2017-2018學年高二英語下學期知識點檢測2

非謂語動詞（動詞不定式+動名詞）學習目標1.Tounderstandthefunctionandpartofspeechofverb-ingandtoinfinitive.2.Tolearntouseverb-ingandtoinfinitivecorrectly.課前導學閱讀課本P8-10后，填空1.非謂語動詞的分類：__________;__________;__________2.Thecontinuousformofto-infinitive(不定式的進行式)is__________.Theperfectformofto-infinitive(不定式的完成式)is__________.3.一些動詞后跟動名詞和不定式意義區(qū)別較大，列舉這些動詞及動詞短語是：_______________________________________________________________________.課堂探究概述：在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞，叫做非謂語動詞。.動詞一般在句子中充當謂語.動詞的非謂語形式在句中可起名詞,形容詞,副詞的作用,在句中充當主語,賓語,表語,補語,定語或狀語.即動詞的非謂語形式除了不能獨立作謂語外,可以承擔句子的任何成分,非謂語動詞有動詞不定式（theInfinitive）；動名詞（theGerund）；現(xiàn)在分詞（thePresentParticiple）；過去分詞（thePastParticiple）。1不定式—主、表、賓、補語(賓補&主補)、定、狀2動名詞—主、表、賓、定、同位語3分詞—表、補語(賓補&主補)、定、狀I動詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征。一、不定式的形式：主動被動一般式todotobedone進行式tobedoing/完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone完成進行式tohavebeendoing/否定式：not/never+(to)do1.一般式—(to)+動原：所表示的動作或狀態(tài)與謂語動作同時發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動作之后。eg.1)Heseemstoknowalot.Thepolicemanmadethethiefstandinthecorner.2)Theplayissaidtobemadeintoafilmsoon.Thepatientaskedtobeoperatedonatonce.2.進行式—tobe+現(xiàn)分：表示謂語動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時,不定式動作正在進行。(常用于★seem,appear,happen,pretend,besupposed,beconsidered/bebelieved,bereported,besaid,beknown等動詞的結構中)eg.)Theboypretendedtobeworkinghard.=Theboypretendedthathe…3.完成式－tohave+過分：表示非謂語動詞的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動作之前.eg.)Theyarebelievedtohavefoundacureforcancer.Thenovelissaidtohavebeentranslatedintoseveralforeignlanguages.=Itissaidthatthenovelhasbeentranslatedinto….4.完成進行式—表示該動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在謂語動作之前,而又延續(xù)到謂語動作發(fā)生后.eg.)Heissaidtohavebeenstudyingabroad,butIdon’tknowwhichcountryheisstudyingin.Hepretendedtohavebeenstudying.二、不定式的句法功能：作主語：eg.)Todevelopfriendshipwithothersiswhatwewant.Toloseheartmeansfailure.【注1】在現(xiàn)代英語中，常用it作形式主語，如：Itishisdutytomanagethecompany.【注2】在感嘆句和疑問句中只能用it作形式主語，如：Whatgreatfunitistoswiminapooloralake!【注3】在這種結構中,如果要表示不定式動作的執(zhí)行者,要在不定式短語前加上一個的短語forsb./ofsb.的短語(不定式的復合結構)：It+be+adj./n.+forsb.todosth.It+be+adj.+ofsb.todosth.=sb.be+adj.+todosth.(★常見形容詞:clever,silly,foolish,stupid,wise,rude,impolite,careless,cruel,crazy,etc.)eg.)It’snecessaryforustohaveagoodknowledgeofEnglish.Itisfoolishofyoutomakesuchamistake.=Youarefoolishtomakesuchamistake.2.作表語：eg.)Herwishistobecomeanovelist.Heappearstohavecaughtacold.Theonlythinghecoulddowas(to)tellthetruth.Heistotidyuptheroom.表示時態(tài)(將來時)Hisplanistotidyuptheroom.表示主語的具體內(nèi)容動名詞和不定式在句中作表語的區(qū)別:Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.一般情況下,區(qū)別不大,可通用動名詞表示的動作較抽象、習慣性的、經(jīng)常性的,不定式表示某次具體的或?qū)淼膭幼?eg.)Myjobistypingpapers.Myjobnowistotypethesepapers.3.作賓語： A.