英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座

VictorianEra------Growthoftheempire英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第1頁(yè)OutlineIntroductionEventsEconomySocietyCulture英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第2頁(yè)

INTRODUTIONVictorianEra英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第3頁(yè)VictorianAge(1830-1901)GildedAgeoftheUnitedStatesBelleépoqueeraofcontinentalEuropeGeorgianperiod(1714-1830)Edwardianperiod(1901-1910)英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第4頁(yè)alongperiodofprosperity:

overseasBritishEmpireindustrialimprovementsathomeprofitsalongperiodofpeace:knownasthePaxBritannica(不列顛治世),andeconomic,colonial,andindustrialconsolidation英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第5頁(yè)英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第6頁(yè)EVENTSVictorianEra英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第7頁(yè)1832ReformBill（修正法案）1836-1848TheChartistMovement（憲章運(yùn)動(dòng)）1837

AccessionofQueenVictoriatothethrone1840

NewZealandbecameaBritishcolony,

throughtheTreatyofWaitangi.（懷唐伊條約）1842TheMinesActTheIllustratedLondonNewswasfirstpublished.EVENTS1832ReformActthemostcontroversialoftheelectoralreformactspassedbytheParliament1867ReformActaddingjustshortofamillionvoters—includingmanyworkingmen1884RepresentationofthePeopleActtripledtheelectorateagain,givingthevotetomostagriculturallaborers英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第8頁(yè)1845TheIrishfaminebegins.1848Deathofaround2,000peopleaweekinacholeraepidemic.1851

TheGreatExhibition

（萬(wàn)國(guó)工業(yè)博覽會(huì)）1854CrimeanWar:TheUnitedKingdomdeclaredwaronRussia.1857TheIndianMutiny（印軍嘩變）1859CharlesDarwinpublishedTheOriginofSpecies,whichledtovariousreactions.英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第9頁(yè)1867TheConstitutionAct,1867passesandBritishNorthAmericabecomesDominionofCanada.1878TreatyofBerlin(1878).CyprusbecameaCrowncolony.

1870-1891UndertheElementaryEducationAct1870,basicStateEducationbecamefreeforeverychildundertheageof10.1901QueenVictoriadied,EdwardbegantheEdwardianera英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第10頁(yè)VictorianEra

Economy英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第11頁(yè)EconomyIndustrialRevolutionColonialExpansion英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第12頁(yè)IndustrialRevolution英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第13頁(yè)IndustrialRevolution英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第14頁(yè)ColonialExpansionTheGrowthofDominions自治領(lǐng)興起TheConquestofIndia征服印度AggressionagainstChina侵略中國(guó)TheScrambleforAfrica對(duì)非洲掠奪英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第15頁(yè)ColonialExpansion英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第16頁(yè)Society

VictorianEra英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第17頁(yè)FactorysystemWomenandfamilylifeStandersoflivingUrbanization英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第18頁(yè)FactorysystemTheappearanceofmachinechangesthesituationoffactoryandworkers.InVictorianAge,mostoftheworkforceslowlychangedtobeemployedinfactory,notagriculture.Workersarealsogoods.Childrenlabour.英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第19頁(yè)Ayoung"drawer"pullingacoaltubalongaminegallery.InBritainlawspassedin1842and1844improvedmineworkingconditions.英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第20頁(yè)WomenandfamilylifeCapitalismcreatedtheconditionsforwomen'semancipation.Threestages:1.Inthepre-industrialera2.The"familywageeconomy"ofearlyindustrialization3.The"familyconsumereconomy"英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第21頁(yè)Standersofliving1.FoodandnutritionThelivingstandardsofthemassesofordinarypeoplehavebeguntoundergosustainedgrowth.Malthusiantrapwasfinallyovercomebyindustrialization.英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第22頁(yè)2.HousingTheconditionswasmuchimproved.(Althoughtherearestillsomepeoplelivedbadly)3.ClothingandconsumergoodsConsumersbenefitedfromfallingpricesforclothingandhouseholdarticles英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第23頁(yè)UrbanizationManchester,Englandpicturedin1840,showingthemassoffactories.英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第24頁(yè)Victorianera

literature英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第25頁(yè)TheVictoriannovelistsInthisperiodthepoetryoftheRomanticagehadgivenwaysto

novelsandtheybecamethemajorgenre,yetromanticelementscontinuedtobefoundinthemajorwriters’works.英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第26頁(yè)Thecharacteristics

oftheVictoriannovels

are:The

plot

isunfoldedagainstasocialbackground

whichisbroader

thanwhatithadbeeninpreviousnovels.Theplotdrawsmaterialsfromsociety

andrelatestheminsuchawaythattheVictoriannovelistsreflect

the

complexityofhumanrelations

inacapitalistsocietyandreveal

the

writers’attitudes

towardsthesociety.

