4 第二部分 第三講　理解主旨要義-主旨大意題-2020版江蘇省高考英語大二輪復(fù)習(xí)語法基礎(chǔ)

第三講理解主旨要義——主旨大意題[學(xué)生用書P77]主旨大意題是閱讀理解中難度較大的一類題目，是拉開分?jǐn)?shù)差距的一個(gè)重要考查點(diǎn)。因?yàn)樵擃愒囶}不僅考查考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)會(huì)大意的能力，也對(duì)考生的歸納、概括能力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。此類題目可分為三大類：標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。高考江蘇卷主旨大意題題量統(tǒng)計(jì)考綱解讀年份個(gè)數(shù)(1)主旨大意題考查的是考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，對(duì)整篇文章的主旨大意有一個(gè)較為清晰的印象。(2)它既考查細(xì)節(jié)理解能力，又考查深層次的推理、概括能力，難度較大。(3)有時(shí)從文章的第一個(gè)段落，甚至第一個(gè)句子即可得出文章的主旨要義；有時(shí)，文章的主旨要義則需從文章的字里行間進(jìn)行推斷。20192201822017—[學(xué)生用書P77]【考查特點(diǎn)】Ⅰ.把握主旨大意題常見的命題方式：(1)Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext？/Whatisthetopicofthetext?(2)Themainidea/Thegeneralidea/Themainthemeofthispassageis________．(3)Thelastparagraphendsthepassagewithanemphasison________．(4)Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?(5)What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?(6)Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythetext?(7)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson________．Ⅱ.掌握主旨大意題的考查角度：(1)標(biāo)題類，要求考生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題。(2)主題類(內(nèi)容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。eq\a\vs4\al([考向1])標(biāo)題歸納題——概括凝練選標(biāo)題該類題目要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項(xiàng)中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。注意最佳標(biāo)題的特點(diǎn)：精準(zhǔn)性強(qiáng)(不改變?cè)牡囊饬x和感情色彩)；覆蓋性強(qiáng)(能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨)。常見的設(shè)問方式：◆Thebesttitleofthepassageis________．◆Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?◆Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?◆Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis________．[典例](2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ·B)ForWesterndesigners,ChinaanditsrichculturehavelongbeenaninspirationforWesterncreative.“It’snosecretthatChinahasalwaysbeenasource(來源)ofinspirationfordesigners，”saysAmandaHill,chiefcreativeofficeratA＋ENetworks,aglobalmediacompanyandhometosomeofthebiggestfashion(時(shí)尚)shows.Earlierthisyear,theChinaThroughALookingGlassexhibitioninNewYorkexhibited140piecesofChina-inspiredfashionableclothingalongsideChineseworksofart,withtheaimofexploringtheinfluenceofChineseaesthetics(美學(xué))onWesternfashionandhowChinahasfueledthefashionableimaginationforcenturies.Theexhibitionhadrecordattendance,showingthatthereishugeinterestinChineseinfluences.“Chinaisimpossibletooverlook，”saysHill.“Chinesemodelsarethefacesofbeautyandfashioncampaignsthatselldreamstowomenallovertheworld,whichmeansChinesewomenarenotjustconsumersoffashion—theyarecentraltoitsmovement.”O(jiān)fcourse,notonlyaretoday’stopWesterndesignersbeinginfluencedbyChina—someofthebestdesignersofcontemporaryfashionarethemselvesChinese.“VeraWang,AlexanderWang,JasonWuaretaking_onGalliano,Albaz,MarcJacobs—andbeatingthemhandsdownindesignandsales，”addsHill.ForHill,itisimpossiblenottotalkaboutChinaastheleadingplayerwhendiscussingfashion.“ThemostfamousdesignersareChinese,soarethemodels,andsoaretheconsumers，”shesays.“Chinaisnolongerjustanothermarket;inmanysensesithasbecomethemarket.Ifyoutalkaboutfashiontoday,youaretalkingaboutChina—itsinfluences,itsdirection,itsbreathtakingclothes,andhowyoungdesignersandmodelsarefinallyacknowledgingthatinmanyways.”7．