作文升級(jí)：外刊文章分析對(duì)比：八卦的好處 講義 高三上學(xué)期英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)專項(xiàng)

作文升級(jí)：外刊文章分析對(duì)比：Wanttoreadsomethingaboutrumourandinnuendo?《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》職場(chǎng)中到處都是八卦。聲譽(yù)在一定程度上是通過八卦塑造的，知道這一點(diǎn)，就可以對(duì)不良行為進(jìn)行威懾。如果有人經(jīng)常偷懶，把工作留給別人做，人們很有可能將這個(gè)信息傳達(dá)給即將與這個(gè)廢物共事的人。你寫的Theworkplaceisfullofgossip.Reputationsarepartlyshapedbygossip,andknowingthiscanbeathreattobadbehaviour.Ifsomeonewasconstantlybeinglazyandleavingworkforotherstodo,peoplewouldpossiblypassthisinformationtoapersonwhowasgoingtoworkwiththisuselesscolleague.外刊的Gossippervadestheworkplace.Theknowledgethatreputationsarepartlyforgedthroughgossipcanactasadeterrenttobadbehaviour.Ifsomeonewasconstantlyslackingoffandleavingotherstodothework,peoplewerelikelytopassthatinformationontoapersonwhowasgoingtoworkwiththisgood-for-nothing.句型部分聲譽(yù)在一定程度上是通過八卦塑造的，知道這一點(diǎn)，就可以對(duì)不良行為進(jìn)行威懾。Reputationsarepartlyshapedbygossip,andknowingthiscanbeathreattobadbehaviour.→Theknowledgethatreputationsarepartlyforgedthroughgossipcanactasadeterrenttobadbehaviour.同位語從句的運(yùn)用外刊作者此處使用了同位語從句。Theknowledge叫本位語,thatreputations……throughgossip是同位語從句,詳細(xì)說明knowledge的具體內(nèi)容。所謂“同位”，即本位語和后方從句在句子中充當(dāng)同一種成分,此處Theknowledge和that-從句均是主語。像這樣后方有提及前方內(nèi)容的表述，可考慮使用同位語從句,例如:(沒有人是絕對(duì)正確的，這個(gè)說法有充分的依據(jù)。)Noonewasinfallible,andthissayingiswell-founded.→Thebeliefthatnoonewasinfallibleiswell-founded.(他已道歉，但她認(rèn)為這是沒用的。)Hehadapologized,butshethoughtitwasuseless.→Thefactthathehadapologizedcountedfornothingwithher.在上述例句中，that從句都是詳細(xì)說明他們前方的本位詞(belief，fact)的同位語從句。常見的本位詞一般都是可詳細(xì)說明具體內(nèi)容的抽象名詞，例如：hopeideafactbeliefnewsdoubtconvictiontruthreportproofknowledgeconcernproblemnotionthought上面表格里，右邊的本位詞在中文表達(dá)習(xí)慣的通常體現(xiàn)為動(dòng)詞，正如外刊原文里的“知道?knowledge”，因此我們?cè)诒硎龊羞@類動(dòng)詞的句子時(shí)也可考慮使用同位語從句：(他會(huì)克服一切困難，對(duì)此我并不感到懷疑。)Hewillovercomeallthesedifficulties,andIneverdoubtthat.→Ihavenodoubtthathewillovercomeallthesedifficulties.(生活中最大的幸福就是堅(jiān)信有人愛我們。)Thesupremehappinessoflifeisthatweshouldbelieveweareloved.→Thesuperiorhappinessoflifeistheconvictionthatweareloved.人們很有可能將這個(gè)信息傳達(dá)給即將與這個(gè)廢物共事的人。peoplewouldpossiblypassthisinformationtoapersonwhowasgoingtoworkwiththisuselesscolleague.→peoplewerelikelytopassthatinformationontoapersonwhowasgoingtoworkwiththisgood-for-nothing.表達(dá)“可能”的句式表達(dá)“可能”所用到的詞匯大致包含以下幾個(gè)：likely，probable(probably),perhaps,maybe,may,might,possible(possibly)等。按可能性程度劃分,他們分為三組。1.可能性接近百分百，相當(dāng)于中文的“十有八九”：likely,probable(probably)Ticketsarelikelytobeexpensive.(入場(chǎng)券十有八九很貴。)Theyaren'tlikelytoarrivethissideofmidnight.=Theyareunlikelytoarrivethissideofmidnight.=Theyhardlylikelytoarrivethissideofmidnight.(午夜之前他們十有八九是趕不到了。)