專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)3-造價(jià)省公開(kāi)課金獎(jiǎng)全國(guó)賽課一等獎(jiǎng)微課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

2ProjectParticipants3.1IntroductionThelifeofafacilitygoesthroughmanyphases.Itstartsoutasanidea.Theideaiscombinedwithmoney,andaprojectisborn.Theprojectisdevelopedasdrawingsandspecifications.Itisthenbuilt.Whenitiscomplete,itisturnedovertotheownersasafinishedfacilityandisoccupied,maintained,andrepairedasitagesandeventuallydies.Afacilitycanlastforhundredsofyears,buttheperiodinwhichitisactuallydesignedandbuiltisverysmall.Figure5.1illustratesadesign/build/use/disposescenarioforashoppingmall.Chapter3-Projectchronology1/55Atsomepointinitslifetimeafacilityislikelytoberenovated,eithertorenewobsoletesystemsorchangeitsuse.Forexample,duringthelate1800smanyNewEnglandmillbuildingswereconstructedtohouseagrowingmanufacturingindustry.Astheeconomychangedfrommanufacturingtoservice,thesebuildingsoutlivedtheirusefulness.Manywereboughtbydevelopersforreuseashousing.Becauseofthespanofthestructuralelementsrequiredforamilloperation,theymadeattractiveresidentialunits;andsinceoftentheywerelocatedalongariver(atransportationadvantageformovingmaterials),thesitewasalsodesirable.Chapter3-Projectchronology2/55Tobeuseashousing,however,theinteriorofthebuildingshadtobeentirelygutted.Newsystemshadtobeinstalled,thefa?adehadtoberepairedandwindowsreplaced,andtheroofingsystemhadtoberenewed.Althoughitwasnotnewconstruction,thefacilitynowbegananewlifespan.Chapter3-Projectchronology3/553.2InitiationoftheProjectAllconstructionactivityistheresultofbasiceconomicdemand.Individualconsumershaveongoingneedsforhomes,stores,roads,manufacturingplants,andsimilarfacilitiesthatprovidefood,shelter,andothergoodsandservicestomeettheneedsofdailylife.Chapter3-Projectchronology4/55Specificconstructionprojectsarisebecausecorporationsorgovernmentbodiesrecognizetheneedforfacilitiestoservethisdemandandacttocreatethem.Constructionactivitytendstofosterfurtherconstructionactivity.Forexample,alargeautomobilemanufacturingcorporationmaydecidetobuildafacilitytoassemblecarsinaregionthatwillprovidegoodtransportationoptions.Chapter3-Projectchronology5/55Homebuildersrecognizethatthisregionislikelytogrowinpopulationandthattheworkersneededforthemanufacturingplantwillbeshoppingforshelterhere.Atthesametime,grocerychains,departmentstores,gasstations,andotherretailbusinessesrecognizethatconsumerswillneedservicesoncetheymovein.Governmentagenciesrecognizethattherewillbeaneedfornewschools,newroads,andnewutilities.Chapter3-Projectchronology6/55Recognizingneedsisthefirststep,buttheremustbeawaytomovefromrecognitiontoreality.Theanswerliesintheeconomicstructureofthecountry.Privatecorporationsareconstantlysearchingfornewopportunitiestoinvestprofitsfrompreviousbusinessventure-opportunitiesthatinturnresultinexpansionofbusinessactivity.Demographicandmarketanalysesareusedtoforecastfuturegrowthareasinthecountry.Opportunities,onceidentified,arefinancedandthenprojectsinitiated.Sincealmostallbusinessactivityneedsafacilityfromwhichtooperate,constructionisadirectresultoftheincreasedbusinessactivity.Chapter3-Projectchronology7/55Asbusinessesincrease,populationsgrowtoworkinthem.Becausethesepeoplemusttraveltowork,roadsandothertransportationmodesbecomenecessary.Ashousesarebuilt,sewage,water,andotherutilityinfrastructureaccompanythem.Schools,libraries,andotherpublicfacilitiesarealsoneeded.Thesefacilitiesarefundedwithpublicmoneythatcomesmostlyfromtaxespaidbythebusinessesthatmoveinandtheworkerswhobuilthomes.Chapter3-Projectchronology8/553.3FeasibilityAnalysisBeforedecidingtoinvestinaspecificarea,aninvestorwantstobereasonablysurethatheorshewillseeanadequatereturnonthespecificproductorservicesproducedforthatenvironment.Therefore,beforeanyseriousmoneyiscommitted,analysisisusuallyperformedtoexaminetheproposedinvestmentformseveralstandpoints.Chapter3-Projectchronology9/55First,theremustbeademandforthespecificserviceorproduct.Anexampleissingle-familyhomes.Generally,intimesofexpandingbusinessactivity,thereisalsoanincreaseinthedemandforsingle-familyhomes.However,iftheareainquestionwasrecentlyineconomicrecession,itmayhaveanoversupplyofexistinghousingandthereforelittledemandfornewhomes.Anydeveloperwillexaminenotonlytheissueofoveralleconomicactivitybutalsothespecifictypeofprojectandspecificenvironmentalfactorstoensurethathomesbuiltwillsell.Chapter3-Projectchronology10/55Second,thecostofactualconstructionmustbetakenintoaccount.Intimeofeconomicexpansion,costsalsoincrease.Thepriceofmaterialssuchaslumberorbrickmayincreasebecausethelocalsupplierhastroublekeepingenoughtomeetanincreaseddemand.Thesuppliermayhavetobuyfromothergeographicareaswherepricesarehigher.Thiscostispassedontothebuilder.economicexpansion經(jīng)濟(jì)膨脹geographic地理學(xué)上地域Chapter3-Projectchronology11/55Theremayalsobeashortageonskilledlabor,whichmeansimportinglabororusingless-skilledlabor.Eitherway,bothcostsandrisktotheprojectincrease.Suchfactorscouldmakeittoocostlytoconstructafacilityandstillrealizeareasonablereturnoninvestment.skilledlabor技工Chapter3-Projectchronology12/55Third,thecostofmoneyitselfcanbeakeyfactor.Mostconstructionprojectsuseborrowedmoney.Ifinterestratesarehigh,thenthecostofservicingtheinvestor’sdebtmaymakethereturnoninvestmenttoolow.Theinvestorsmayelecttoputtheirmoneyintoanothertypeofinvestment.borrowedmoney借入資本returnoninvestment投資酬勞率，投資利潤(rùn)率Chapter3-Projectchronology13/55Finally,thetimingoftheprojectcanbeveryimportant.Constructionprojectsofteninvolvelongperiodsoftimebetweenconceptionandcompletion.Duringthisinterimperiod,whichcansometimesbeseveralyears,theanticipatedmarketscanchangeradically.Sometimes,iftheinvestorislucky,thischangecanbeforthebetter;butjustaslikelyitcanbefortheworse.Radically根本上，徹底地interim暫時(shí)，暫時(shí)forthebetter好轉(zhuǎn)fortheworse惡化Chapter3-Projectchronology14/55Duringtheearlyanalysisstage,theowneroftenconsultswitharchitectsandconstructionprofessionals.Architectsprovideearlyadvice,andconstructionprofessionalsoffercostandconstructabilityadvice.Theiradvicehelpsanownermakeamoreinformeddecisionaboutthefeasibilityofaspecificproject.Costisofparticularconcernsincemostprojectsfailfromaneconomicstandpoint.Oncethiselements-marketneed,costofconstruction,financingcosts,andtimetomarket-havebeenanalyzed,adecisionwillbemadetogoforwardortocanceltheconstructionoftheproject.Constructability施工能力informeddecision知情決議financingcosts財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用timetomarket上市時(shí)間Chapter3-Projectchronology15/55Untilconstructionactuallybegins,aprojectmayhavemanygo/nogodecisionpoints.Thedecisiononfeasibilityisoneofthefirstmajorones-thetimewhenmany,ifnotmost,projectsdonotgoforward.Manyareanalyzedandfoundtofallshortwhentherateofreturniscalculated.Investorssimplymoveontomorelucrativeprojects.decisionpoints決議點(diǎn)fallshort不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Lucrative有利可圖，盈利Chapter3-Projectchronology16/553.4FinancingIftheprojectgetspastthefirsthurdleofprofitabilityfortheinvestor,theownermustnextlineupfinancialbackingforsomeofthework.Althoughinvestorswalkintoprojectswithsomemoney,mostareunabletofund100percentofthework.Commonly,theinitialinvestoracquiresoutsidefundstosupplementhisorherown.Adevelopermightborrowfrombanksoraninsurancecompanyorinviteoutsideinvestorstoshareinfutureprofits.hurdle欄桿，障礙supplement補(bǔ)充Chapter3-Projectchronology17/55Acorporationwishingtobuildafactorycouldborrowfromabankorselladditionalstocksorbonds.Whateverthesourceofadditionalfunds,otherindividualsorfirmsdecidetolendorinvestfundsbasedontheirownexpectationofreturnoninvestment.They,too,mustbesatisfiedthattheprojectwillreturntheirinitialinvestmentplussupportareasonablerateofreturnontheirmoney.Whatmightlooklikeasignificantopportunitytoadevelopermayseemtooriskyintheeyesofabanker.Ifthedeveloperandthelenderarenotoflikemind,thentheprojectisindangerofbeingcanceled.intheeyesof在…看來(lái)Chapter3-Projectchronology18/553.5DesignoftheProjectIftheownerdecidestoproceedatthispoint,heorshetypicallyhiresadesignprofessional.Iftheownerelectstoproceedusingconstructionmanagementmodes,thenheorshenowchoosesaconstructionprofessionalaswell.Theconstructionprofessionalprovidescost,schedule,andconstructionadvicethroughoutthedesignprocess.Proceed繼續(xù)進(jìn)行constructionmanagementmodes施工管理模式Chapter3-Projectchronology19/55Designisusuallydividedintodistinctstagessothattheownercanreviewtheprocessatmilestonepointsalongtheway.Forconvenience,thediscussionofthedesignstageswillbebasedonbuildingconstruction.Milestone里程碑Forconvenience為了方便起見(jiàn)Chapter3-Projectchronology20/553.5.1Programming規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)Aprogramisawrittenstatementoftherequirementofthebuilding.Itisthebasisofthedesign.Theprogramdescribesthespacesneeded,theservicesrequiredinthosespacesandtherelationshipsofthefunctionstobeperformedinthebuilding.Itcanbewrittenbytheowneroruserofthebuilding,bythearchitect,orbyaprofessionalhiredespeciallyforhisorherexpertiseinprogramming.Whateverthemeans,thekeytotheprogramisextensiveinvolvementoftheuserbecausethisiswhereuniqueandspecificrequirementsarewrittendown.writtenstatement書(shū)面申明Chapter3-Projectchronology21/55Thenatureoftheprogrammingprocessdependsontwothings:thesophisticationoftheownerandthecomplexityoftheproposedfacility.Ownersvaryconsiderablyintheirdegreeofunderstandingaboutthebuildingprocess.Thosewhorarelybuildarenotveryknowledgeableandneedagreatdealofassistanceastheprogramisdeveloped.Theprofessionalhiredforthistaskneedstoeducatetheownerabouttheimportanceofcertaininformationandmustensurethatallthatinformationisgatheredandincorporatedintotheprogram.Proposed被提議knowledgeable知識(shí)淵博Chapter3-Projectchronology22/55Regardlessoftheowner’slevelofsophistication,however,thecomplexityoftheprojectitselfcandeterminehowtheprogrammingneedstobeaccomplished.Withverycomplexprojects,itisnecessarytodevotemoretimeandresourcestoprogrammingtoensurethatanaccuratedepictionoftheneedsandfunctionsofthefacilityareincorporated.Insuchcases,aprofessionalwhospecializesinthatparticulartypeoffacilitymaybehiredtocompletetheprogram.Depiction描寫(xiě)，敘述Chapter3-Projectchronology23/55Ifaconstructionprofessionalhasbeenengaged,heorsheisprovidingearlycostestimates,earlyschedules,andadviceonconstructability.Atthisstagetheownerusesorderofmagnitudeorsquarefootestimatestofurthercheckthefinancialfeasibilityoftheproject.orderofmagnitude數(shù)量級(jí)squarefoot平方英尺financialfeasibility財(cái)務(wù)可行性Chapter3-Projectchronology24/55Costsarealsoconsideredatthisstageinrelationshiptotheschedule.Sinceborrowedmoneyisfrequentlyusedtopayforconstruction,interestcostsbecomeafactorthroughouttheprocess.Participantsareawareofthedailycostofinterestthataccumulatesrelentlessly.Delaysofanysortaddtotheburdenofthiscost,requiringallprojectparticipantstoexpeditetheirworkasmuchaspossiblewhilemaintaininganecessarylevelofdesignquality.interestcosts利息費(fèi)用relentlessly無(wú)情地，殘酷地Chapter3-Projectchronology25/55Whenprogrammingiscomplete,theownerhasinformationabouttheneededsizeoftheprojectinrelationtotherequirementsoftheusers;themechanical,electrical,andplumbingsystems;verticalandhorizontalcirculation;andpublicareas.Usually,anestimateandscheduleareproducedtogivetheownerpreliminaryinformationthatcanbecheckedagainsttheinitialprojections.Usingtheinformationgainedatthisstage,theownermaychoosetoproceedortocanceltheproject.verticalandhorizontalcirculation水平垂直流通publicareas公共區(qū)域checkagainst檢驗(yàn)，查對(duì)Chapter3-Projectchronology26/553.5.2SchematicDesign方案設(shè)計(jì)Oncetheprogramiscompleteandtheownerhasdecidedtoproceed,thedesignerbeginsactualdesignoftheproject.Theprocessbeginswiththeschematicdesign-thestageinwhichthedesignerdefinesthebuilding’scharacteristicsinnumberofways.Chapter3-Projectchronology27/55Beforeschematicdesignbegins,theownerselectsasiteforthebuildings.Siteinvestigationsdonebytheownergivethedesignerinformationaboutsoilconditionsandmakeupthatinlargepartdeterminethetypeoffoundationandstructurepossiblefortheparticularsite.Thearchitectdevelopspreliminaryfloorplansthatreflecttherelationshipsofthevariousfunctionalareastooneanother.Sitingandlocationofthebuildingaredeterminedaswellasitsvisualform.Preliminarydecisionsregardingstructural,environmental,andothersystemsaremadeandoutlinespecificationsdeveloped.Siteinvestigations現(xiàn)場(chǎng)調(diào)查soilconditionsandmakeup土質(zhì)和組成floorplans樓面布置圖Siting選址outlinespecifications簡(jiǎn)明規(guī)范Chapter3-Projectchronology28/55Duringthisstageseveraloptionsareoftenpursued.Sometimestheownerdoesnotseealloftheseoptions.Thearchitect’sdesignteamgeneratesmanyalternativesandrejectsmanybeforetheyaredevelopedintomaterialspresentedtotheowner.Thistypicalpartofthedesignprocesshelpsthearchitectfindthebestdesignsolutionamongmanypossiblealternatives.Usually,twoorthreealternativessurvivetheprocess,whicharepresentedtotheownerforconsideration.Chapter3-Projectchronology29/55Iftheconstructionprofessionalscontinuetheirinvolvementduringthisstage,theymaydevelopearlyconceptualestimatesfortheowner.Theiradviceregardingconstructionfeasibilityoftheproposeddesignoptionshelpsidentifymaterialthatmaybedifficulttoobtaininthecurrentmarketplaceanditemsthatwillneedtobepurchasedearlybecauseoftheleadtimeneededforfabricationanddelivery.conceptualestimates概念性估價(jià)leadtime提前期Chapter3-Projectchronology30/55Whentheschematicdesigniscomplete,theownerisagainfacedwiththedecisiontoproceedfurtherortocanceltheproject.Atthistime,allinformationdevelopedtodate-marketinformation,financingcosts,constructioncosts,anddesign-arefactoredintothedecision.Ifallelementsstillindicateafavorableprojectfromaninvestmentstandpointandifthearchitect’sdesignmeetstheowner’sprogramandaestheticcriteria,thentheprojectproceedstothenextstageofdesign.factored作為原因考慮Chapter3-Projectchronology31/553.5.3DesignDevelopment設(shè)計(jì)深化Whentheprojectteamentersdesigndevelopment,itpursuesasingledesignconcept.Thepurposeofthisstageistorefinethedesignandobtaindetailedinformationfromtheusersabouttheirrequirements.designconcept設(shè)計(jì)理念refine優(yōu)化Chapter3-Projectchronology32/55Duringthisphase,theowner,thearchitect,and(ifapplicable)theconstructionprofessionalfinalizethedesignofthemajorbuildingsystems-forexample,structural,plumbing,elevator,roofing,mechanical,exteriorfa?ade,electrical.Specialtyconsultantsareoftenaskedtodesignthesesystemsandareusuallycoordinatedbythearchitect,whoensuresthattheirworkisconsistentwiththeintentofthedesign.Applicable適當(dāng)beconsistentwith與…一致Chapter3-Projectchronology33/55Locationofmechanicalductwork,thetypeofheatingandcoolingsystems,thesizeandtypeofelevatorsystems:allmustbecarefullycoordinatedwithhowtheoccupantsexpecttousethespaceandwhatthearchitectvisuallyintends.Conversationswithusersduringthisphasecenteraroundhowmanytypeofcomputerworkstationsareneededintheoffices,whatspecialservicesareneededforspecificequipment,andsoon.Occupant居住者，購(gòu)置者，租賃者visually外表上centeraround以…為中心workstation工作站specialservices特殊服務(wù)Chapter3-Projectchronology34/55Asinalltheotherphasesofprojectdevelopment,costestimatesarerefigured.Theestimatesdoneatthispointareprobablythemostimportantofthejobbecausethereisnowsufficientinformationtogeneraterealnumbersfromrealsubcontractors.Theseestimatesarethefirstmarkettestofthedesign.Asaresult,theygivetheowneragreaterdegreeofcertaintyaboutthefinalcostoftheproject.Onceagain,heorsheisfacedwithdecidingwhethertogoforwardortoabandontheproject.refigure重新描述costestimates成本估算Chapter3-Projectchronology35/55Thelikelihoodthatitwillbecanceleddiminishesastheprocessgoesforward.Iftheearlyphasesweresufficientlythorough,thegrosscostsandscopeoftheprojectshouldbeknown.Barringasignificantchangeintheowner’sneedsorchangesintheconditionsofthejob,informationshouldbuilduponitselfandbecomeincreasinglyrefined.Thereshouldbenosurprisesbigenoughtocausetheprojecttobeabandoned.grosscosts總造價(jià)Barring除非buildupon依賴(lài)，建立于Chapter3-Projectchronology36/553.5.4ConstructionDocumentsAtthislaststageofdesign,thearchitectcreatesthefinalworkingconstructiondocumentusedtobidthejobforconstructionandtobuildthejobinthefield.Thesedocumentsareparticularlyimportantbecausetheyrepresenttheworkasitwillbeactuallyconstructed.constructiondocument施工文件Chapter3-Projectchronology37/55Theyshouldmeettheprogramcriteriadeterminedduringtheprogrammingstage,reflectthedesignasagreeduponattheschematicphase,andrefineallthedetailedworkthatwentintothedesigndevelopmentphase.Ifthedocumentswaverfromanyoftheseagreed-uponcriteria,problemsmayensureduringconstructionthatcouldcosttheownermoneyandtime.agreedupon同意，約定waver猶豫，動(dòng)搖Chapter3-Projectchronology38/553.6ProcurementProcurementisdefinedastheoverallprocessoffindingandpurchasingthematerialscalledforinthecontractandhiringthebestsubcontractorstobuildtheproject.Theconstructiondocuments,bothspecificationsanddrawings,mustbeaccurateandmustclearlycommunicatetothebiddersthescopeofworkasprogrammedbytheowner.Procurement采購(gòu)Chapter3-Projectchronology39/55Thefirsttaskistohirethemanysubcontractorswhowillactuallyerectandassembletheproject.Thiscanbedoneinseveralways,dependingonthecontractualarrangementchosen.Inthetraditionalcontractingmode,theowner,withthearchitect’sassistance,requestsbidsfromalistofqualifiedcontractors.Contractorsandtheirsubcontractorspreparetheirbestestimateofwhattheybelievetheprojectwillcostthemtocomplete.erect建造alistof一系列qualifiedcontractor有資格承包商Chapter3-Projectchronology40/55Thiscostissubmittedtotheownerandthearchitectwithinaspecifiedamountoftime.Afterevaluatingcompetingbids,theownerentersintoacontractforconstruction.Intheconstructionmanagementmode,theprojectdocumentsaredividedintobidpackages,whicharelogicalsubdivisionsofworkbasedontypicalcontractorspecializations;forexample,thestructural,electrical,andplumbingworkareeachbidonseparately.Boththearchitectandtheconstructionmanagerhelptheownerevaluatethesebids.Intheircase,theowner’staskistofindthebestandleastcostlycontractingfirmtodotheworkinthefield.besubmittedto被提交給evaluatebid評(píng)標(biāo)bidpackages標(biāo)段subdivisions細(xì)分bidon投標(biāo)，出價(jià)Chapter3-Projectchronology41/55Sometimestheownermustpurchaseequipmentormaterialsbeforeacontractorarehiredtodothework.Suchmaterialsareknownaslong-leaditemsandareusuallypurchasedearlybecausetheytakealongertimetobefabricatedthantheconstructionscheduleallowfor.Duringdesigndevelopment,theseitemsareoftenidentified.Theownercaneitherpurchasethemdirectlyorusetheservicesofaconstructionmanagerwhoisskilledinprocuringsuchitems.Whenacontractorishired,long-leaditemsareusuallyassignedtohimorherforcoordinationandinstallation.long-lead長(zhǎng)生產(chǎn)周期constructionschedule施工進(jìn)度beskilledin精通于Chapter3-Projectchronology42/553.7ConstructionOncetheprocurementprocesshasbeencompleted,constructionoftheprojectcanbegin.Themainelementinvolvedinconstructionisthetaskofmanagingandcoordinatingthefieldoperations.Thismeansschedulingthecrewsinthepropersequence,choosingthemostofefficientandsafeconstructiontechniquesandmethods,anddirectingtheproductionprocessforthebuildingactivities.Toaccomplishthistask,theconstructionprofessionalmustorderthecorrectmaterials,ensureanadequatesupplyofthenecessarytoolsandequipment,andmonitorschedule,cost,andquality.fieldoperations施工作業(yè)productionprocess生產(chǎn)流程Chapter3-Projectchronology43/55Aparticulartaskisthecontractadministration.Thisjob-thepaperworkoftheproject-requiresmorethansimplerecordkeeping.Itinvolvescontrollingchangestothescopeoftheproject,accountingforpaymentsandothercoststoensureadequatefinancialcontrol,maintainingworkschedules,keepingtrackofallcontractdocumentation,andmonitoringquality-controltasks.Contractadministrationisateameffort,involvingtheconstructionmanager,thedesigner,andtheowner;anditoftenrequiresmeetingsandotherformsofcommunicationtodealwithproblemsquicklyandeffectivelysothattheprojectcanremainonschedule.contractadministration協(xié)議管理financialcontrol財(cái)務(wù)控制keeptrackof統(tǒng)計(jì)onschedule按時(shí)Chapter3-Projectchronology44/553.8TurnoverandStartup移交和開(kāi)啟Afteractualconstructioniscomplete,theprojectmustbeturnedovertotheownerforuseduringtherestofitseconomiclife.Oftenthisturnoverinvolvescomplicatedtechnicalissuesandproblems.Forexample,thestartupofabuilding’smechanicalandotherenvironmentalsystemscaninvolvemuchtestingofpiping,ductwork,machinery,andothercomponents,bothindividuallyandasatotalsystem.economiclife經(jīng)濟(jì)壽命testing檢測(cè)totalsystem綜合系統(tǒng)Chapter3-Projectchronology45/55Thisprocessisneverwithoutcomplicationsandcanoftenbeoneofthemoreintensestagesofcreatingaproject.Itmustalsobedoneinconjunctionwiththeowner’semployees,whowillbetheultimateoperatorsofthefacility.Commonly,theinstallingcontractortrainstheuser’personnelintheoperationandmaintenanceofthemorecomplexsystems.Arrangementsforsuchtrainingmustbecoordinatedduringthisperiod.neverwithout每一必inconjunctionwith共同，連同Chapter3-Projectchronology46/55Inthecaseofuniqueequipment,itmaybenecessarytoordersparepartsthatmenmustbetagged,loggedin,andstoredinaknownlocation-ideallyinthenewfacility.Equipmentsuchaselevatorsandsystemssuchasroofswillbewarrantedbymanufacturersorinstallers.Thesecertificatesofwarrantymustberecordedsothattheemployeecanusethemwhentheneedarises.Finally,changesduringconstructionmustbedocumented.Thesefinaldocuments,whichreflecttheactualproject,arecalledas-builts.Theymustbesubmittedincompleteandusableformtotheenduser.spareparts備件，配件tag附以標(biāo)簽,login注冊(cè)warranted確保as-builts完工，完工Chapter3-Projectchronology47/55Turnoverisalsoalegalprocessduringwhichthebuildingbecomesthelegalpropertyandresponsibilityoftheowner.Thisinvolvesobtainingvariouslegalcertifications,suchasthecertificateofoccupancyandthecertificateofsubstantialcompletion,bothofwhichrepresentlegalandpracticalmilestonesthatarespelledoutintheoriginalcontractsforconstruction.legalprocess法律手續(xù)certificateofoccupancy占用證certificateofsubstantialcompletion實(shí)質(zhì)完工證實(shí)originalcontract協(xié)議正本Chapter3-Projectchronology48/55Theprocessisoftenlongandtediousasmanydocumentspassbackandforthamongtheparties.Examplesofsuchdocumentsincludeinsurancecertificates,inspectionreports,completedchangeorders,andvarioustypesofwaiversthatprojectallthepartiesafterthecontractualrelationshipisseveredattheendoftheproject.backandforth重復(fù)地，往返地insurancecertificates保險(xiǎn)憑證inspectionreports檢測(cè)匯報(bào)