橋梁快速修復(fù)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯

橋梁快速修復(fù)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯(含：英文原文及中文譯文)文獻(xiàn)出處：AngewandteChemie,2013,1(31):71-79.英文原文Quickfix:replacementofanoldwoodenbridgeTHayashiRisingtrafficlevelsanddevelopmentdemandsledtoanoldtramwaybridgebeingrebuiltasacable-stayedcrossingintheRussiancityofStPetersburg.ThenewLazarevskyThebridgeislocatedinPetrograddistrictandconnectsKrestovskyandPetrogradskyIslandsalongPionerskayaandSportivnayaStreets,bothofwhichareimportanatlinksforlocaltraffic.Whenitwasbuiltin1949,thecrossingwascalledtheKoltovskyBuilttothedesignofengineerVVBlazhevich,theoriginalbridge.Itwasoriginallydesignedfortramsandwastheonlytramwaybridgeinthecityatthattime.Itstotallengthwas141manditswidthwas11m,thedeckconsistingofmetalbaulksandwoodenplankflooring.Thetimberpostpiersrestedonpiledfoundationsofsteelpipes.Butin2002thetramwaywasclosedandsincethen,thebridgeusedbypedestrians.ItslocationmeantthatLazarevskyBridgeservedthewesternpartofthecity--thePetrograddistrictsincludingKrestovskyisland.AlltheroadtraffictoKrestovskyislandusedthemainKrestovskyBridgewhichasaconsequencewasconsiderablyoverloaded.SincetheLazarevskyBridgecarriednovehiculartrafficitwasnotconsideredpartoftheroadnetworkofthedistrict.ButplanstobuildanewstadiumattheSeasideVictoryParkonKrestovskyThesizeofnewbridgewasdeterminedbasedonthepredictedtrafficlevels,takingintoaccounttheprospectivedevelopmentofthedistrict.Accordingtotheforecast,theannualaveragedailytrafficintensityonLazarevskyBridgewillriseto16,000vehiclesperdayby2025.PeakloadsoccurduringmajorsportingeventsatthestadiumwhenthebridgewillberequiredtooneifthePetrovskyBridgeweretoberebuilt,theLazarevskyAsaresult,thedecisionwastakentocompletelydemolishtheexistingbridgeandreplaceitwithanewstructureonthesamealignment.Aspartoftheproject,someofSportivnayaStreetontherightbankadecadeto1998,whenJSCInstituteStrojproectwonthetendertocarryoutafeasibilitystudyintothereconstructionofLazarevskyEvenatthistime,thearchitectIgorSerebrennikovoriginalarchitecturalconceptofthebridgewhichinvolveduseofacable-stayedsystem.Thisconceptwasapprovedbythecity'scommitteefordevelopmentbutfinancialproblemsmeantthatthedesignwassuspendedforsevenyearsbeforeitresumed.In2003,theprojectwasincludedinthedesignofthetargetprojectandprogram,andthetenderfordevelopmentanddesignwasformallyannounced.ThisworkwasonceagainawardedtotheJSCInstitute.Thereconstructionplanwascompletedattheendof2007andwasactivelyacceptedbythenationalreviewcommittee;constructionworkbeganattheendoftheyear.Basedonthecomparisonoftechnicalfeasibilityandeconomicapplicability,thestructureconceptofthebridgewasrecognized.Onemajorlimitationistheseverelimitationoftheheightofthesuperstructureofthebridge.Ontheonehand,inordertonavigate,thebridgemustmaintaincertainunder-bridgeclearance.Ontheotherhand,theheightofthebridgedeckisagainlimitedbyAdmiralLazarev.Inordertoprotectculturalrelics,theheightofthebridgecannotberaised.Inordertosatisfythesealmostcontradictoryconditions,theradiusofthecurveofthelongitudinalsectionofthebridgesurfacecanonlybe1000m,andthisistheonlywaytosatisfyalltheconditions.However,evenwiththisminimumprofileradius,thedemandforbridgedeckheightsissuchthatthemaximumdeckheightisonly1.4m.Thisconditioncanbesolvedbyaclassicfive-spancontinuousbeamorcablestaysystem.Thecostofthesetwoprogramsisalmostthesame,butthecable-stayedbridgeschemeismoreoptimisticbecauseitlooksmoreattractivefromtheexteriorofthebuilding.Anotheradvantageisthatitcanreduceconstructiontimebecausethereisnoneedtobuildbridgepiersontheriverbed.