初中復(fù)習(xí)資料：重點英語語法

1．建議advice建議，忠告（不可數(shù)）;suggestion建議（可數(shù)）________usefuladviceyougaveme!(What)________valuablesuggestionyouhaveofferedme!(Whata)2.room/space/place:room“房間”（可數(shù)）;“空間”（不可數(shù)）Couldyoumakesomeroomforme?你能為我讓一下空間嗎？space“太空;空間”（不可數(shù)）inspace在宇宙太空Isthereanyspaceformeinthecar?車?yán)镉薪o我留的空間嗎？(此處和room的含義相當(dāng))place“地方”（可數(shù)），指某一具體地點。Iwanttoliveinaplacewhichiswarminwinter.我想住在冬季溫暖的一個地方。Itisawonderfulplacetogo(to).3.news/information/messagenews新聞，消息（不可數(shù)）;information信息（不可數(shù)）;message音信，口信（可數(shù)）：CanItakeamessageforyou?MayIleaveamessage?4.job/workjob,可數(shù)：Ihaveajobasateacher.work,不可數(shù)：Icannotfindworkinthistown.5.聲音voice/noise/soundvoice指人的聲音或嗓音;noise指難聽刺耳的噪音，吵鬧聲;sound指聲音的總稱。6.數(shù)量number/amountnumber指可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量;amount指不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量7.the/anumberofthenumberof“…的數(shù)量”；anumberof:“許多的”,都跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。前者作主語，謂語用單數(shù)；后者作主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。Thenumberofthetrees______twothousand.（用單數(shù)謂語is.另注意trees前有限定詞）Anumberoftrees________beencutdown.（用復(fù)數(shù)謂語have.另注意trees前無限定詞）8.other;elseother修飾名詞，放于名詞前。else修飾疑問詞和不定代詞、不定副詞，放在后面。Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?Jimistallerthanany_____boyinhisclass.(other)9.well/goodwell:1)adj指身體健康狀況好：Youlookwelltoday.2)adv修飾動詞或形容詞:sellwell暢銷，dowellin;bewellworthdoing很值得做good：adj.修飾人或物begoodat;smellgoodTheclotheslook_______andtheysell_______onthemarket.(good;well)10.already/yetalready用于肯定句;yet用于否定句和疑問句11.also;too;aswell;either“也”：either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨著動詞，少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾，前常有逗號。aswell,只用于句尾,前無逗號。注意：后三個詞都不用于否定句。12.before;agoago“…時間前”結(jié)構(gòu)：時間段+ago,用于一般過去時。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago.Isawittenminutesago.(若有since+時間段+ago，常用現(xiàn)在完成時：Mr.Lihasworkedheresince5yearsago.)before單獨放在句尾，常用現(xiàn)在完成時：“以前”IhavebeentoLondonbefore.(若是時間段+before,常用過去完成時，“…前”：Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.)13.almost;nearly;hardlyalmost幾乎，差不多，后接肯定或否定詞；nearly幾乎，差不多，后接肯定意義的詞。hardly幾乎不，表否定。14.toomuch,toomany與muchtoo:muchtoo“過于”，加形容詞或副詞原級。muchtoohot/slowly等。toomuch“太多的”，加不可數(shù)名詞。toomuchwork/rain等。toomany“太多的”，加可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)。toomanybooks/people等。15.abit/alittle區(qū)別：都可作副詞，后直接加形容詞或副詞。I’mabit/alittlehungry.Shefeelsabit/alittletired.也都可作代詞（或形容詞），后接不可數(shù)名詞，但有所不同：Sheatealittlebreadandwentout.(alittle直接加不可數(shù)名詞)Sheateabitofbread.（abit先加of，再跟名詞）16.everyday與everyday:everyday是形容詞，后接名詞，“日常的”。HeispracticingeverydayEnglish.everyday是副詞，作時間狀語，“每天”。WespeakEnglisheveryday.17．wish;hope①wish既可接todosth.也可接sb+todosth.也可接that從句.IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.（注：接that從句時，從句用虛擬語氣。）wish還用來接祝愿語：wishsbagreatsuccess;wishyouahappyjourney;wishyougoodluck等。