動詞+to不定式:★常見動詞:hope,wish,long,want,wait,refuse,pretend,promise,agree,aim,decide,determine,expect,offer,fail,plan,learn,manage,intend,desire,happen,ask,demand,afford,arrange,dare,claim(聲稱),hesitate,etc.eg.)Ilongedtobecomeanartist.B.動詞+(間接賓語)+疑問詞+to不定式:常見動詞:know,decide,wonder,learn,remember,understand,etc.eg.)Idon’tknowwhattosaytocomforther.C.動詞+it(作形式賓語)+賓語補足語+(forsb.)+to不定式：常見動詞:find,consider,think,make,feel,etc.eg.)IthinkitimportantforyoutorecitesomeEnglisharticles.D.介詞but,except后可接不定式作賓語。eg.)Ihavenochoicebut_______(stay)here.Hedidnothingbut______(repair)hisbike.4.作賓語/主語補足語：A.動詞/動詞詞組+賓語+to不定式★常見動詞:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,allow,permit,help,get,advise,forbid,persuade,cause,force,warn,invite,urge,encourage,prepare,callon,appealto,wouldlike,waitfor,invite,etc.eg.)Igotthemtojoinusinthediscussion.B.動詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式★常用動詞:feel(一感);hear,listento(二聽);make,let,have(三讓);see,watch,observe,notice,lookat(五看);help(半幫助,可帶to或不帶to)etc.eg.)Isawthecardisappearinthedistance.【注1】但改為被動語態(tài)時，不定式要加to.eg.)Hewasseentoenterthebuildingaboutthetimethecrimewascommitted.比較:Isawhimcrosstheroad.被:Hewasseen________theroad.Isawhimcrossingtheroad.被:Hewasseen________theroad.Isawhimcarrieddownstairs.被:Hewasseen________downstairs.【注2】介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用，如：Withalotofproblemstosettle,hefeltworried..5.作定語：(考點集中在動詞不定式與被修飾詞的邏輯關系的判斷上)A.與被修飾名詞構成動賓關系：eg.)Hehasalargefamilytosupport.如果不定式是vi，所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等其后應有適當?shù)慕樵~.如:Heisapleasantcolleaguetoworkwith.Ineedabookcasetoputmybooksin.=Ineed…inwhichtoputmybooks.Hefoundagoodhouseto_________.Whatdidyouopenit____?【注2】如果不定式修飾time,place,way，可以省略介詞：eg.)Hehasnoplace______(居住).Thisisthebestway（解答這道題）【注3】如果句子的主語不是不定式的邏輯主語,不定式就用被動語態(tài)表示。Wherearethethingstobetakentoher?比較:Iamgoingtothepostoffice,forIhavealetter______(post).Iamgoingtothepostoffice.Doyouhaveanyletter_________(post)?B.與被修飾名詞構成主謂關系：eg.)Heisalwaysthefirst＿＿＿＿andthelast＿＿＿＿＿＿.（他總是第一個來，最后一個走）Hewasthesecondmantobeawardedtheprize.C.說明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容,即與被修飾名詞構成同位關系：eg.)Wehavemadeaplantofinishthework.Hemadeanattempttostandup.【注4】以即將發(fā)生的動作修飾事物時,可用不定式作定語,如:Areyougoingtothedance_______(hold)nextweek?Hewillwritemorenovelsintheyears______(come).6.作狀語：A.表目的：eg.)Heworkeddayandnight＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（償還債務）【注1】不定式邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：（下列兩句判斷正誤）Tosavemoney,everymeanshasbeentried.()Tosave…,hehastriedeverymeans.()改錯:Tosucceedinascientificexperiment,carefulnessisneeded.＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿【注2】inorderto可放在句首,soasto不可;當不定式是tobe/tohave或否定式時,一般用inorderto/soasto,如:Mothercameinquietlyinordernottowakethesleepingson.Shegotupearlysoastobethefirsttoarrive.B.