大學英語寫作課程Unit-Five-expanded-sentence

Unit5

ExpandedSentenceBaseIntroductionAfterlearninghowtochoosewordsandhowtoproducecorrectsimplesentences,itishightimewebegantoconsiderhowtoexpandoursentences.Thisunitfocusesonhowtowritelongersentencesbyexpandingthenounsinthesentences.

How?

attributesrelativeclauseAttributesDefinition:Wordsorphrasesusedtonarrowdownordecribenounsarecalledattributes.Functions:e.g.1.thecat2.thecatinthetree3.thefatandlazycatClassroomactivities:P58narrowdown/makeitspecificaddmoredetaileddescriptionsNarrowing-downattributes:every;init;alotof(frogs);(life)inalargepondDescriptiveattributes:big;fat;tiny;shallow;biggest;fine;bigger;fine;dangerous;lovely;foolishWhatcanbeusedasattributes?1.Determiners2.Adjetives:(before&after)3.Nouns:thefeatureofthenoun(before)4.-ingforms:thefunction,feature,state(before&after)5.-edforms:(before&after)

Note:Sometimes,ifthereisonlyanadverbmodifyingthe-edform,wemayalsoputitbeforethenoun.Forexample:well-tailoredsuits6.Infinitives:refertoafutureaction(after)7.Prepositionalphrases:place&purpose(after)1.DeterminersDeterminersrefertowordsthatareusedtodefinethereferentialmeaningofanounoranominalphrase.

限定詞是在名詞詞組中對名詞中心詞起特指、類指以及表示確定數(shù)量和非確定數(shù)量等限定作用的詞類。包括：Articles:a,an,thePossessiveprons物主代詞：my,your,one'sGenetivenouns名詞屬格：John'sDemonstrativeprons指示代詞：this,those,suchIndefiniteprons不定代詞：some,any,each,either,all,both...Cardinal&ordinalnumeral基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞Quantifier量詞：alotof,agreatdealofAdjectivesShehateshairyanimals.Myloveislikearedredrose.Hismouthwateredatthesightofthosesweetredstrawberries.Ineedahousebigenoughforfivepeople.NounsHerboyfriendsisafashiondesigner.I’llbeexpectingyouattheschoolgate.Participles-ingformsWealllikehersmilingface.Peoplearefrightenedbythesoaringprices.Thisissurelyanexcitingandrewardingexercise.Heknowsmanypeoplelivinginthatarea.Thisbookisaboutsomescientistsexploringseaanimalsinthepolarareas.Participles-edformsHeonlydrinksimportedwine.It’snousecryingoverspiltmilk.Youcanfindmanywell-tailoredsuitsinthisshop.Manypeoplepreferfurnituremadeofwood.Theyvisitedahospitalbuiltespeciallyfortheaged.InfinitivesThereisn’tmuchtimetofinishthisjob.Thedecisiontobemadeisofmuchhistoricalimportance.Doyouhaveafriendtotalkto?PrepositionalphrasesWhatdoyouthinkoftheguyfromClassTwo？NobodywantstomissthegamebetweenGermanyandBrazil.There’snomedicineforregret.Manypeopleweredeceivedbythetitleofthefilm.WordorderofdeterminersgroupsofdeterminersaccordingtotheirrelativepositionspredeterminerscentraldeterminersPostdeterminersHowtoplacemanymodifiers限定描繪大長高，形狀年齡和新老；顏色國籍跟材料，作用類別往后靠；(大小形狀和新老，顏色國際出（處）材料)

限定詞”包括：冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、或數(shù)詞.“描繪”性形容詞如：beautiful、bad、cold.材料”的詞如：wooden,woolen,stone,silk等“作用類別”的詞如：medical,college，writingdesk，policecar等。Howtoplacemanymodifiers1)IadmireJenny’shair.(glossy,black,long)IadmireJenny’slongblackglossyhairsomuch.2)一件新的漂亮的意大利的黑皮茄克abeautifulnewblackItalianleatherjacket。3)Canadian，extraordinary，an，new,playanextraordinarynewCanadianplay4)(gold，British，the，round）cointheroundBritishgoldcoin5)（ugly，writing，the，steel，seven）desksthesevenuglysteelwritingdesks6)（purple，Russian，nice，long，her）coat