②hope接todosth.或that從句.但不接sbtodosth.Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.18.spend;take;cost;pay①It+take+sb+sometime+todosth：Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.②物+cost+sb+錢：Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.若cost后無sb,則譯作“價錢是”：Thebagcosts30Yuan.③人+pay+sb+錢+forsth：Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.④人+spend+時間/錢+onsth/(in)doingsth.Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.spend有時可指“度過”：spendholiday/weekends/winter19.puton;wear;dress；in①puton,“穿上”后接物。表行為，是短暫動詞。Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.②wear,“穿，穿著”后接物，表狀態(tài)，是延續(xù)性動詞。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter.③dress,“給…穿衣”后接人。Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.bedressedin后常接具有某種特征的衣物。也可直接加表示顏色的詞。Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt.Thestudentsarealldressedinyellow.getdressed“穿好衣服”，常不接賓語:Hewentoutassoonashegotdressed.dressup(as)...“裝扮（成）......”Hedressedupasaclown.他裝扮成小丑。④in,“穿著”后接具有某種特征的衣物，表狀態(tài)，是介詞，不可作謂語，可作狀語。也可以直接加表示顏色的詞。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.Iwanttotalktotheboyinblack.(我想找那個穿著黑衣服的男孩談?wù)劇?20.reach;arrive;get到達(dá)：①getto+地點gettoShanghai/London/China接地點副詞時，不帶to.getthere/home/here.②arrivein+大地點(如Beijing/Zhengzhou)，arriveat+小地點(如school/hospital)arrive只作不及物動詞，所以也可單獨用：Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.③reach只作及物動詞，后直接加地點：reachBeijing/England但常不說reachhome/there/here.21.talk,tell,say,speak:①talk只作不及物動詞。Don’ttalkinclass.ShallwetalkaboutourEnglishstudy?Heistalkingwithhisteacher.MayItalktoyou?(注意talk接人和接物時介詞搭配不同：talkwith/tosb;talkaboutsth)②tell只作及物動詞,“告訴；講”。常接雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)（tellsbsth.）,常用短語有：tellalie;tellthetruth;tellthedifferencebetween---;tellsbastory;tellajoke③say必須接有內(nèi)容，或邏輯上有內(nèi)容作賓語。（所接內(nèi)容見以下劃線部分）PleasesayitinEnglish.HowdoyousaythatinEnglish?Pleaseshowmewhattosay..Doyouhaveanythingtosay?Imustsaysorrytoyou.④speak●“說話”不及物動詞?！窠尤藭r先加介詞to.MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?●也可譯為“說”，作及物動詞，后接語言。DoyouspeakEnglish/Chinese?22.win與beat區(qū)別：都有“贏”的意思。win后加物：而beat后加的是人，也可譯為“打敗”：I’mafraidtheywillbeatus.23.leave;forget①leave可指“離開”leaveZhengzhouforWuhan離開鄭州到武漢②leave留下；忘記Ileftmybookathome.leave后接地點，而forget后無地點。如：Sorry,Iforgotthemoney.24.take,bring,fetch與carry:都譯為“拿”。◆take“拿走”，從說話人處帶到另一處。Couldyoutaketherubbishoutwhenyouleave?◆bring“帶來”，從另一處帶到說話人處。Don’tforgettobringyourhomeworkheretomorrow.◆get“去拿來”，先到另一地拿東西，然后再返回到說話人處。如：Whenyougobacktotheclassroom,pleasegetmemypen.◆carry“拿、搬、扛”，沒有特定方向。Timiscarryingabox.25.receive;acceptreceive指收到，但不一定接受；accept指接受，收下I________agiftfromoneofmyfriends,butIdon’twantto_________it.