Thisunconventionalformfactor,theshapeofthespecialtower,anditsasymmetricalsingle-spanlayoutimposerequirementsonthedesigncapabilitiesofengineersfromtheJSCInstituteandrequirethemtodealwithnon-standardissues.Oneoftheproblemsisthattheroadmustbeprovidedwiththenecessarystiffnesswhileminimizingtheweightofthetowerfoundationandmaintainingsystembalance.Therefore,intheconstruction,one-lanesteeltowersusesingle-spancable-stayedbridgesteeldecksandorthotropicplates.Thepavementissupportedbytworowsofcolumns,fiveineachrow.Cablelinespassthroughthetowerandareanchoredwithreinforcedconcretepanels,whichgoesbeyondKrestovsky'sdesignabutment.Thefrontarches,whichtendtowardtheriverbed,meansthattheweightistobetakenintheformofstaycablesandanchorplates.Thetwosetsofcablesarefixedbythesteelbridgedecksandcounterweightplatesofthecable-stayedbridges.Inordertominimizethetotalwidthofthedeck,theconcreteslabofthemainfrontsurfacebeamwasremoved.Theoptimalforcedistributionofthetowerfoundationisobtainedbyarch-shapedmeans,sothatthecross-sectionofthebridgeislonger.ThereisalongitudinalsystemonthedeckandatransverseI-beamorthotropicplateconnectedforU-shapedstiffening.Thereinforcementpointisalongthetransversebeam.Onthetower,thedeckissturdyandtheembankmentdependsonMaurer'ssphericalbearings.Thesteelpartofthedeckiscomposedof10to15low-alloysteel(400MPa)Eachofthesecablesconsistsof50to73VSLstandardropes.Thetotallengthofeachstrandisapproximately31km.Atthesametime,thepavementiscomposedof2layersof40mmand50mmthickbituminousconcreteinthemembranewaterproofinglayerofTechnoelastomost-S.Theriparianfoundationsareallmadeoffirmclayindeepaquiferswithcast-in-placepilesofhighpilecaps.Onthebasisoftheabove,theembankmentiscomposedofcast-in-placeconcreteandgranite.TheconstructionofthebridgewascarriedoutbytheMostootryadNo75,whichisabranchofOAO.Atthesametime,thedecksteelstructurewasmanufacturedbyJSCZavodMetallokonstruktsiyandthesteeltowerstructurewasmanufacturedbyNPOMostovik.Formoredetaileddesign,expertsfromtheInstituteofTakingintoaccountsomeadditionalrestrictionsontheconstructionofthebridge,theJSCInstituteproposedarevisionofthedetaileddesigndocument.Oneoftherecommendationsistoreplacetherigidityofthetowercablewithagrade10low-alloysteel.Thiscanberigidlyfixedtothetowerarchesandcounterweights.Temporarysupportisontheinstalledsurface.Thesemodificationscangreatlysimplifytheconstructionofthelagoonandwillalsoeliminatetheneedtotensionthecablesandreducethetimerequiredtosetthecablestohalf.Inaddition,italsomeansthataslongastheasphaltandconcretearelaidonthebridge,thecablesupportingthedeckcanbesuccessfullytensioned.Theanalysisincludesthetensionfromthelongestcabletotheshortestcable.Inadditiontothepullingforce,theverticaldisplacementofthebridgefacingthebridgeisalsocontrolled.Thesolutionoftheactualtensioningprojectmeetsthedesignrequirements.Ifnecessary,correctdesigninstructionsareneededbeforethedataoftensionanddisplacementateachstageispassedontothegeneralcontractor'sdesigner.Overall,thecalculateddataiscloselyrelatedtotheactualparameters.Infact,thegeneralcontractorspent17monthstocompletetheentireprojectofbridgeconstructiondesign.Thenewcable-stayedbridgeharmoniouslyblendsinwiththesurroundingscenery.Becausetherearenopiersontheriverbed,thelandscapealongMalayacanbeopened.Asasymbolicsymbolontheisland,thearchtowerstandsclearlyandcontrastssharplywiththeskyandtreesbehindit.Thebridgeformsitsartisticappearanceandelegantoutlinethroughtwoobliquearchesformedbytheasymmetricalstructureandthedynamicshapeofthecabletower.Atnight,withthelightingofthebuilding,theappearanceofthebridgebecamemoreprominent.