hernicelongpurpleRussiancoatClassroomactivitiesP.61Motion,saidEinstein,slowsdownclocks.Thefasteraclockismoved,thesloweritruns.Theamountofslowingdown(N)issosmallthatitcannotbenoticedatspeedsofafewhundred,evenafewthousand,kilometersperhour(D).But,ifaclockcouldbemovedataspeedofalmost297,600kilometerspersecond(D),itwouldalmoststopcompletely.Thehumanheartisakindof(N)clock,sotherateofitsbeating(N)issloweddownbymotion.Soistherateofbreathing(N),andsoarealltheotherprocessesofthebody(N).Ahumanbeinginahigh-speed(D)

spaceship(N)wouldnotnoticethese(N)changes.Hispulse-ratewouldappearnormal,fortheclocksandwatchesinthespaceship(N)wouldhavesloweddowninproportion.Buthewouldfindthingsdifferentwhenhereturnedtotheearth,whichhehadleftsometimeago.Relativeclausesa.1).Ilikethedog.2).Ilikethedogwhichisrunningafterthecat.3).Ilikethedogwhichisrunningafterthecatthatstolemyfishyesterday.b.1).Thatoldmanlivesinanoldhouse.2).Thatoldmanwhomyoutalkedaboutjustnowlivesinanoldhouse.3).Thatoldmanwhomyoutalkedaboutjustnowlivesinanoldhousethatlookslikeacastleinfairytales.Whyuserelativeclause--Iboughtatoycarformysononhisbirthday.--Mysonlikedthetoyverymuch.Version1:Iboughtatoycarformysononhisbirthday,andhelikeditverymuch.Version2:Iboughtatoycarformysononhisbirthday,whichhelikedverymuch.Version3:MysonlikedverymuchtheboycarwhichIboughtforhimonhisbirthday.ClassroomactivitiesP.641).Mr.Johnson,whomIhatemost,asksustowriteanarticleeveryweek.2).Doyoudaretoboardaplanewherethereisnopilot?3).TonyswearstobeattheguywhohasdamagedhisnewdictionarythatheboughtintheStates.4).ThegirlwhomJimfellinlovewithisthedaughterofalocalbusiness.5).Mr.Wang,whoheadsthebankers’associationinthiscity,istospeakfirstatthemeeting.ClassroomactivitiesP.661).Thistribe,whichwasoncethoughttobeEgyptians,isactuallyanomadicpeoplefromEuropethathasmigratedtoAsia.Thistribe,whichisanomadicpeoplefromEuropethathasmigratedtoAsia,wasoncethoughttobeEgyptians.2).Forthefirsttime,theFIFAWorldCup,whichisheldeveryfouryears,wasgoingtobeheldintwoneighboringcountiesthatwerebothbelievedtobenotstronginfootball.TheFIFAWorldCup,whichwasgoingtobeheldintwoneighboringcountriesthatwerethatwerebothbelievedtobenotstronginfootball,isheldeveryfouryears.Writing—précis

Whatisaprécis?Aprécisisaconcisesummaryofthemainpointsinapieceofwriting,sowhenwewriteprécis,weshouldwritedownallofthemainideaanddeleteanyunnecessaryinformation,suchasdescriptions,examples,etc.

Aprecisemusta.retainallthemainideasb.bebrief,thatis,allthesupportingdetailsshouldbesimplifiedorremovedc.beprecise,whichmeansbothexact(keepingalltheimportantideas)andsimple(reducingthesupportingdetails).

Somecommontechniquestoreducedetailsinpréciswriting:(1)omitthedetailsYoumayleaveoutmostofthedescriptivedetailsifthatdoesnotimpairthegeneralidea.(2)reducetheexamplesIftheoriginalpassageprovidesfourorfiveexamplesforacertainidea,youmaymentiononeortwo,oryoumaymentiontheexamplesbutleaveoutthedetails.

(3)replacespecificwordswithgenericreferenceIfseveralspecificexamplesbelongtothesamecategory,youcanusuallyreplacethemwithonegenericword.Forexample:Forthedinner,sheboughttwobottlesofmilk,fourpacksoforangejuice,andthreebottlesofwine.

Sheboughtlotsofdrinksforthedinner.(4)simplifydescriptionYoudefinitelydon’tneeddetaileddescriptioninyourprécis.Inmanycase,youmayusegeneralwordstotelltheimpression.Forexample,iftherearemanysentencesdescribinghowbeautifulagardenis,youcanjustsay

Thegardenisverybeautiful.

