高考英語二輪復習第1板塊專題1閱讀理解第3節(jié)五類題材集訓學案（含解析）

第3節(jié)五類題材集訓題材一廣告宣傳類考查要點方法技巧1.廣告宣傳的目的。2．廣告中提及的時間、地點、人物。3．所介紹的事物、產品的特征。4．所宣傳的活動、項目的內容及其作用。1.瀏覽標題，了解大意。2．找準關鍵詞、關鍵句，把握住細節(jié)。3．通過分析、對比，篩選出可用信息。A篇(2018·石家莊市模擬)InterestingExhibitionsHeldinFourDifferentMuseums◆Name:theBritishPhone：020－7323－8000Website：Openinghours：daily10a．m.－5：30p．m.Price:FreeThisexhibitionaimstoshowthemysteriesofmummification(干尸化)．Fromaking'sdaughtertoatempledoorkeeper，thedisplaysexploretheidentitiesofeightpeople，usingtheirbodiestodiscovercluesabouthowtheylived.Byusingnewmethods，suchasCTscanningand3Dvisualization，theBritishMuseumhasbeenabletobuildupapictureoflifeintheNilevalleyover4,000years，fromprehistoricEgypttoChristianSudan.◆Name：theFashionandTextilePhone：020－7407－8664Website：Openinghours:daily11a．m.－5:30p．m.Price:￡8.80adults，￡5.50studentsThisFashionandTextileMuseumishousingthefirst-everexhibitionoftheclassicMexicanshawl(披肩)，whichbecamefamousinthe20thcentury.Artists，photographersandfashionandtextiledesignerswillbeexhibitingtheircolorfulworksthere.◆Name：theVictoriaandAlbertPhone：020－7942－2000Openinghours：daily10a．m.－5：45p．m.；Fri.10a．m.－10p．m.Price：FreeTheVictoriaandAlbertMuseumhasdugoutsomeoftheirmostcharmingweddingdressestorecordtheirhistoryduringthepasttwocenturies.WhiteweddingdressesweremadepopularbyQueenVictoriainthenineteenthcentury.Seebeautifulweddingdressesmadebyfamousdesigners.◆Name：theSciencePhone：020－7942－4000Openinghours:daily10a．m.－6p．m.Price:FreeThisfour-dayfestivaldisplaysthelatestexcitinggadgetsandintroducestheirinventors.Visitorscanexploreelectronics,buildrobots，gethands-onexperienceswithnewtechnologiesandhaveagoat3Dprinting.Therewillbedisplaystakingplacethroughoutthefestival，whichissuitableforanyoneagedtenandover.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇應用文。文章介紹了四個英國博物館的展覽，包括博物館的聯系電話、網址、展出時間、票價，重點介紹了展覽的內容和特色。1．Whichnumberwouldyoucallifyou'reinterestedinexploringhistorywithmoderntechnologies?A．020－7323－8000. B．020－7407－8664.C．020－7942－2000. D．020－7942－4000.A[考查細節(jié)理解。根據題干關鍵詞“exploringhistorywithmoderntechnologies”定位至第一部分最后一句“Byusingnewmethods，suchasCTscanningand3Dvisualization，theBritishMuseumhasbeenabletobuildupapictureoflifeintheNilevalleyover4,000years，fromprehistoricEgypttoChristianSudan”，據此可知，大英博物館的這一次展出使用CT掃描、三維可視化等高科技手段探索四千年以來的尼羅河河谷生活風貌；根據聯系電話可知A項正確。]2．Whichmuseumcanyouvisitifyouarefreeat8p．m.onFriday?A．TheBritishB．TheFashionandTextileC．TheVictoriaandAlbertD．TheScienceC[考查細節(jié)理解。根據題干關鍵詞“at8p．m.onFriday”定位至每個展覽的時間介紹；根據第三部分中的“Openinghours：daily10a．m.－5：45p．m.；Fri.10a．m.－10p．m.”可知，該博物館在周五從上午十點到晚上十點都有展出；據此可知，在周五晚上八點可以去維多利亞和阿爾伯特博物館，故C項正確。]3．WhatcanwelearnabouttheScienceA．Theexhibitionwilllastaweek.B．ItdisplaysCTscanningtechnology.C．Visitorsthemselvescantrynewtechnologies.D．Moreinformationcanbefoundatvam.ac.uk.C[考查細節(jié)理解。根據最后一部分第二句“Visitorscanexploreelectronics，buildrobots，gethands-onexperienceswithnewtechnologiesandhaveagoat3Dprinting”可知，游客們可以探索電子設備、制造機器人、體驗新技術、嘗試3D打印技術；據此可知，游客可以自己嘗試新技術，故C項正確。]