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds.

15.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellinga

ndmeaning,theyarecalledh.

16.Roppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversal

ofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.

17.Canalysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofaw

ordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.

18.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrule

scalledsrestrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexica

1itemscangowithwhatothers.

19.Anaisalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenti

calwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.

20.Accordingtothentheoryofmeaning,t