英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第27頁(yè)TheVictorianPoetsThepoetryintheperiodlikethenovelsalsoreflectsthespiritualsearchwhichwascharacteristicoftheage.ThemajorpoetsofthetimewereAlfredTennyson,RobertBrowning,ElizabethBrowning,etc.英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第28頁(yè)TheliteraryachievementsoftherepresentativeauthorsofthetimeDickens,Mrs.Gaskell,andGeorgeEliotnovelistsAlfredTennyson,RobertBrowning,ElizabethBrowningpoets英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第29頁(yè)TheRepresentativeAuthorsoftheVictorianTime

英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第30頁(yè)I．CharlesDickens

Hislifestoryhisliteraryachievements:

1)hiswritingcareerandhismajorworks

英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第31頁(yè)2)Hisartistictechniques:

（1）Hischiefcontributiontoliteraturewashischaracterizationoftheunderdogsandunprivileged

（2）Inhischaracterizationanddescriptionofsceneshehasatendencytodepictthegrotesque(veryodd,unusual,fantasticallyuglyorabsurd)characterorevents.英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第32頁(yè)（3）Helikestomakelifelessthingsanimateorviceversa,e.g.inHardTimes（4）Famousforhispatheticdescriptionofcharactersandevents.Hewasasentimentalistandwouldliketouseeveryopportunitytoarousetheemotionofhisreaders.英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第33頁(yè)2.WilliamMakepaceThackeryHislifestoryhisliteraryachievements:

1)hismajorworks

英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第34頁(yè)2)hisliterarycharacteristics:

（1）hisattitudetowardlife:hewascynicwhosawnogoodinanythingandhaddoubtaboutthegoodnessofhumannatureCriticssayhewasaspectatorofthebattleoflife,thatishepreserveddetachment,andhealwaysheldhimselfundercontroleveninpatheticscenes.英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第35頁(yè)（2）hisprotagonistsaremainlyaristocratsandrichbusinessmen,thatis,peopleoftheuppermiddleclasses（3）Hesays“Ihavenobrainabovemyeyes,andIdescribewhatIsee.”Thatmeanshepresentshischaractersastheyarerealinlife.Inhisworksmostcleverpeopleareroguesandmostofhisvirtuouspeoplearefools.英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第36頁(yè)3．theBrontesisters

theirlifestorytheirliteraryachievements:

1）theirwritingcareerandhismajorworks英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第37頁(yè)2)theirartistictechniques:

（1）thestrongromanticelements;

（2）theimportantroleofthenature;

（3）thenewconceptionofwomen英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第38頁(yè)4．AlfredTennyson

alaureatepoethislifestoryhisliteraryachievements:

1)hismajorworks英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第39頁(yè)2)hisartistictechniques:

（1）famousforthepowerofcreatingsceneryorcapacityforlinkingscenerytostateofmind（2）hismetricalaptitudeanddescriptivepower,esp.inpoemsbyTwoBrothers英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第40頁(yè)（3）thepastbecamehisgreattheme,whetheritbehisownpast,hiscountry’spast,thepastofhumankind,thepastoftheworlditself.英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第41頁(yè)5.MatthewArnold,apoetandaliterarycritichislifestoryhisliteraryachievements:

1)hismajorworks英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第42頁(yè)2)Themajorthemesinhisworksandhisattackontherulingclasses（1）Themajorthemesinhisworks:thedoubtofhisageandtheconflictbetweenscienceandreligion

（2）Herelentlessexposuresthearistocrats,whomhethoughtobeessentiallycrudeinsoul,notwithstandingtheirgoodclothesandsuperficialgraces英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第43頁(yè)6.ThomasCarlyle,anessayist,historian,andphilosopher

hislifestoryhisliteraryachievements:

1)hiswritingcareerandhismajorworks英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianEra維多利亞時(shí)代專(zhuān)家講座第44頁(yè)2)themajorthemesinhisworksandcomparehisattackontherulingclasseswiththatofMattewArnold.（1）heattacksthearistocratsfortheiruselessness;theyareidleanddonotgovernorgovernonlytoprotecttheirowninterests.WhileMattewArnoldattackstherulingclassfortheircrudeinsoul.英國(guó)文學(xué)VictorianE