表原因：(常用形容詞:glad,sorry,disappointed,pleased,etc.)eg.)Theywereveryexcitedtohearthenewsthattheirteamhadwonthegame.C.表結果：用于(only/never)to,…enoughto,so/such…asto,too…to結構中eg.)Whathashesaidtomakeyouannoyed?Hehurriedtothestationonly______(find)/only______(tell)thatthetrainhadleft.Helefthishometownduringthewar,never_______(hear)fromagain.Thepatientisstrongenoughtowalkabout.Heisnotsuchafool/sofoolishastothinkthatthesuncanrisefromthewest.too…to…結構:Theboyistooyoungtodresshimself.【注3】對少數(shù)幾個表示心情或傾向的形容詞，如：glad,ready,pleased,willing,anxious,happy,satisfied,etc.用于too…to…結構時表示肯定意義。eg.)Iamonly/but/justtoo=__________gladtodoyouthefavor.7.作插入語,獨立成分：★常見插入語:totell(you)thetruth/tobefrank(honest);tostart/beginwith;toconclude;tomakemattersworse;tobemoreexact確切地講;tomakealongstoryshort長話短說，簡而言之;tobefair公平地說，憑心而論;tobesure肯定地，毫無疑問地;toputitanotherway換句話說【附1】在“形容詞+不定式”結構中,如不定式與句子主語構成邏輯上的動賓關系,那么不定式多用主動語態(tài).★常見形容詞：hard,difficult,easy,simple,fit,cheap,expensive,interesting,etc.eg.)Thecouchiscomfortabletositon.=Itiscomfortabletositonthecouch.Thesentenceiseasytoexplain.Theteaisbittertotaste.【附2】不定式符號的省略與保留:★1在hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldrather…than…,cannot(help/choose)but,why(not)等結構后面的不定式符號to通常被省略。2.如主語部分含有動詞do,則作表語的不定式可省略toeg.)WhatIwanttodois(to)runanightschool.3.兩個或多個不定式短語表示并列關系時，后面不定式短語的不定式符號to通常被省略；如果表示對比關系，則不定式符號to通常保留。eg.)Theydidn’ttellmewhethertogoonortostop.（對比關系）Shetoldthechildtostaythereandwaittillshecameback.（并列關系）【附3】不定式符號后面動詞的省略與保留★不定式作賓語補足語時,省略to后的動詞部分,即用to代替整個不定式.eg(1)Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreetbuthismothertoldhimnotto★如不定式帶有系動詞be或助動詞have,則須保留be或have.eg.)---Areyouateacher?---No,butIusedtobe.---Sorry,Ihaven’tfinishedmyworkyet?---Well,yououghttohave.II動名詞(TheGerund)—動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征（如有完成式和被動語態(tài)，可以有自己的賓語和狀語.），又具有名詞的句法功能，在句中作主、賓、表和定語。一、動名詞的形式：主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten1）一般式：Seeingisbelieving.=Toseeistobelieve.2）被動式：Hecametothepartywithoutbeinginvited.3）完成式：Headmittedhavingstolenthecar.4）完成被動式：HeforgothavingbeentakentoGuangzhouwhenhewasfiveyearsold.5）否定式：not+動名詞Iregretnothavingfollowedhisadvice.Sheisnervousforhavingneverspokeninpublic.6）動名詞的復合結構:帶有邏輯主語的動名詞；可作主語、賓語、表語相當于相應的主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句。A)物主代詞或名詞所有格+動名詞(作主語、賓語、表語)B)代詞賓格或名詞普通格+動名詞(作賓語、表語)eg.) Theboy’snothavingdonethehomeworkmadehisfatherlosehistemper.Isuggestthem/theirhavingtheireyesexamined.=Isuggestthey_________theireyesexamined.Whatangeredmemostwasthestudents(’)failingtofulfilltheirduties.注意:若動名詞的邏輯主語為無生命的東西,只用普通格:eg.)Thenewsofthenewhotelcatchingfireshockedeveryone.=Thenewsthatthenewhotelcaughtfireshockedeveryone.IsthereanypossibilityofthefilmbeingtriedoutinParisInternationalFestival?二、動名詞的句法功能：1.作主語eg.) Readingbooksmakesonewise.Collectingstampsisreallyfun.It’snousequarreling.Beingpunishedmadethestudentloseinterestinhisstudy.Beingexposedtotoomuchsunlightdoesgreatharmtoourskin.