(receive;accept)26.put短語puton(穿上)putoff(推遲)putaway(把…整理好)putup(舉起，搭起，掛起，張貼)putdown(放下)putout(撲滅);27.turn短語turnon打開turnoff關(guān)閉turnup調(diào)大turndown關(guān)小turnout結(jié)果是turntosb向某人求助28.give短語giveaway贈送giveout發(fā)放giveup放棄giveback歸還givein屈服，讓步29.take短語takeoff脫下，起飛takeaway拿走takeout拿出takein吸收takeup從事30.look短語lookup查找lookover仔細(xì)查看lookafter照看lookout當(dāng)心lookthrough瀏覽31.used短語usedtodosth過去常常做某事beusedtodoingsth習(xí)慣于做某事beusedtodosth=beusedfordoingsth被用來做某事32．keep,make,get,have用法：①keep+sb/sthdoingsth“讓…一直做…”I’msorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.(區(qū)別：keep+doingsth“堅持做某事，一直做某事”)②make+sb/sthdosth讓…做某事(接動原）I’lltrytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.make若用于被動語態(tài)，原有后接動詞原形要改為帶to不定式(本文源自錦鯉英語微信公眾號)：Imadehimwaitforlong.→Hewasmadetowaitforlong.③get+sb/sthtodosth.讓…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.④have+賓語+動詞原形/ing/過去分詞Havehimdoit,please.讓他做它吧。（him和do邏輯上形成主謂關(guān)系，do用原形。）Wehadthemachineworking.我們讓機(jī)器一直工作著。（讓某物一直在進(jìn)行著某事。）Wehadthemachinerepaired.我們讓人修理了那臺機(jī)器（讓機(jī)器被修理了，表被動。）⑤也都可接形容詞：keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.33.in/after+一段時間in+一段時間，用于將來時，用howsoon提問。after+一段時間，用于過去時34.through/past/across區(qū)別:都可作介詞，“穿過”，前常有位移動詞(以下黑體部分)。Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.（從內(nèi)部穿過）Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.（從旁邊經(jīng)過）Heswamacrosstheriver.（從表面經(jīng)過）【through,內(nèi)部;past,旁邊;across,表面】位移動詞+past相當(dāng)于動詞pass;位移動詞+across相當(dāng)于動詞cross.35.since/for+時間since+過去某時間（點）for+一段時間（段），常用于完成時，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的延續(xù)性，用howlong提問。36.infrontof/inthefrontofinfrontof在物體外部的前面;inthefrontof在物體內(nèi)部的前面37.乘交通工具之表達(dá):①bybike/car/sea(ship)/air(plane)(前無冠詞，且不用復(fù)數(shù))②onahorseback/hisbike/theplane/aship(有冠詞或限定詞)③inhis/acar(car前用in)④onfoot⑤動詞短語:rideabike/ahorse;driveacar;walk;takeaplane/taxi/bus;fly等。38.常見帶介詞to的短語：prefer…to…(與---相比較更喜歡)；lookforwardto…(期待；渴望)；payattentionto…(注意)；be\getusedto…(習(xí)慣于)；devote…to…(致力于)putone’seffortinto…把某人的精力投身到……makegreatcontributionto對……做出貢獻(xiàn)(以上短語可接名詞或代詞，若接動詞，需用ing形式)thekeyto…(…的鑰匙),theanswerto---（…的答案)；replyto(….的答復(fù))；leadto…(引起…);theclueto（---的線索）;thewitnessto（---的證人）39．連詞if/whetherif如果(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，主句用將來時，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時)/是否(引導(dǎo)賓語從句，根據(jù)時間確定時態(tài))：Doyouknowifhewillgotothepostoffice?Ifhegoesthere,Iwillaskhimtobuymesomestamps.兩個if,前者“是否”；后者“如果”，觀察其后時態(tài)的不同。whether“是否”引導(dǎo)賓語從句（相當(dāng)于if），whether可接or（not）,也可接帶to不定式。而if則不可。另外，if從句中用any，常不用some。40．howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:①howlong是對長度或時間段提問。②howoften是對頻率提問，如：never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday/everyfouryears等。若只有次數(shù)，則用howmanytimes提問：HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.】③howsoon是對“in+時間段”提問：④howfar是對以下三種表達(dá)法的提問：—Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?有以下三種回答：▲—It’sfiveminutes’walk/anhour’sride/thirteenminutes’busride.▲—It’sabout20kilometersaway.(注意回答時不再用far,而用away)▲—It’s15minutesbybus/onfoot/bytrain/bybike.41.主謂一致：