由上述例句可以看出likely雖是ly結(jié)尾，但它是形容詞，用法與普通形容詞一致：否定形式在be動(dòng)詞處否定,或用它的反義詞unlikely,或加入hardly。Thetreeisprobablyoverahundredyearsold.=Itisprobablethatthetreeisoverahundredyearsold.(這棵樹十有八九是百年大樹。)Thedriverwasprobablytakingapee.=Itisprobablethatthedriverwastakingapee.(司機(jī)十有八九是在解手。)probably是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的副詞，若用它的形容詞形式probable,一般使用Itisprobablethat句型。Likely和probably表示的可能性概率一致,但意思上有細(xì)微差別。probably只表達(dá)中立的推測(cè),likely則含有說話人的預(yù)期結(jié)果(expectedoutcome):Ticketsarelikelytobeexpensive.(*說話人希望別那么貴。)Theyaren'tlikelytoarrivethissideofmidnight.(*說話人希望午夜前到。)2.可能性約為50%，相當(dāng)于中文的“一半一半”，“五五開”:perhaps,maybe,mayPerhapshehasgrownwiserwithage.(*可理解為他變得睿智的原因50%是年齡增長(zhǎng)，50%是其他。)Ithinkperhapsweshouldgoindoors.(*這是禮貌語,給聽話人goindoors或stayoutside兩種選擇。)Taxcutsmayunbalancethebudget.(*可理解為：減稅引起預(yù)算失衡的概率是50%)MayIspeakofftherecord?(我可以私下里說嗎?*這也是禮貌語，留給聽話人拒絕的空間。)“Willshecometomybirthdayparty?”—“Maybe.”(*表示來party的幾率是50%。)Maybethey'vejustgoneshopping.(*可理解為:他們不在家的原因50%去shopping,50%是其他。)這三個(gè)詞的區(qū)別在于：①按正式程度劃分，perhaps最正式，may兼容正式與非正式，maybe比較口語化。②按詞法劃分,perhaps和maybe都是副詞,但它沒有普通副詞位置那么靈活，通常置于句首(主句句首或從句句首)或單獨(dú)成一句。may則是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，與can，must它們的用法一樣。3.表示較小的可能性:might,possible(possibly)Youneverknow,Imightgetlucky.(*可理解為:getlucky的概率其實(shí)很小。)MightImakeasuggestion?(*might是may的委婉語，語氣很弱，相當(dāng)于“弱弱問一句，我可以提出個(gè)建議嗎?”)Theywerecasuallydressed;possiblystudents.=Theywerecasuallydressed;Itispossiblethattheyarestudents.

(他們穿著隨意，可能是學(xué)生。*可理解為這個(gè)結(jié)論是說話人隨意推理的，把握不大。)*注意possible與probable一樣,也使用Itispossiblethat句型。學(xué)生習(xí)作里使用的是peoplewouldpossiblypass……,但由于“把某個(gè)八卦信息傳達(dá)出去”是職場(chǎng)中非常有可能發(fā)生的事情，因此用possibly并不合適。而“傳播八卦”其實(shí)又帶著expectedoutcome:人們希望八卦被傳播出去以達(dá)到威懾作用,所以用peoplewerelikelytopass……最合適。措辭部分1.職場(chǎng)中到處都是八卦。Theworkplaceisfullofgossip.Gossippervadestheworkplace.到處都是isfullof→pervadesbefullof是靜態(tài)表述,pervade是動(dòng)態(tài)表述,=spreadthrough(彌漫,遍布):Thefragrantbreathofspringrainpervadesintheair.(空氣中散發(fā)出春雨的芬芳。)BiasesagainsteducationalbackgroundstillpervademanyplacesontheInternet.(網(wǎng)絡(luò)上對(duì)于學(xué)歷的歧視仍然屢見不鮮。)這里使用pervade體現(xiàn)了八卦的“傳播”性。(可結(jié)合invade進(jìn)行記憶)2.聲譽(yù)在一定程度上是通過八卦塑造的，知道這一點(diǎn)，就可以對(duì)不良行為進(jìn)行威懾。Reputationsarepartlyshapedbygossip,andknowingthiscanbeathreattobadbehaviour.Theknowledgethatreputationsarepartlyforgedthroughgossipcanactasadeterrenttobadbehaviour.塑造shape→forgeforge的原意是“鍛造”(createbyhammering),例如:Bronzeobjectscanbemeltdownandforgedintocoins.(青銅制品可以被熔化并鍛造成硬幣。)他的衍生意是“塑造一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的事物”，例如：Theyforgedaleadinthefirst30minutesofthegame.(*可理解為：他們的領(lǐng)先優(yōu)勢(shì)已經(jīng)很難反超了。)Russiawasthefirstcountrytoforgeaneweconomicsystem.underthebannerofMarxism.