B篇(2018·東北三省四市聯合模擬)EPPortableHeaterWeallknowthatthecostofheatingourhomeswillcontinuetobeasignificantburdenonthefamilybudget.NowmillionsofpeoplearesavingontheirheatingbillswiththeEPportableheater.WithoveronemillionsatisfiedcustomersaroundtheworldthenewEPheatsbetterandfaster，savesmoreonheatingbillsandrunsalmostsilent.TheEPhasnoexposedheatingpartsthatcancauseafire.TheoutsideoftheEPonlygetswarmtothetouchsothatitwillnotburnchildrenorpets.TheEPwillnotreduceoxygenintheroom.Withotherheatersyou'llnoticethatyougetsleepywhentheheatcomesonbecausetheyareburningupoxygen.TheadvancedEPalsoheatstheroomevenly,walltowallandfloortoceiling.Itcomfortablycoversanareaupto350squarefeet.Otherheatersheatroomsunevenlywithmostoftheheatconcentratedtothecenteroftheroom.Andtheyonlyheatanareaafewfeetaroundtheheater.WiththeEP，thetemperaturewillnotvaryinanypartoftheroom.TheEPcomeswitha3-yearwarranty(保修)anda60-day,noquestionsasked，satisfactionguarantee.Ifyouarenottotallysatisfied，returnitatourexpenseandyourmoneywillbegivenbacktoyou.Nowwehaveaspecialofferfor10days，duringwhichyoucanenjoyahalfpricediscountandafreedelivery.Ifyouorderafterthatwereservetherighttoeitheracceptorrejectorderrequestsatthediscountedprice.Takeactionrightnow!【語篇解讀】無可比擬的高強性能，無與倫比的優(yōu)質服務，無法想象的優(yōu)惠價格，一款新型便攜式加熱器驚艷亮相！機不可失，時不再來，心動不如行動，此時不買，更待何時？4．WhatismainlydiscussedinParagraph2?A．TheheatoftheEP.B．ThesafetyoftheEP.C．TheappearanceoftheEP.D．ThematerialoftheEP.B[考查段落主旨。本段提到這種加熱器沒有可以引起火災的外露部件，它的外部不會燒傷孩子或寵物，由此可知本段主要討論的是這種加熱器的安全性。]5．FromthepassagewecanlearnthattheEP.A．doesn'tburnupoxygenB．runswithoutanynoiseC．makespeoplegetsleepyD．isunsuitableforchildrenandpetsA[考查推理判斷。第三段第一句提到這種加熱器不會減少室內的氧氣，下一句提到其他的加熱器會因燃燒掉氧氣而讓你感到昏昏欲睡，由此可推斷出這種加熱器不消耗氧氣，也不會讓人昏昏欲睡，故A項正確，C項錯誤；根據第一段最后一句中的“runsalmostsilent”可判斷出B項不正確；根據第二段的最后一句可知D項錯誤。故選A。]6．Theunderlinedword“evenly”inParagraph4probablymeans.A．continuously B．separatelyC．quickly D．equallyD[考查詞義猜測。本段提到這種先進的加熱器的覆蓋面積多達350平方英尺，而其他的加熱器的大部分熱量只集中在房屋的中央，再結合本段最后一句的內容可推測出這種加熱器可以把熱量“均衡”地散發(fā)到房間中，故選D。]7．Themainpurposeofthepassageisto.A．persuadepeopletobuytheproductB．advisepeopletosaveonheatingbillsC．reportthenewdevelopmentofportableheatersD．comparethefunctionsofdifferentheaterbrandsA[考查寫作意圖。文章先是敘述了這種加熱器的種種優(yōu)點，接著提到了優(yōu)質服務和價格折扣，再結合最后一段中的內容可知，本文意在勸說人們購買這種產品。]C篇(2018·東莞市質檢)BORDERCROSSINGSWhiletherearenorestrictionsontheamountofmoneythatyoucanbringacrosstheborder,youmustreporttoboththeUSandCanadianborderservicesamountsequaltoorgreaterthan$10,000.PERSONALEXEMPTIONS(免稅)ONPURCHASESAMERICANSRETURNINGTOTHEU．S.Lessthan48hours：U.S.$20048hoursormore：U.S.$800duty-freepersonalexemption.nextU．S.$1,000at3%Includingupto100cigarsand100cigarettes.CANADIANSRETURNINGTOCANADALessthan24hours:CAN$5048hoursormore:CAN$400Includingupto100cigarsand200cigarettes.7daysormore:CAN$750Includingupto100cigarsand200cigarettes.DOCUMENTATIONNEEDEDFORBORDERCROSSINGLANDORSEATOTHEUS(INCLUDINGFERRIES)Avalidpassportorpassportcard,oraNEXUScard.(ANEXUScardisaTrustedTravelerProgramthatprovidesquicktravelforpre-approved，lowrisktravelersthroughspeciallanes.)ArecentWashingtonState,Note:Children15yearsofageandyoungerrequireonlyabirthcertificateorcopy.