英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座

VictorianEra------Growthoftheempire英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第1頁OutlineIntroductionEventsEconomySocietyCulture英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第2頁

INTRODUTIONVictorianEra英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第3頁VictorianAge(1830-1901)GildedAgeoftheUnitedStatesBelleépoqueeraofcontinentalEuropeGeorgianperiod(1714-1830)Edwardianperiod(1901-1910)英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第4頁alongperiodofprosperity:

overseasBritishEmpireindustrialimprovementsathomeprofitsalongperiodofpeace:knownasthePaxBritannica(不列顛治世),andeconomic,colonial,andindustrialconsolidation英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第5頁英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第6頁EVENTSVictorianEra英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第7頁1832ReformBill（修正法案）1836-1848TheChartistMovement（憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)）1837

AccessionofQueenVictoriatothethrone1840

NewZealandbecameaBritishcolony,

throughtheTreatyofWaitangi.（懷唐伊條約）1842TheMinesActTheIllustratedLondonNewswasfirstpublished.EVENTS1832ReformActthemostcontroversialoftheelectoralreformactspassedbytheParliament1867ReformActaddingjustshortofamillionvoters—includingmanyworkingmen1884RepresentationofthePeopleActtripledtheelectorateagain,givingthevotetomostagriculturallaborers英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第8頁1845TheIrishfaminebegins.1848Deathofaround2,000peopleaweekinacholeraepidemic.1851

TheGreatExhibition

（萬國工業(yè)博覽會(huì)）1854CrimeanWar:TheUnitedKingdomdeclaredwaronRussia.1857TheIndianMutiny（印軍嘩變）1859CharlesDarwinpublishedTheOriginofSpecies,whichledtovariousreactions.英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第9頁1867TheConstitutionAct,1867passesandBritishNorthAmericabecomesDominionofCanada.1878TreatyofBerlin(1878).CyprusbecameaCrowncolony.

1870-1891UndertheElementaryEducationAct1870,basicStateEducationbecamefreeforeverychildundertheageof10.1901QueenVictoriadied,EdwardbegantheEdwardianera英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第10頁VictorianEra

Economy英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第11頁EconomyIndustrialRevolutionColonialExpansion英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第12頁IndustrialRevolution英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第13頁IndustrialRevolution英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第14頁ColonialExpansionTheGrowthofDominions自治領(lǐng)興起TheConquestofIndia征服印度AggressionagainstChina侵略中國TheScrambleforAfrica對非洲掠奪英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第15頁ColonialExpansion英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第16頁Society

VictorianEra英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第17頁FactorysystemWomenandfamilylifeStandersoflivingUrbanization英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第18頁FactorysystemTheappearanceofmachinechangesthesituationoffactoryandworkers.InVictorianAge,mostoftheworkforceslowlychangedtobeemployedinfactory,notagriculture.Workersarealsogoods.Childrenlabour.英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第19頁Ayoung"drawer"pullingacoaltubalongaminegallery.InBritainlawspassedin1842and1844improvedmineworkingconditions.英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第20頁WomenandfamilylifeCapitalismcreatedtheconditionsforwomen'semancipation.Threestages:1.Inthepre-industrialera2.The"familywageeconomy"ofearlyindustrialization3.The"familyconsumereconomy"英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第21頁Standersofliving1.FoodandnutritionThelivingstandardsofthemassesofordinarypeoplehavebeguntoundergosustainedgrowth.Malthusiantrapwasfinallyovercomebyindustrialization.英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第22頁2.HousingTheconditionswasmuchimproved.(Althoughtherearestillsomepeoplelivedbadly)3.ClothingandconsumergoodsConsumersbenefitedfromfallingpricesforclothingandhouseholdarticles英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第23頁UrbanizationManchester,Englandpicturedin1840,showingthemassoffactories.英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第24頁Victorianera

literature英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第25頁TheVictoriannovelistsInthisperiodthepoetryoftheRomanticagehadgivenwaysto

novelsandtheybecamethemajorgenre,yetromanticelementscontinuedtobefoundinthemajorwriters’works.英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第26頁Thecharacteristics

oftheVictoriannovels

are:The

plot

isunfoldedagainstasocialbackground

whichisbroader

thanwhatithadbeeninpreviousnovels.Theplotdrawsmaterialsfromsociety

andrelatestheminsuchawaythattheVictoriannovelistsreflect

the

complexityofhumanrelations

inacapitalistsocietyandreveal

the

writers’attitudes

towardsthesociety.