(*可理解為：蘇聯(lián)這個(gè)新經(jīng)濟(jì)體制建立得非常穩(wěn)固。)外刊原文的“塑造”使用forge，意在表明人在職場(chǎng)上的聲譽(yù)，一旦通過八卦形成后就很難再改變。而這種“難以洗白”的職場(chǎng)印象使后面所提到的“八卦對(duì)不良行為的威懾性”這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)更具有說服力。進(jìn)行威懾beathreat→asadeterrentbe與actas的區(qū)別在于:actas強(qiáng)調(diào)一種“非平常的,較為特殊”的情況，看以下例句：Lastsummersheactedasaguidefortourists.(*說明她平常的身份不是導(dǎo)游。)Thiscoinmayactasascrewdriver.(*描述硬幣的特殊用途：螺絲起子。)外刊作者此處使用actas，意在表述gossip存在一個(gè)比較特殊的功能——用于威懾。threat與deterrent的區(qū)別,正如他們的中文意思,前者是“威脅”,后者是“威懾”。threat強(qiáng)調(diào)“潛在的危險(xiǎn)”,deterrent強(qiáng)調(diào)“阻止某種行動(dòng)”,對(duì)比:Thethreatofnuclearescalationremains.(*強(qiáng)調(diào)核升級(jí)有可能帶來安全隱患。)ThisisoneoffoursubmarineswhichmakeuptheUK'snucleardeterrent.(*強(qiáng)調(diào)這些軍事設(shè)備作為核威懾的武器，是用來防御侵略的。)deterrent含有詞根ter-(恐嚇的),可用terrible,terrorism輔助記憶。這個(gè)詞常出現(xiàn)在比較官方的場(chǎng)合，例如：Capitalpunishment(死刑)Nuclear(核武器)都可視為一種deterrentMilitaryexercise(軍事演習(xí))Thefreezeonbankaccounts(凍結(jié)銀行賬戶)3.如果有人經(jīng)常偷懶，把工作留給別人做，人們很有可能將這個(gè)信息傳達(dá)給即將與這個(gè)廢物共事的人。Ifsomeonewasconstantlybeinglazyandleavingworkforotherstodo,peoplewouldpossiblypassthisinformationtoapersonwhowasgoingtoworkwiththisuselesscolleague.→Ifsomeonewasconstantlyslackingoffandleavingotherstodothework,peoplewerelikelytopassthatinformationontoapersonwhowasgoingtoworkwiththisgood-for-nothing.偷懶belazy→slackoff。slack是形容詞，實(shí)意是“松掉的”，抽象意義是“散漫的”.

Theropesuddenlywentslack.(繩子突然松了。)Disciplineintheclassroomisveryslack.(班里紀(jì)律十分散漫。)slackoff中slack轉(zhuǎn)換成了動(dòng)詞(類似narrow→narrowdown,warm→warmup),但作為動(dòng)詞的意思與原意幾乎相等：Slackoffthoseropesthere,there'sastormcoming!(把那里的繩索放松，風(fēng)暴就要來了！)Withoutstress,youmayslackoffandidleawayyourtime.(沒有壓力，你會(huì)懈怠和消磨你的時(shí)間。)傳達(dá)給passto→passontopassonto表示“先接收,再傳遞”,例如:JohnpassedthebooktoMary.MarypasseditontoLaura.外刊原文使用passonto，表述人們先獲取