(Certifiedcopiesarenotrequiredbutareadvised.)AIRTRAVELTOTHEU．S.Avalidpassport,anAirNEXUScard,oraU．S.CoastGuardMerchantMarineDocument.【語篇解讀】本文屬于廣告類短文，主要介紹了過邊境時所要注意的諸多事項。8．IfaCanadianwhoisona7-daytriptoNewYorkbuysCAN$800worthofgoods,howmuchshouldhepaytaxonwhenreturninghome?A．CAN$800. B．CAN$750.C．CAN$400. D．CAN$50.D[考查細節(jié)理解。根據文中CanadiansReturningToCanada的要求7daysormore：CAN$750Includingupto100cigarsand200cigarettes.$750CAN是免稅的，剩余的50加元的東西要交關稅。]9．ForanAmericancitizenona2-daytourofCanada,howmuchtaxdoeshehavetopayonU．S.$1,600worthofpurchaseswhenreturningtotheU．S.?A．U.S.$24. B．U.S.$48.C．U.S.$52. D．U.S.$200.A[考查細節(jié)理解。根據文中AmericansReturningTotheUS的要求，$800US的物品可免稅，而由next$1,000USat3%可知除800以外的到1000以內的物品需交3%的關稅，800×3%＝24。]10．Whatdocumentationshouldacouplewitha7-year-oldchildcarrywhentheydriveacarfromCanadatoAmerica?A．Adriver'slicense,anAirNEXUScard,andabirthcertificate.B．AnAirNEXUScard,aU．S.CoastGuardMerchantMarineDocumentandabirthcertificate.C.Twovalidpassportcardsandacertifiedcopyofabirthcertificate.D．ANEXUScard,aU．S.CoastGuardMerchantMarineDocument,andacertifiedcopyofabirthcertificate.C[考查細節(jié)理解。根據題目中theydriveacarfromCanadatoAmerica，用排除法可排除兩項A，B，而D錯在acertifiedcopy。]1.mysteryn.神秘2.identityn.身份3.charmingadj.迷人的，有魅力的4.significantadj.意義重大的5.budgetn.預算6.squareadj.平方的7.concentratev.聚焦于8.bordern.邊境9.restrictionn.限制10.certificaten.證書題材二社會文化類考查要點方法技巧1.人們工作、學習、社交的方式及其影響。2．社會生活中所遇到的各種機遇和挑戰(zhàn)。3．中西文化差異以及社會文化現象。特別是傳承優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化。4．文化教育的發(fā)展、特點和功能。5．價值觀、道德觀、風俗習慣的形成。1.抓住文章的內在邏輯關系，理清脈絡，把握文章的結構。2．定位關鍵信息詞，運用歸納概括等方法得出文章的主題。3．明確事情的前因后果，推知文章的寓意。4．要有多元文化意識和國際視野，不能按照自己的傳統(tǒng)來理解其他地區(qū)的文化。A篇(2018·合肥市質檢)Intoday'ssociety,languageplaysakeyroleindefininggender(性別)byvocabulary，andalsothenon-verbal(非語言的)vocabulary.Eachoneofthesedifferenttypesofwaysofcommunicatingisobviouslydifferentbetweenmenandwomen.Manydifferentstudiesshowthatmentendtotalkmuchmorethanwomen.Ithasalsobeenproventhatwomentendtospeakfasterthanmen；thisisduetothefactthatwomentendtobeinterruptedmoreoftenthanmenare,andalsohavetheabilitytospeakmoreclearly，precisely，andmorequicklythanmen.Inonestudyitwasfoundthatwomenspokeforanaverageofthreeminutesdescribingapainting,asopposedtothethirteen-minuteaverageittookmentodescribeit.Menandwomenalsotendtohaveaverydifferentnon-verbalwayofcommunicating，whichcanalsomakeitveryhardforoneanothertounderstandwhattheoppositesexistryingtosay.Men'sbodylanguageismuchmorereservedwhentheyaretalkingtowomen.Mentendnottomakeasmucheyecontactandtheygenerallystayfartherawayfromwomenwhentalkingtothem.Menavoidotherpeople'sbodyspacewhiletalking，andtheyalsotendtositbackwhentalking.Allofthesehavegivenofftheimpressionofdisinterestorboredom.Womenarebyfarbetterlistenersandmuchmoreenjoyabletotalkwithandtheytendtoraisemoretopicsforconversation.Womenalsomakeitclearerwhetherornottheconversationisgoingsomewhereorjuststuckinneutral.Afterlearningaboutourstylesofcommunicatingwitheachother，Ihavedecidedthatalthoughmenhavenotquitemasteredcommunicating，whatfunwoulditbeifweallspokethesame“l(fā)anguage”？