英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第27頁TheVictorianPoetsThepoetryintheperiodlikethenovelsalsoreflectsthespiritualsearchwhichwascharacteristicoftheage.ThemajorpoetsofthetimewereAlfredTennyson,RobertBrowning,ElizabethBrowning,etc.英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第28頁TheliteraryachievementsoftherepresentativeauthorsofthetimeDickens,Mrs.Gaskell,andGeorgeEliotnovelistsAlfredTennyson,RobertBrowning,ElizabethBrowningpoets英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第29頁TheRepresentativeAuthorsoftheVictorianTime

英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第30頁I．CharlesDickens

Hislifestoryhisliteraryachievements:

1)hiswritingcareerandhismajorworks

英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第31頁2)Hisartistictechniques:

（1）Hischiefcontributiontoliteraturewashischaracterizationoftheunderdogsandunprivileged

（2）Inhischaracterizationanddescriptionofsceneshehasatendencytodepictthegrotesque(veryodd,unusual,fantasticallyuglyorabsurd)characterorevents.英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第32頁（3）Helikestomakelifelessthingsanimateorviceversa,e.g.inHardTimes（4）Famousforhispatheticdescriptionofcharactersandevents.Hewasasentimentalistandwouldliketouseeveryopportunitytoarousetheemotionofhisreaders.英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第33頁2.WilliamMakepaceThackeryHislifestoryhisliteraryachievements:

1)hismajorworks

英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第34頁2)hisliterarycharacteristics:

（1）hisattitudetowardlife:hewascynicwhosawnogoodinanythingandhaddoubtaboutthegoodnessofhumannatureCriticssayhewasaspectatorofthebattleoflife,thatishepreserveddetachment,andhealwaysheldhimselfundercontroleveninpatheticscenes.英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第35頁（2）hisprotagonistsaremainlyaristocratsandrichbusinessmen,thatis,peopleoftheuppermiddleclasses（3）Hesays“Ihavenobrainabovemyeyes,andIdescribewhatIsee.”Thatmeanshepresentshischaractersastheyarerealinlife.Inhisworksmostcleverpeopleareroguesandmostofhisvirtuouspeoplearefools.英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第36頁3．theBrontesisters

theirlifestorytheirliteraryachievements:

1）theirwritingcareerandhismajorworks英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第37頁2)theirartistictechniques:

（1）thestrongromanticelements;

（2）theimportantroleofthenature;

（3）thenewconceptionofwomen英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第38頁4．AlfredTennyson

alaureatepoethislifestoryhisliteraryachievements:

1)hismajorworks英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第39頁2)hisartistictechniques:

（1）famousforthepowerofcreatingsceneryorcapacityforlinkingscenerytostateofmind（2）hismetricalaptitudeanddescriptivepower,esp.inpoemsbyTwoBrothers英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第40頁（3）thepastbecamehisgreattheme,whetheritbehisownpast,hiscountry’spast,thepastofhumankind,thepastoftheworlditself.英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第41頁5.MatthewArnold,apoetandaliterarycritichislifestoryhisliteraryachievements:

1)hismajorworks英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第42頁2)Themajorthemesinhisworksandhisattackontherulingclasses（1）Themajorthemesinhisworks:thedoubtofhisageandtheconflictbetweenscienceandreligion

（2）Herelentlessexposuresthearistocrats,whomhethoughtobeessentiallycrudeinsoul,notwithstandingtheirgoodclothesandsuperficialgraces英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第43頁6.ThomasCarlyle,anessayist,historian,andphilosopher

hislifestoryhisliteraryachievements:

1)hiswritingcareerandhismajorworks英國文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專家講座第44頁2)themajorthemesinhisworksandcomparehisattackontherulingclasseswiththatofMattewArnold.（1）heattacksthearistocratsfortheiruselessness;theyareidleanddonotgovernorgovernonlytoprotecttheirowninterests.WhileMattewArnoldattackstherulingclassfortheircrudeinsoul.英國文學(xué)VictorianE