①與不定式區(qū)別:動名詞作主語表示經(jīng)常性、習慣性的抽象動作;不定式作主語表示具體的特別是將來的動作。eg.)Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.Tofinishtheworkinaweekisimpossible.★②常用it作形式主語:限于名詞:good,use,fun或形容詞:good,nice,interesting,useless,etc.eg.)It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.It’snogood(you/your)quarrellingwithsuchabad-temperedperson.③用于結構:Thereisnodoingsth.無法/不可能做某事Nodoing.★haveagood(hard)time/difficulty/problem/trouble/fun/pleasure(in)doingsth.(Thereisnopoint/sense/harm(in)doingsth.)2.作表語：(be,remain,taste,sound,smell等link-v.后)eg.)Intheantcity,thequeen’sjobislayingeggs.Myjobistypingletters.(抽象、習慣性、經(jīng)常性的動作)Myjobnowistotypetheseletters.(某次具體的特別是將來的動作)3.作定語：動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時的區(qū)別:動名詞作定語時,表示它所修飾的名詞的用途;.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時,表示它所修飾的名詞正在進行的動作或存在的狀態(tài).awalkingstick=astickforwalkingawalkingdictionaryasleepingcar=acarforsleepingasleepingchildrunningshoesrunningwater※動名詞與名詞構成合成名詞：living/sittingroom,singingcompetition,waitingroom,sleepingpill,hearingaid,drinkingwater,sewingmachine,washingpowder,coolingsystem,readingroom,parkingmeter(停車計時表)operatingroom還有一類動名詞在后的合成詞：weightliftingwindow-shoppingsightseeingshopliftingjob-huntingtapdancingdataprocessingfamilyplanning4.作賓語：(動賓,介賓)Theyhaven’tfinishedbuildingthedam.Somemeasuresshouldbetakentopreventtheairfrombeingpolluted.①有些動詞及短語后只跟動名詞作賓語：★常見動詞:avoid（避免）,appreciate（感激）,admit（承認）,consider(考慮),complete,delay耽擱,deny（否認）,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,forgive,imagine,miss,mind,mention,practise,risk（冒險）,suggest(建議),understand,etc.★常見短語:bebusy,beworth,burstout,insiston,feellike,can’thelp(忍不住),setabout,succeedin,persistin,be/getused/accustomedto,lookforwardto,objectto,beopposedto,payattentionto,getdownto,get/closecloseto,devoteoneself/one’slife(energies,effort,time)to,bereducedto(淪落到),admit/oweto（承認）,apply/accustomoneselfto,adapt/adjust(oneself)to,【belongto,addupto/amountto,leadto,stickto,listento,referto,turnto,thanksto,owingto,dueto,beopento(愿意接受),inadditionto(除外),befamiliarto,giveone’smindto(專心于),besentencedto，beequalto(勝任)，keepto，pointto,giveriseto(引起),standupto(勇敢面對),seeto（注意，處理，照料）,lookupto（尊敬）后接名詞,一般不接動名詞】②allow,advise,consider,forbid,permit等動詞～+doingsth.～+sb.todosth.eg.)Thedoctoradvisedtakingagoodrest.Thedoctoradvisedthepatienttotakeagoodrest.③某些動詞后既可接動名詞,也可接不定式.常見動詞:begin/start,continue;love,like,dislike,hate,prefer;need,want,require;forget,remember,regret;mean,try,goon,stop,beusedto,can’thelpA)begin/start三種情況下,一般接不定式做賓語:①主語是sth.;②本身用于進行時;③做賓語的動詞表示情感、思想或意念時(如:like,love,understand,realize,understand,know,etc.)B)love,like,dislike,hate,prefer,如表示經(jīng)常性的動作,用動名詞作賓語;如表示特定或具體的動作,多接不定式.eg.)Ilikeplayingchessduringmysparetime.Iliketoplayatchesswiththechessmasternow.C)need,want,requireeg.)Hewantstorepairthebikeforme.Thebikeneeds/wants/requiresrepairing/toberepaired.★D)forget,remember,regreteg.)Iregrettoinformyouthatyouaredismissed.Iregretnottakinghisadvice.★E.)mean,try,goon,stop,beusedto,can’thelpeg.)Whatdoyoumeantodowithit?Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanothertwohours.Shecouldn’thelptodothehousework,forshewasbusy.Peoplecouldn’thelplaughingatthefoolishemperorintheprocession.④動名詞做介詞(除but/except外)賓語:eg.)Onhearingthenews,shecouldn’thelpcrying.注意:except/but后接不定式做賓語eg.)Hehadnochoicebuttowait.<cannot(help/choose)butdosth.=havetodosth.>Hecoulddonothingbutwait.Heneverspeakstomeotherthan(=but)toaskforsomething.Heenjoyednothingbutreading.HewantednothingbuttowatchTV.5.作同位語：eg.) Hishabit,listeningtothenewsontheradio,remainsunchanged.課后鞏固單項選擇1.---Whatdoyousupposemadehersounhappy?---__________herwallet. A.lose B.Lost C.Losing D.Tolose2.Hehurriedtothebookingofficeonly thatalltheticketshadbeensoldout.A.totell B.tobetold C.telling D.told3.Itseemsthathehasnopen__________.A.towrite B.towritewith C.writing D.writingwith4.Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasarole__________inmakingtheearthabetterplacetolivein.A.tohaveplayed B.toplay C.tobeplayed D.tobeplaying5.Allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately__________intimeforChristmas.A.inordertohavereceived B.inordertoreceiveC.soastobereceived D.soastobereceiving6.Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif__________whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.A.seeing B.havingseen C.tohaveseen D.tosee7.Whenaskedbythepolice,hesaidthatheremembered__________attheparty,butnot__________.A.toarrive,leavingB.toarrive,toleave C.arriving,leaving D.arriving,toleave8.Ihavenothingtodoexcept__________thearticleforhim.A.copied B.tocopy C.copying D.copy9.Ican’tbut__________hiscourage.A.toadmire B.admire C.admiring D.admired10.Theslaveownersmadetheslaves__________dayandnight.A.work B.working C.towork D.worked11.Victorapologizedfor__________toinformmeofthechangeintheplan.A.hisbeingnotable B.himnottobeableC.hisnotbeingable D.histobenotable12.Thefluisbelieved_________byvirusesthatliketoreproduceinthecellsinsidethehumannoseandthroat.A.causing B.beingcaused C.tobecaused D.tohavecaused13.---MybrotherisnotgoodatspeakingEnglish.---Isuggest__________Englishfortwohourseveryday.A.hepractisespeakingB.himtospeak C.hespeakingD.hispractisingtospeak14.Theyoungmantoldthedoctorthathedidn’tneed__________hisheart__________.A.having,checked B.tohave,checked C.having,tocheck D.tohave,tocheck15.Theofficerorderedthewoundedsoldier__________atonce.A.tooperate B.beoperated C.wasoperatedon D.tobeoperatedon16.Thepatientwaswarned__________oilyfoodaftertheoperation.A.toeatnot B.eatingnot C.nottoeat D.noteating17.__________youthetruth,Idon’tlikethedesignheoffered.A.Tell B.Told C.Telling D.Totell18.__________thiscake,you’llneed2eggs,175gsugaran