Thelittlegamesmenandwomenplaywitheachotherwhileconversingwouldbelost.Thequestioneveryoneaskshimselforherselfaftertalkingwithsomeoneoftheoppositesex,“Iwonderifthere'ssomethingthere？”wouldnolongerexist.【語篇解讀】本文主要介紹了男性和女性因性別差異而導致在溝通方式上也有所不同的現象。1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this”inParagraph2referto?A．Thedifferencesbetweenmen'sandwomen'slanguages.B．Thedifferentspeedofmen'sandwomen'sspeech.C．Theabilityofmen'sandwomen'sspokenlanguage.D．Thenon-verbalvocabularyofmenandwomen.B[考查代詞指代。由this承接第二段中的“Ithasalsobeenproventhatwomentendtospeakfasterthanmen”可推知，此處的this指代女性比男性說話快的現象，故選B。]2．Inwhatwaydomenandwomendifferaccordingtothethirdparagraph?A．Speedofunderstanding.B．Understandingofspeechroles.C．Politenessofcommunication.D．Applicationofbodylanguage.D[考查推理判斷。根據第三段的整體內容，尤其是該段第二句“Men'sbodylanguageismuchmorereservedwhentheyaretalkingtowomen”可推知，本段主要講的是男性和女性在非語言表達方式上的不同，即肢體語言使用上的差異，故選D。]3．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothedifferencesbetweenmen'sandwomen'scommunication?A．Cautious. B．Favorable.C．Ambiguous. D．Skeptical.B[考查觀點態(tài)度。根據最后一段第二句和第三句“Afterlearningaboutourstylesofcommunicatingwitheachother，Ihavedecidedthatalthoughmenhavenotquitemasteredcommunicating，whatfunwoulditbeifweallspokethesame‘language’？Thelittlegamesmenandwomenplaywitheachotherwhileconversingwouldbelost”可推知，作者對男性和女性在溝通的差異性上持贊成態(tài)度，故選B。cautious“謹慎的”；favorable“贊成的”；ambiguous“模棱兩可的”；skeptical“懷疑的”。]4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Women，BornExcellentTalkersB．Men'sAndWomen'sSocialRolesC．VocabularyAndCommunicationD．OppositeGender，DifferentLanguageD[考查標題判斷。根據第一段的話題導入，并結合全文的整體內容可推知，本文主要講的是男性和女性因性別差異而導致在溝通方式上也有所不同，故選D。]B篇(2018·成都市診斷性檢測)Manyyearsagoinazoo，Iwasshockedbyfindingthatchimpanzees(黑猩猩)couldbehaveinamorecivilmannerthanyouthswhileyouthscouldbehaveworsethanthem.Greatapes(類人猿)arealwaysoneofthefavouriteattractionsinanyzoo.Themainreasonforthisisthattheyaresosimilartous.ThissimilarityhaspersuadedagroupcalledtheGreatApeProject(GAP)tocampaignfortheseanimalstobeafforded“humanrights”．ThishasresultedinlegislationinNewZealand，whichcouldmeanthatgreatapeswouldbecomethefirstanimalsintheworldwithbasicrightsprotectedbythelaw.Noteverybodyishappywiththisidea，however.Scientistsusinganimalsforscientificresearchfearthatthisisjustthefirststageinaprocessthatwillleadtoabanonusingallanimalsforresearch.TheGAPdeclarationclaimsgreatapesshouldhave“humanrights”duetoscientificevidenceabouttheirabilities.Butifwecomparetheabilitiesofhumansandgreatapes，thenwhynottheabilitiesofgreatapesandmonkeys，monkeysandlemurs，andsoonuntilinsectsaregranted“humanrights”?Thisisnotfoolish.Therearepeoplewithoutfundamentalhumanrights.Howlongago，forexample，didwomennothavetherighttovote?Yetanotherargumentbythosewhodon'tsupportGAPisthatthehuman-likequalitiesofthegreatapeshavebeenexaggeratedforcertainreasons，andthatthishasledpeopletoexaggeratethesimilaritiesbutignorethedifferencesbetweenhumansandothergreatapes.Inafascinatingarticleentitled“WhatItMeanstoBe98%Chimpanzee:Apes,People,andTheirGenes”,JonathanMarkspointsoutthat，althoughahumanandadaffodil(水仙花)sharecommonancestryandtheirDNAmatchesmorethan25%ofthetime，itisplainlyridiculoustoclaimthatweareone-quarterdaffodils.Hegoesontodemonstratethat，iflookedatfromoneangle，itistruethatwearephylogenetically(動植物演化史)apes,butalsofishfromphylogeneticallyanotherangle!“Doesn'tsoundquitesoprofoundnow，doesit？”【語篇解讀】本文主要討論了類人猿是否應該有人權的話題。5．WhatdoesParagraph1mainlytalkabout?A．Theexperiencewasunforgettable.B．Chimpanzeesaresimilartohumans.C．Greatapesareverypopularinthezoo.D．Animalscouldbehavebetterthanhumans.B[考查推理判斷。根據第一段內容，尤其是最后一句“Themainreasonforthisisthattheyaresosimilartous”可推知，本段主要講的是黑猩猩和人類的相似性，故選B。]6．WhichofthefollowingwouldtheGreatApeProjectmostprobablyagreewith?A．Animalsshouldbefreefromanyscientificresearch.B．NewZealandshoulddomoretoprotecttherightsofgreatapes.C．Thedifferencesbetweenhumansandgreatapeshavebeenignored.D．Greatapeshaveadequatecharacteristicstobeincludedasourequals.D[考查推理判斷。根據第二段的內容可知，由于類人猿和人類很相似，由此可以獲得類似于人的同等權利，故選D。]7．HowdoestheauthordevelophisideamainlyinParagraph5?A．Byreasoning.B．Bygivingexamples.C．Bymakingacomparison.D．Byprovidingscientificevidence.A[考查推理判斷。第五段的內容對GAP組織的觀點進行了理論上的批駁，屬于論證的方法，故選A。]8．WhatpointdoesJonathanMarkstrytomakeinhisarticle?A．Humansaremorethanone-quarterdaffodils.B．Greatapesandfisharephylogeneticallysimilar.C．Humansareassimilartofishastheyaretogreatapes.D．Being98%geneticallyidenticalmatterslessthanthought.D[考查推理判斷。根據最后兩段的內容可知，只從生物的相似性就判斷其屬性相同是一種可笑的推斷，人與其他動植物的最大差異還是在于其思想性，故選D。]1.obviouslyadv.明顯；顯而易見2.interruptv.干擾3.preciselyadv.精確地4.describev.描述5.stuckv.卡住，陷入6.civiladj.文明的，有教養(yǎng)的7.campaignv.發(fā)起……活動8.fundamentaladj.基本的，基礎的9.ignorev.忽視10.ridiculousadj.荒謬的，可笑的題材三人物故事類考查要點方法技巧1.故事的背景、經過和結局。2．人物的特征、主要經歷和功績。3．情節(jié)、人物或事件之間的關系。4．故事的前因和后果。5．作者的意圖和態(tài)度。1.理清敘事的順序，是順敘、倒敘還是插敘。2．把握事件發(fā)生的時間、空間及順序。3．理清事情發(fā)生的背景、起因、過程及結果。4．感悟人物的情感和心理活動。5．領會故事細節(jié)與主題的關系。A篇(2018·福建省質檢)Whenwasthelasttimeyoutoldsomeoneheinspiredyoutogotoworkeachmorning?TeachersatOakParkHighSchoolinKansasCity，Missouri,didjustthatthisSeptember,whentheypulledindividualstudentsoutofclassestotellthemjusthowmuchtheyappreciatedthem.Thestudents'reactions，whichwerecaptured(捕捉)onvideoandsharedonYouTube,anowviralvideowebsite，rangedfromshythankstohugsandtears.“Ihavebeenchallengedtofindastudentwhomakesmewanttocometoschooleveryday，”saidoneteacherinthevideo，“andthat'syou.”JamieMcSparin,ateacherinchargeoftheschool'sacademyprogramforat-risksophomores(二年級學生)andjuniors，posedthechallenge，writesABCNews.“Initiallywhenwepulledthekidsout，theyallthoughttheywereintrouble，”McSparintoldABCNews.“Anyteacher-studentinteractionalwaysseemstobenegative(消極的)，andthatwassomethingthatbotheredmetoo.Whetherthey'regoodkidsortroublemakersoranything，theyalwaysthoughttheywereintrouble，”shesaid.McSparinsaidshegottheideafortheprojectafterattendingaprofessionaldevelopmentworkshopthissummercalled“thepowerofpositivity”．