(5)avoidrepetitionThewriteroftheoriginalpassagemaypurposelyrepeatanidea,butinwritingaprécis,youmaynotdothesame.(6)simplifywordysentencesRemoveunnecessarywordsintheoriginalpassage.Forexample,forasentencelikeHisactioninthefightmaywellbecalledlion-likewithoutexaggeration,youmaysimplywrite

Heisverybrave.

(7)shortentransitionsUseshorttransitionalwords,suchasbesides,but,however,etc.insteadoflongphraseslikeontheotherhand,atthesametime.(8)paraphrasedirectquotationsIftherearedirectquotationsintheoriginalpassage,trytoexpresstheminyourownwords,andinasfewwordsaspossible.Absolutes(1)Hurtinthegame,Iwillnotbeabletogotoyourpartytonight.(2)Mybestfriendhurtinthegame,Iwillnotbeabletogotoyourpartytonight.b.(1)Mygrandmawassittinginherrocker,singinghappilyinthespringfragrance.(2)Mygrandmawassittinginherrocker,herradiosinginghappilyinthespringfragrance.

Theseparticipleshavealogicalsubjectdifferentfromthatofthesentence.Whatisabsoluteconstructionorabsolute?InEnglish,participlephrasesusedwiththeirownlogicalsubjectsarecalledabsolutes.a.Themanstoodinthestreetcorner,hishandsputinhispockets.b.Themanstoodinthestreetcorner,handsputinhispockets.c.Themanstoodinthestreetcorner,handsinhispockets.

Fromthisexample,wemaygetaconclusion,thatis,anabsoluteconstructionmayappearinthreeforms:1)n.+v-ing+otherpartsoftheparticiplephrase2)n.+v-ed+otherpartsoftheparticiplephrase3)n.+otherpartsoftheparticiplephraseNightenshroudingtheearth,nobodycouldmakeoutwhatthedarkmasswasfromadistance．黑夜籠罩大地，誰也看不清遠處黑壓壓的一片是什么東西。Hewaslisteningattentivelyinclass,hiseyesfixedontheblackboard.

3.n+to-infinitive名詞(代詞)+不定式Manytrees,flowers,andgrasstobeplanted,ournewly-builtschoolwilllookevenmorebeautiful.

Thefourofusagreedonadivisionoflabor,eachtotranslateaquarterofthebook.

4.n.+adj.名詞(代詞)+形容詞TheTrojansasleep,theGreeksoldierscreptoutofthehollowwoodenhorse．Computersverysmall,wecanusethemwidely.5.n+adv.名詞(代詞)+副詞Themeetingover,ourheadmastersoonleftthemeetingroom.Thelightsoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.6.n.+n.名詞(代詞)+名詞Twohundredpeoplediedintheaccident,manyofthemchildren.Hisfirstshotfailure，hefiredagain．7.n.+prepositionalphrase名詞(代詞)+介詞短語Everyafternoonaveryoldwomanhobbledpasttheoldhouse，avastloadoffirewoodonherback．Writing—précis

Whatisaprécis?Aprécisisaconcisesummaryofthemainpointsinapieceofwriting,sowhenwewriteprécis,weshouldwritedownallofthemainideaanddeleteanyunnecessaryinformation,suchasdescriptions,examples,etc.

Somecommontechniquestoreducedetailsinpréciswriting:(1)omitthedetailsYoumayleaveoutmostofthedescriptivedetailsifthatdoesnotimpairthegeneralidea.(2)reducetheexamplesIftheoriginalpassageprovidesfourorfiveexamplesforacertainidea,youmaymentiononeortwo,oryoumaymentiontheexamplesbutleaveoutthedetails.

(3)replacespecificwordswithgenericreferenceIfseveralspecificexamplesbelongtothesamecategory,youcanusuallyreplacethemwithonegenericword.Forexample:Forthedinner,sheboughttwobottlesofmilk,fourpacksoforangejuice,andthreebottlesofwine.

Sheboughtlotsofdrinksforthedinner.(4)simplifydescriptionYoudefinitelydon’tneeddetaileddescriptioninyourprécis.Inmanycase,youmayusegeneralwordstotelltheimpression.Forexample,iftherearemanysentencesdescribinghowbeautifulagardenis,youcanjustsay

Thegardenisverybeautiful.

(5)avoidrepetitionThewriteroftheoriginalpassagemaypurposelyrepeatanidea,butinwritinga