One/Neitherofyouisright.（單數(shù)謂語）

Tom,withhisfriends,hasgone.(主語是Tom,單數(shù)謂語)

Thispairofshoeslooksbeautiful.wouldyouliketotrythemon?（主語是pair,謂語用單數(shù),但代詞用復(fù)數(shù)）

Everyboyandeverygirlhasachancetodoit.（此結(jié)構(gòu)中用單數(shù)謂語）

Weeachhaveacar.(主語是we,用復(fù)數(shù))

Eachofushasacar.(主語是each,單數(shù)謂語)

Theoldneedtobelookedaftercarefully.Theyoungareenergetic.(the加形容詞表一類人或物，謂語用復(fù)數(shù))

Mr.andMrs.GreenarefromAmerica.指格林夫婦(復(fù)數(shù)謂語)本文源自錦鯉英語微信公眾號

Theteacherandwriterisanableman.指教師兼作家,一個人，單數(shù)謂語。

BothyouandIareexcitedaboutthenews.（both…..and…做主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）

NotonlyyoubutalsoIamastudent.(notonly--,butalso---;neither---nor---;either---or---;therebe有就近原則)

Tenyearshaspassedsincehecamehere.(時間、金錢以及表度量衡的詞做主語表單數(shù))42.therebe用法：●常有以下結(jié)構(gòu):theremaybe（可能有）/mustbe(一定有)/usedtobe(曾經(jīng)有)●therebe在不同時態(tài)中的形式：Thereis/are/was/were/willbe/is(are)goingtobe/have(has)been。●therebe后接的是表示泛指的名詞，單數(shù)名詞前用不定冠詞。Thereisadogunderthedesk.●Thereisonlyastudenttakingnotesnow.(劃線部分邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系，動詞加ing)43.常見后接動詞原形的詞或短語:使役動詞（letmakehave）情態(tài)動詞（canmaymust...）助動詞（dodoesdid）whynothadbetterwouldratherwouldyouplease【注意否定形式：hadbetter/wouldrather/wouldyouplease直接加not+動原】44.常見后接動詞ing的詞或短語：finishenjoypracticeimaginesuggestspendconsidermiss(錯過)keep/mindfeellikeprefer…to…can’thelp（禁不住）bebusybeworth（值得）giveuphavefunhaveagoodtimehavetrouble(in)haveproblems(in)havedifficulty(in)/+doing45.havegoneto/havebeento/havebeenin:①havegoneto+地點“已去了…（還未回來）”-Ican’tfindthosechildren,wherearethey?-Theyhavegonetothefarm.(去了農(nóng)場，不在這兒)②havebeento+地點“去過…（原來去過，現(xiàn)在已回）”句尾常接次數(shù)或地點。ShehasbeentoQingdaothreetimes.Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.Wherehaveyoubeen?你去哪兒了？(Where后省略to)③havebeenin+地點，“已在…（多久了）”句尾常接for+時間段，或since+過去時間點。PeterhasbeeninChinaforalongtime.46.be+形+ofsb與forsb的區(qū)別：①It'skindofyoutohelpme.你幫助我真好。解釋：kind,nice,good,clever,foolish，lazy等詞表示的是人的特點或性格。此句相當(dāng)于在說Youarekindtohelpme.形容詞在描述人而不是事，此情況下介詞用的是of.②It'seasyforyoutodothework.對你來說做這事是容易的。解釋：easy，difficult,necessary,important,dangerous,interesting等詞不是說人，而是說事，相當(dāng)于Todotheworkiseasy。