“Iliketheideaoflettingstudentsknowtheyareappreciated，because，wedoappreciatethem.Ijustdon'tthinkwesayitenough，”shetoldlocalnewsoutletWDAF-TV.It'ssafetosaythechallengewaseffective.“Ifeelspecial，”saidoneoftheboysinthevideo.“Youshould，”saidhisteacher.“Youarespecial.”【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述了美國一所高中的老師發(fā)起一項挑戰(zhàn)，將學生單獨拉到教室外，向他們表達感激之情的故事。1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“posed”inParagraph5mean?A．Presented. B．Rejected.C．Ignored. D．Evaluated.A[考查詞義猜測。根據文章第五段和第六段可知，OakParkHighSchool的老師JamieMcSparin發(fā)起了這項挑戰(zhàn)，并參與其中。present意為“提出”，符合語境。]2．Howdidthestudentsprobablyfeelwhenpulledoutoftheclassroomatfirst?A．Nervous. B．Thrilled.C．Curious. D．Encouraged.A[考查推理判斷。根據第六段第一句中的“Initiallywhenwepulledthekidsout，theyallthoughttheywereintrouble”可知，最初把孩子們拉出來時，他們都認為他們有麻煩了。因此可推斷出起初當學生們被拉到教室外時他們感到很緊張，故本題選A。B項意為“興奮的，高興的”；C項意為“好奇的”；D項意為“受到鼓舞的”。]3．WhatinspiredMcSparintochallengetheproject?A．Thetroublecausedbystudents.B．Theneedofshootingthevideo.C．Aseminarnamed“thepowerofpositivity”．D．Aprogramrelatedtostudents'interactions.C[考查細節(jié)理解。根據第七段“McSparinsaidshegottheideafortheprojectafterattendingaprofessionaldevelopmentworkshopthissummercalled‘thepowerofpositivity’”可知，McSparin說她是在今年夏天參加了一個叫作“積極的力量”的專業(yè)發(fā)展研討會之后才有了這個想法的，故選C。C項中的seminar與原文中的workshop是同義詞，意思是“研討會”；named與原文中的called是同義詞，此處屬于同義轉化現象。]4．Whatmessagedoesthistextmainlyconvey?A．Challengeisunavoidableinlife.B．Everyoneneedstobeappreciated.C．Positivityoutweighsnegativity.D．Newsmediacontributetostudents'progress.B[考查主旨大意。根據文章內容尤其是倒數第三段的內容可知，老師將學生拉出教室，向他們表達感激之情，是因為“每個人都需要被感激”。故選B。]B篇(2018·昆明市質檢)MedhaGuptasometimesfeltworriedaboutmakingthe20-minutewalkfromthecornerwheretheschoolbusdroppedherofftoherhomeinHerndon，Va.—especiallyduringthecoldermonthsinwinter.Hermother，DivyaGuptahadasuggestion:writeanapp.Shewashalf-kidding，butMedhatookthechallengeseriously.Soshewenttowork.TheresultwasSafeTravel，anappdesignedbyMedhatohelpwalkersfeelmoresecurewhentheyaretravellingalone.UsingtheiPhone，apersoncanprogramittosendawarningtosomeoneheorshetrustsifheorshefailstoarriveatadestinationwithinacertaintime.ItwasthefirstiOSappthatMedhahadcreated.Whileshedidn'tthinkmuchaboutwhatwouldcomefromtheproject，hereffortcaughttheeyeofjudgesfortheannualCongressionalAppChallenge，whoselectedherasthewinnerforVirginia's10thDistrict.TheAppChallengeisdesignedtoencouragestudentstoconsidercareersinscience，technology，engineering，andmathbyexperimentingwithcodingandcomputerscience.WinningstudentsareinvitedtoattendareceptiononCapitolHillinAprilandalsoreceived$250inAmazonWebServicescredits.Medhasaidittookherabout40hourstodesign，programandtesttheapp.Asforhernextapp?Medha'snotcertain.Shetemporarilyhasherapp-developmentambitionsonholdbecauseshe'sbusyteachingherselfartificialintelligencetohelpdealwithimproperwordsonFacebook.Yes，sheknowsthatthereareteamsofengineersprobablydoingthesamething.Butshefiguresitcan'thurtherownpart，too.“Ifweseesomethingwrongwiththeworld，weshoulddosomethingaboutit，”shesaid.