考研英語(yǔ) 十年真題

2012年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)（一）試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)tbreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10

points)

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)tbreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10

points)

TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannotitslegitimacyas

guardianoftheruleoflaw2justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat3thecourt's

reputationfbrbeingindependentandimpartial.

JusticeAntoninScalia,fbrexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt'sdecisions

willbe4asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourt

shouldmakeitself6tothecodeofconductthat7totherestofthefederaljudiciary.

Thisandothersimilarcases8thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla9betweenthecourtandpolitics.

TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespemianentpositions

11theywouldbefreeto]2thoseinpowerandhavenoneedtoJ3politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlaw

apartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely14.

Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial15likelibertyandproperty.Whenthe

courtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit16isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallines

aresoeasily17asunjust.

Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt'slegitimacybymakingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmake

rulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw.

1.[A]emphasize[B]maintain[C]modify[D]recognize

2.[A]when[Bjlest[C]befbre[D]unless

3.[A]restored[B]weakened[C]established[D]eliminated

4.[A]challcngcd[B]compromiscd[C]suspcctcd[D]accepted

5.[A]advanccd[B]caught[C]bound[D]fdundc(

6.[A]rcsistant[B]subjcct[C]immune[D]pronc

7.[A]resorts[B]sticks[C]loads[D]applies

8.[A]evade[B]raise[C]deny[D]settle

9.[A]line[B]barrier[C]similarity[D]conflict

10.[A]by[B]as[C]though[D]towards

11.[A]so[B]since[C]provided[D]though

12.[A]serve[B]satisfy[C]upset[D]replace

13.[A]confirm[B]express[C]cultivate[D]offer

14.[A]guardcd[B]fbllowcd[C]studicd[D]ticd

15.[A]conccpts[B]thcorics[C]divisions[D]conccptions

16.[A]cxcludcs[B]qucstions[C]sh叩cs[D]controls

17.[A]dismisscd[B]rclcascd[C]rankcd[D]distortcd

18.[A]suppress[B]exploit[C]address[D]ignore

19.[A]accessible(B]ainiable[C]agreeable[D]accountable

20.[A]byallmesns[B]atallcosts[C]inaword[D]asaresult

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingf()urtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWER

SHEETI.(40points)

TextI

Comeon-Everybody'sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwchear

thewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub,Tina

Rosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure,inwhichorganizationsand

officialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.

Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction:InSouthCarolina,astate-sponsored

antismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiative

knownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.

Theideaseemspromising,andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsis

spot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”

Daretobedifierent,pleasedon'tsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,

whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefrom

advertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.

Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetail

andnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthe

socialcureasit'spresentedhereisthatitdoesn'tworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwas

cut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.

There5snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenonnousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositive

healthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeer

pressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.

Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuous

directions.It*sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.The

tacticneverreallyworks.Andthat'stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,wc

insistonchoosingourownfriends.

21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas

[A]asupplementtothesocialcure

[B]astimulustogroupdynamics

[C]anobstacletoschoolprogress

[D]acauseofundesirablebehaviors

22.Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould

[A]recruitprofessionaladvertisers

[B]leamfromadvertisers'experience

[C]stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers

[D]recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements

23.Intheauthor'sview,Rosenberg'sbookfailsto

[A]adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors

[B]effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure

[C]illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding

[D]producealong-lastingsocialeffect

24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors

[A]isharmfultoournetworksoffriends

[B]willmisleadbehavioralstudies

[C]occurswithoutourrealizingit

[D]canproducenegativehealthhabits

25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis

[A]harmful

[B]desirable

[C]profound

[D]questionable

Text2

Adealisadeal-except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.Thecompany,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provoked

justifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestrictnuclear

regulations.

Instead,thecompanyhasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnotchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermont'srulesin

thefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.It*sastunningmove.

Theconflicthasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont'sonlynuclearpowerplant,anagingreactor

inVemon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,thecompanyagreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorsto

operatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfarther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplant'slicensebesubject

toVennontlegislature'sapproval.Then,too,thecompanywentalong.

EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn'tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringof

accidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin207andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raised

seriousquestionsaboutbothVcnnontYankee'ssafetyandEntergy'smanagement-especiallyafterthecompanymademisleading

statementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy'sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.

Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederal

governmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecasearcobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruled

thatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprcccdcnt-sctting

testofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifevery

statesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.

ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingto

warwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Pennissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11other

reactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasapplied

fbrfederalpermissiontokeepitopenfbranother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthe

company'sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.

26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.l)isclosestinmeaningto

[A]condemning.

[B]reaffirming.

[C]dishonoring.

[D]securing.

27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto

[A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.

[B]seekfavorfromthefederallegislature.

[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.

[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.

28.AccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits

[A]managerialpractices.

[B]technicalinnovativeness.

[C]financialgoals.

[D]businessvision

29.Intheauthor'sview,theVermontcasewilltest

[A]Entergy'scapacitytofulfillallitspromises.

[B]thematureofstates5patchworkregulations.

[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.

[D]thelimitsofstates'powerovernuclearissues.

30.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat

[A]Entergy\businesselsewheremightbeaffected.

[B]theauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.

[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.

[D]Vermont'sreputationmightbedamaged.

Text3

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarcwaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjective

researcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequently

followsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.

Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.

Opportunitiesfbrmisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullof

potential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthe

credibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher^me,here,nowbecomesthecommunity\anyone,anywhere,anytime.

Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunity

takescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;

editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirown

purposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asa

discoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthe

scienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual'sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofbcusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledge

thatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownand

believed.Thegoalisnew-search,notresearch.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthat

appeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.

Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzcnt-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscovery

as“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought."Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtelling

otherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfbrtrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobe

acceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens“toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribed

asthecommonsofthemind.44Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother'sreasoningandeachother's

conceptionsofreason.”

31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits

[A]uncertaintyandcomplexity.

[B]misconceptionanddcccptivcncss.

[C]logicalityandobjectivity.

[D]systematicnessandregularity.

32.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires

[A]strictinspection.

[B]sharedefforts.

[C]individualwisdom.

[D]pcrsistcntinnovation.

33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit

[A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.

[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.

[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers.

[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.

34.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat

[A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.

[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.

[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.

[D]scicntificworkcallsfbracriticalmind.

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.

[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.

[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.

[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.

Text4

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHo他werealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffh'sTeamsterswereintheir

primein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsin

America'spublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkers

butonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.

Therearethreereasonsforthepublic-sectorunions'thriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayof

consequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmerica'spublic-sectorworkershaveauniversity

degree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.Britain'sLaborParty,asitsname

implies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sector

unions.

Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsout

thatmuchofthestate'sbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Thetcachcrs,unionskeepaneyeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsanda

varietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.

Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarchigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsand

workpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded“public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingto

holidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.

Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academicsandmeritpayall

faceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,

teachers?unionshavefoughtagainstgettingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.

Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaverallied

thousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsutlerunderthe

currentsystem,too.

JohnDonahueatHarvard'sKennedySchoolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostay

putbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoeaniwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversity

sportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankers,fatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sector

systemthatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.

36.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthat

[A]Teamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.

[B]JimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.

[C]unionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.

[D]thcgovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.

37.WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph2?

[A]Public-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.

[B]Educationisrequiredfbrpublic-sectorunionmembership.

[C]LaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.

[D]Public-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefbrtheiractions.

38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectoris

[A]illegallysecured.

[B]indirectlyaugmented.

[C]excessivelyincreased.

[D]fairlyadjusted.

39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunions

[A]oftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.

[B]canchangepeople'spoliticalattitudes.

[C]maybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.

[D]aredominantinthegovernment.

40.JohnDonahue,sattitudetowardsthepublic-sectorsystemisoneof

[A]disapprovaL

[B]appreciation.

[C]tolcrancc.

[D]indiffercncc.

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofit

intoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.Markyouranswerson

ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Now

thinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwoto

wonderatthosemarvels.Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.

Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulous

machinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailas

wellasthemailcarrier.(41)

Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,

siteofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculturemachine.

Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotreadwithcaution.(42)1callitasecretwarfbrtworeasons.

First,mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode.

Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyare

doing.

Allanimalsdownload,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetfbrthemostpart,theanimalkingdom

movesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansarcuniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundanduse

themtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods-paintings,sculptureandarchitecture-andsuperfluousexperiences-music,literature,

religionandphilosophy.(43)

Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearcstillstuckindownloadmode.Evenaftertheadventof

widespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproductionremains,withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroup

commentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume.(44)

Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhe

hasturnediton.

(45)

Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof"stickiness"-creationsandexperiencesto

whichothersadhere.

[A]Ofcourse,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman.Downloading

andconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentof

humanity.

[B]Applicationslike,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,wordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthenshare

them,havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing,entertainingandenlighteningothers.

[C]Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwide

systemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.

[D]Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading-betweenpassive

consumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.

[E]Thechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemanner

ofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.

[F]Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthall-ccntury,muchoftheworld'smediaculture

hasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium-television-andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading.

[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,even

moreimportantly,meaningfuluploading.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearly

onANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

SincethedaysofAristotle,asearchfbruniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise.Insomeways,thisquestfbr

commonalitiesdefinesscience.Newton'slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoa

singleexplicatoryframework.

(46)Inphysics,oneapproachtakesthisimpulsefbrunificationtoitsextreme、andseeksatheoryofeverything-asingle

generativeeauationfbrallwesee.ilisbecominglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification,giventhe

dimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail,nonetheless,unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal.

Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo.(47)Here,Darwinismseemstooffer

iustificalionfbritallhumanssharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethalcuhuraldiversitycouldalsobe〔racedlo

moreconstrainedbeginnings.Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofsexual

selection,perhapstheworld'slanguages,music,socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregovernedbyuniversalfeatures.

(48)Tofilterou[whatisuniquef?omwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhat

guidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.

That,atleast,isthehope.Butacomparativestudyoflinguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysuppliesarealitycheck.RussellGrayat

theUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofind

universalityinlanguage.

ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky,whosuggestedthathumansarcbornwithaninnate

language——acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar.Afewgenerativerulesarcthensufficienttounfoldtheentire

fundamentalstructureofalanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.

(49)Thcsecond,byJoshuaGreenberg、takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversalityidentifyingtraits(particularlyinwordorder)

sharedbymanylanguagewhicharcconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfyomcognitiveconstraints

Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2,000

languages.(50)Chomsky'sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatarcindependentofthefhmilytreeorthepathway

trackedthroughit.WhereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-order

relations.Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelireage-specific

andnotgovernedbyuniversals

2011年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)（一）

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10

points)

AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth."But_1___someclaimstothe

contrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes_2__short-termchangesinthefunctionofthe

heartanditsbloodvessels,___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto_4_,agoodlaughis

unlikelytohave_5___benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.

_6_,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe_7_,studiesdatingback

tothe1930'sindicate