中文譯文快速修復(fù)：更換舊木橋作者：THayashi不斷上升的交通水平和發(fā)展需求導(dǎo)致舊俄羅斯城市圣彼得堡的一座老式電車(chē)橋被重建為斜拉橋。馬來(lái)亞內(nèi)夫卡對(duì)面的新拉扎里夫斯基大橋于今年早些時(shí)候開(kāi)通，取代了為電車(chē)而建，但最近由行人使用的舊木結(jié)構(gòu)。該橋位于彼得格勒地區(qū)，沿著Pionerskaya和Sportivnaya街道連接Krestovsky和Petrogradsky群島，兩者都是當(dāng)?shù)亟煌ǖ闹匾溄印．?dāng)它建于1949年時(shí)，這個(gè)過(guò)境點(diǎn)被稱(chēng)為Koltovsky橋，在相鄰的MalayaNevka河堤之后。但在1952年，它被改名為紀(jì)念傳奇的俄羅斯海軍上將米哈伊爾拉扎列夫。堤防和橋梁分別被重新命名為拉扎列夫海軍上將堤岸和拉扎列夫斯基大橋。專(zhuān)為工程師VVBlazhevich設(shè)計(jì)，原始橋梁。它最初是為電車(chē)設(shè)計(jì)的，并且是當(dāng)時(shí)該市唯一的電車(chē)橋。它的總長(zhǎng)度為141米，寬度為11米，甲板由金屬松木和木板地板組成。木柱碼頭?？吭阡摴軜痘A(chǔ)上。但在2002年，纜車(chē)被關(guān)閉，從那時(shí)起，行人使用的橋梁。它的位置意味著拉扎列夫斯基大橋服務(wù)于城市的西部-包括Krestovsky島在內(nèi)的彼得格勒地區(qū)。所有通往Krestovsky島的道路交通都使用了主Krestovsky橋，結(jié)果造成了相當(dāng)大的負(fù)荷。由于拉扎列夫斯基大橋沒(méi)有車(chē)輛通行，因此它不被認(rèn)為是該地區(qū)公路網(wǎng)的一部分。但計(jì)劃在距離橋位僅3公里的Krestovsky島上的海濱勝地公園建造一個(gè)新體育場(chǎng)，這意味著需要與該城市其他地區(qū)建立可靠的交通連接。當(dāng)?shù)卣疀Q定重建拉扎列夫斯基橋是提供這一點(diǎn)的最佳方式。考慮到該區(qū)未來(lái)的發(fā)展情況，新橋的規(guī)模是根據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)的交通量確定的。根據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)，到2025年，拉扎列夫斯基大橋的年平均日交通密度將上升到每天16,000輛。高峰期負(fù)載發(fā)生在體育場(chǎng)的重大體育賽事期間，如果要重建彼得羅夫斯基大橋，需要一座大橋，拉扎列夫斯基大橋需要兩個(gè)方向的兩個(gè)車(chē)道才能做到這一點(diǎn)?？紤]到使用了55年以上的橋梁的木結(jié)構(gòu)，如果橋梁重建限于現(xiàn)有上層建筑和橋墩的擴(kuò)大和加固，則不會(huì)有成本。另一個(gè)考慮因素是，在克雷斯托夫斯基島和鄰近的堤岸上，具有笨重的碼頭的多跨結(jié)構(gòu)的外觀將不會(huì)是現(xiàn)代建筑物。因此，我們決定徹底拆除現(xiàn)有的橋梁，并將其替換為同一路線上的新結(jié)構(gòu)。作為該項(xiàng)目的一部分，1998年前后的右岸Sportivnaya街的一些項(xiàng)目，當(dāng)時(shí)JSCInstituteStrojproect贏得了對(duì)拉扎列夫斯基橋改造及其方法進(jìn)行可行性研究的招標(biāo)。即使在這個(gè)時(shí)候，建筑師伊戈?duì)朣erebrennikov橋的原始建筑理念，涉及使用斜拉系統(tǒng)。這個(gè)概念得到了該市發(fā)展委員會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)，但財(cái)務(wù)問(wèn)題意味著該設(shè)計(jì)在恢復(fù)之前暫停了七年。2003年,該項(xiàng)目被列入目標(biāo)工程和方案設(shè)計(jì)工作,開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)招標(biāo)正式公布。這項(xiàng)工作又一次被授予了JSC研究所。重建計(jì)劃在2007年底完成并且被國(guó)家審查委員會(huì)積極地接收;建設(shè)工作就在當(dāng)年年底開(kāi)始。在進(jìn)行技術(shù)可行性和經(jīng)濟(jì)適用性比較的基礎(chǔ)上,大橋的結(jié)構(gòu)概念獲得了認(rèn)可。一個(gè)主要的限制是橋梁上部結(jié)構(gòu)高度的嚴(yán)格限制。一方面,為了通航,橋梁必須保持一定的橋下凈空,另一方面,橋面高度又被拉扎列夫海軍上將限制,為了保護(hù)文物,橋面高度不能提高。為了滿足這些幾乎是相互矛盾的條件,橋面縱向剖面的曲線半徑只能為1000m,只有這樣才能滿足所有的條件。但是即使采用了這種最小的剖面半徑,關(guān)于橋面高度的苛刻要求使得橋面的最大高度只能為1.4m。這個(gè)條件可以通過(guò)一個(gè)經(jīng)典的五跨連續(xù)梁或者斜拉索體系來(lái)解決。這兩個(gè)方案的費(fèi)用幾乎相同,但是斜拉橋的方案更被看好,因?yàn)閺慕ㄖ庥^來(lái)看它更有吸引力。另外一個(gè)好處是,它可以減少施工時(shí)間,因?yàn)闆](méi)有必要將橋墩建在河床上。這種非常規(guī)的外形結(jié)構(gòu),特別塔的形狀和它的不對(duì)稱(chēng)的單跨布局,對(duì)來(lái)自JSC研究所的工程師的設(shè)計(jì)能力提出要求,要求他們處理非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的問(wèn)題。其中一個(gè)問(wèn)題是,必須為路面提供必要的剛度,同時(shí)最大限度地減少塔基礎(chǔ)的重量和維持系統(tǒng)平衡。因此在施工中,一個(gè)行車(chē)道鋼塔選用單跨斜拉橋鋼橋面和正交異性板。路面用兩排柱子支撐,每排5個(gè)。纜繩線通過(guò)塔,并用鋼筋混凝土板錨固,這超出了Krestovsky的設(shè)計(jì)橋臺(tái)。前面的拱