“Afterall，theonlyonestoppingusfromdoingsomethingisourselves.”【語篇解讀】本文是一篇記敘文，講述了MedhaGupta設計一款手機應用程序的故事。5．WhydidMedhaGuptafeelworried?A．Ittookalongtimetowalkhome.B．Itwascolderthaneverinwinter.C．Itwasunsafetowalkhomealone.D．Itwasdifficulttowriteanapp.C[考查細節(jié)理解。根據首段的描述，以及第三段首句“TheresultwasSafeTravel，anappdesignedbyMedhatohelpwalkersfeelmoresecurewhentheyaretravellingalone”可知，Medha有時擔心自己放學回家時的安全，由此她設計了應用程序SafeTravel，它可以使出行者獨自出行時感覺更安全，所以選項C正確。]6．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“onhold”inParagraph6mean?A．Delayed. B．Developed.C．Suspected. D．Satisfied.A[考查詞義猜測。根據畫線詞后的“...becauseshe'sbusyteachingherselfartificialintelligencetohelpdealwithimproperwordsonFacebook”(因為她正在忙著自學人工智能技術，以幫助處理Facebook上的不當言論)，同時結合畫線詞前一句“Medha'snotcertain”可推斷出她暫時把應用程序開發(fā)的目標推遲了。所以選項A正確。]7．WhatisMedha'sattitudetothechallenge?A．Curious. B．Sensitive.C．Uncertain. D．Optimistic.D[考查推理判斷。根據第二段中的“Shewashalf-kidding，butMedhatookthechallengeseriously.Soshewenttowork”可知，Medha認真地對待這個挑戰(zhàn)，并開始設計。這表明了她面對挑戰(zhàn)的樂觀態(tài)度。]8．What'sthemainideaofthetext?A．MedharegisteredfortheAppChallenge.B．MedhadesignedSafeTravelsuccessfully.C．TheAppChallengedirectsstudentshowtochoosecareers.D．Anappguideswalkershome.B[考查主旨大意。選項B的表述“MedhadesignedSafeTravelsuccessfully”能很好地概括文章主旨，文章是圍繞Medha設計手機應用程序SafeTravel展開的，講述了她設計這一應用程序的過程和由此獲得的成就。]1.inspirev.鼓舞，激勵2.rangev.在……范圍內變化3.challengev.挑戰(zhàn)4.interactionn.互動5.initiallyadv.起初，最初6.secureadj.安全的7.temporarilyadv.暫時8.artificialadj.人工的9.improperadj.不適合的10.figurev.估計；想象題材四科普知識類考查要點方法技巧1.科學現象、概念、定義、類別等。2．事物的性質、特點、原理、用途等。3．事物或現象產生的原因、過程、演變。4．相似事物間的異同。1.理清說明順序：時間、空間、邏輯順序。2．把握文章結構：并列式、承接式、遞進式、總分式。3．認清說明方法：下定義、舉事例、作比較、打比方等。A篇(2018·德州市模擬)ManyAmericansthinkofdriverlesscarsasafuturistictechnologythatwillrevolutionizetravelincitiesandalongstatehighways.ButrecentexperimentsareprovingthatautonomousvehiclesalsohavethepotentialtoimprovethequalityoflifeformillionsofAmericansunderservedbytraditionalmodesoftransportation，suchastheelderlyanddisabled，solongaslawmakersmakesmartpoliciesthatpavethewayforinnovation.AretirementcommunityinSanJose，Calif.，whichhasbeentransformedbyasmallfleetofdriverlesstaxis，showsthepotentialofself-drivingcarstotransformpeople'slives.Builtbyatechstart-upcalledVoyage，themodifiedFordFusionsarecurrentlylimitedtoatwo-mileroad，butresidentsarealreadyhavingthebenefitsoftheseautonomousvehicles，whichallowthemtoparticipateinsocialactivitiestheywouldotherwisebeunabletoenjoysimplybecausetheycouldnotgettothem.Whenthetrialrunfinallyexpandsto15milesofroad，theseresidents—whoseaverageageis76—willalsohaveaconvenientandreliablenewwaytoappointments.Asthesecarscontinuetoserveresidentsthere，itiseasytounderstandwhyCaliforniaismovingtosimplifyregulationsfortheindustry.InMichigan，forward-thinkingpolicieshavethepotentialtounlockotherhiddenbenefitsofautonomousvehicles，especiallyforthosewithphysicaldisabilities.TheMichiganDisabilityRightsCoalitionhasstronglyadvocatedforthedevelopmentofthistechnology，sayingthatitcouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateropportunitiesintheworkforceandenablethemtoleadmorefulfilling，independentlives.Manyrecognizethatautonomousvehicleswillbethefutureoftransportation，butitistoooftenoverlookedthatthisfuturecannotarrivefastenoughformillionsofAmericanswhoareforcedtodependonothersforday-to-daytravel.ThepolicymakersshouldfollowtheleadofplaceslikeCaliforniaandMichigan，andpassrulesandregulationstounlockthesehiddenbenefitsofdriverlesscars.