此情況下介詞用的是for.又如：It’sdangerousforustoclimbthemountain.是說“爬山”這件事是危險的。故用for.47.條件與祈使:有時條件句可以與祈使句相互轉(zhuǎn)換。注意以下句子結(jié)構(gòu)有何不同。①Ifyouworkhard,youwillachieveyourdream.含條件句，相當(dāng)于：Workhard,andyouwillachieveyourdream.含祈使句，用and連接后一句子。②Ifyoudon’tlistencarefully,youwon’tunderstandit.相當(dāng)于：Listentomecarefully,oryouwon’tunderstandit.用or(否則）連接后一句子。Youwon’tunderstanditunlessyoulistentomecarefully.48.動詞seem的常用句型：①Itseemsthat+從句Itseemsthathefeelsverysad.②seems+adj……看起來好像…Heseemsverysad.③sb.seemtodosth.Heseemstofeelverysad.49.要某人做某事的常用句型：asksb.todo叫…做某事;asksb.nottodosth.叫…不要做某事tellsb.todo告訴…做某事;tellsb.nottodosth.告訴…不要做某事如：Theteacheraskedmetocleantheclassroom.Iwasaskedtocleantheclassroombytheteacher.“Don’tcleantheclassroom.”Theteachersaid.(改為間接引語)Theteachertoldmenottocleantheclassroom.50.表達(dá)“更喜歡……”的常用句型：①prefersth.更喜歡某事IpreferEnglish.我更喜歡英語。②preferAtoB.同…相比更喜歡A.Ipreferdogstocats.③preferdoingAtodoingB.寧愿做A而不愿干B。④likeAbetterthanB.同B相比更喜歡A⑤prefertodoAratherthandoB.同B相比更喜歡A.⑥wouldratherdoAthandoB.同B相比更喜歡A.51．“該到某人做某事的時間了”句型：①It’stime(forsb)todosth②It’stimefor+n/doing.③It’sone’sturntodosth.52．“自從…已多久”的句型①It’s+時間段+since+過去時態(tài)的從句.②Ithasbeen+時間段+since+過去時態(tài)的從句.③時間段+haspassedsince+過去時態(tài)的從句.It’sthreemonthssincehelefthishometown.=Helefthishometownthreemonthsago.=Threemonthshaspassedsincehelefthishometown.53．“the+比較級……，the+比較級……”“越……，越……”句型Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouare.你吃得越多，就越胖。54．“比較級+and+比較級”“越來越”的句型;moreandmore+多音節(jié)形容詞Hebecomesstrongerandstronger.他越來越健壯。Ourschollisgettingmoreandmorebeautiful.55.比較級前+the特例Heisthetallerofthetwo.(他是兩個當(dāng)中較高的那個，the表特指)56．＂你最好做．．．．．＂句型hadbetter+dosth＂你最好．．．．＂hadbetternot+dosth“你最好不．．．＂57．“問路”的句型①thewaytothe……?②Can\CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothe……?③howtogettothe……?④whichisthewaytothe……?⑤wherethe---is?58.“……出毛病了，怎么了”的句型,句中的what為主語。①What’swrongwithsb\sth?②What’sthematterwithsb\sth?③What’sthetroublewithsth\sb?④Thereissomethingwrongwithsb\sth.=Somethingiswrongwithsb/sth.=sthisbroken.=sthdoesn’twork.59．“對事物看法如何”的句型①Whatdoyouthinkofsb\sth?②Howdoyoulikesb\sth?=Howdoyoufindsb\sth?60．“問天氣如何”的句型①What’stheweatherliketoday?②Howisthe