【語篇解讀】文章介紹了美國人使用自動駕駛汽車的現狀，自動駕駛汽車給人們帶來的方便及今后應該注意的問題。1．What'stheattitudeofmostAmericanpeopletothefutureofautonomousvehicles?A．Uncertain. B．Doubtful.C．Indifferent. D．Optimistic.D[考查推理判斷。根據第四段“...itcouldgivepeoplewithdisabilitiesgreateropportunitiesintheworkforceandenablethemtoleadmorefulfilling，independentlives.”和最后一段“Manyrecognizethatautonomousvehicleswillbethefutureoftransportation...”可知，許多人意識到了自動駕駛汽車的好處，并認為自動駕駛汽車將是未來的交通工具。由此可推斷多數美國人對自動駕駛汽車的未來是樂觀的態(tài)度，故選D項。]2．WhatisthemodifiedFordFusion?A．Thecollectionofsocialactivities.B．Thenameofaretirementcommunity.C．Akindofautonomousvehicle.D．Atwo-mileroadforself-drivingcars.C[考查細節(jié)理解。根據第二段“Builtbyatechstart-upcalledVoyage，themodifiedFordFusionsarecurrentlylimitedtoatwo-mileroad，butresidentsarealreadyhavingthebenefitsoftheseautonomousvehicles”可知，themodifiedFordFusions，是一種自動駕駛汽車，故選C項。]3．Examplesaregiveninthethirdandforthparagraphstoprove.A．whatarepreventingthedevelopmentofthetechnologyB．whydriverlesscarsarerestrictedinmanystatesinAmericaC．howdriverlesstechnologybenefitstheagedanddisabledD．whendriverlesscarscanenterpeople'slifeeventuallyC[考查推理判斷。第三段“...theseresidents—whoseaverageageis76—willalsohaveaconvenientandreliablenewwaytoappointments.”說明了自動駕駛汽車給老年人帶來的方便，第四段“...forward-thinkingpolicieshavethepotentialtounlockotherhiddenbenefitsofautonomousvehicles，especiallyforthosewithphysicaldisabilities.”說明了自動駕駛汽車給殘疾人帶來的方便。所以這些例子是在說明自動駕駛汽車給老年人和殘疾人帶來的方便，故選C項。]4．Whatdoestheauthorattempttoinformusinthelastparagraph?A．Theconceptofautonomousvehicleshasbeenwidelyrecognized.B．Theweakgroupsareoftenoverlookeddespitetechnologyadvances.C．Thebenefitsofdriverlesscarshavebeenfullyunlocked.D．Regulationsshouldgohandinhandwithdriverlesstechnology.D[考查推理判斷。根據最后一段“ThepolicymakersshouldfollowtheleadofplaceslikeCaliforniaandMichigan，andpassrulesandregulationstounlockthesehiddenbenefitsofdriverlesscars.”可知作者想告訴我們政策制定者應該通過規(guī)章制度來釋放無人駕駛汽車的潛在好處，故選D項。]B篇(2018·廣西三市聯合模擬)Bytryingtotickle(使發(fā)癢)ratsandrecordinghowtheirnervecellsrespond,ShimpeiIshiyamaandhisadviserarediscoveringamysterythathaspuzzledthinkerssinceAristotleexpectedthathumans，giventheirthinskinanduniqueabilitytolaugh，weretheonlyticklishanimals.ItturnsoutthatAristotlewaswrong.IntheirstudypublishedonThursday,IshiyamaandhisadviserMichaelBrechtfoundthatratssqueakedandjumpedwithpleasurewhentickledontheirbacksandbellies.Thesesignsofjoychangedaccordingtotheirmoods.Andforthefirsttime，theydiscoveredaspecialgroupofnervecells.Thesenervecellsmadethisfeelingsopowerfulthatitcausesaratbeingtickledtolosecontrol.Tomakesurethathehadindeedfoundaplaceinthebrain