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．YoungModelsSellingDreamstotheWorldB．AChineseArtExhibitionHeldinNewYorkC．DifferencesBetweenEasternandWesternAestheticsD．ChineseCultureFuelingInternationalFashionTrendseq\a\vs4\al([解題思路])第一步讀文章，概括文意文章以國(guó)外視角報(bào)道中國(guó)文化及中國(guó)美學(xué)對(duì)國(guó)際時(shí)尚的影響，展現(xiàn)了中國(guó)對(duì)國(guó)際時(shí)尚和設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展的引領(lǐng)作用。第二步析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A向世界推銷夢(mèng)想的年輕模特與文章內(nèi)容不符無中生有，曲解文意B在紐約舉辦的一次中國(guó)藝術(shù)展本文提到了在紐約舉辦的一次中國(guó)藝術(shù)展，但這不是文章主要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容以偏概全，主次不分C東西方美學(xué)的差異本文主要講述的是中國(guó)引領(lǐng)國(guó)際時(shí)尚和設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)展，C項(xiàng)范圍過大主題過大，范圍太廣D中國(guó)美學(xué)影響國(guó)際時(shí)尚的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)此標(biāo)題全面、精練地概括了文章內(nèi)容涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文第三步對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，確定答案自主解答：Deq\a\vs4\al()理解標(biāo)題的三大特點(diǎn)，巧用三大方法確定文章標(biāo)題一個(gè)好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特點(diǎn)：1．概括——準(zhǔn)確而又簡(jiǎn)短。2．針對(duì)性——標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符。3．醒目——能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望。因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨。2．反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去設(shè)想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文對(duì)照，一一排除不符選項(xiàng)。3．研讀備選項(xiàng)本身：研讀備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等。eq\a\vs4\al([考向2])文章大意題——明確中心定選項(xiàng)主旨大意是作者在文章中所要表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通過行文邏輯和各種細(xì)節(jié)來闡明的中心話題。常見的設(shè)問方式：◆What’sthemainidea/pointofthepassage?◆Thepassageismainlyabout________．◆Whatisthetextmainlyabout?◆Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout________．[典例](2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ·B)Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒野)．Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30，000.DawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarning.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthepath,killing63people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20，000peoplewhodugforgold,4，000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis762.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Theriseandfallofacity.B．ThegoldrushinCanada.C．Journeysintothewilderness.D．TourisminDawson.eq\a\vs4\al([解題思路])第一步讀文章，概括文意本文主要介紹了加拿大道森的歷史、發(fā)展與現(xiàn)狀。第二步析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A一個(gè)城市的興衰本文主要以道森為例，講述了城市的興衰涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文B加拿大淘金熱本文只在第二段提到了淘金熱以偏概全，主次不分C荒野之旅本文沒提到荒野之旅無中生有，曲解文意D道森的旅游業(yè)范圍太小，不能涵蓋道森的過去以偏概全，主次不分第三步對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，確定答案自主解答：Aeq\a\vs4\al()在尋找和歸納一篇文章的主題句時(shí)，應(yīng)做到以下幾點(diǎn)：1．關(guān)注文章的首段和符合主題句特點(diǎn)的句子，留意下文是否對(duì)其有解釋和支撐作用；2．快速通讀文章主體部分的每一段，結(jié)合每一段的主題句，判斷各個(gè)段落是否與文章開頭和結(jié)尾的主題句形成呼應(yīng)關(guān)系；3．注意文章的末尾，看此處出現(xiàn)的主題句和文章開頭的主題句是否呼應(yīng)。如果文章的首句語言精練，且在中間被從多角度來說明或論證，又與尾段的句子相呼應(yīng)，則這個(gè)句子是全文的主題句。此處，如果文章中出現(xiàn)了兩種及以上的不同觀點(diǎn)，則文章最后作者的觀點(diǎn)為文章的主要觀點(diǎn)。此時(shí)要注意表示轉(zhuǎn)折含義的詞語如but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary等，因?yàn)檫@些詞語之后的內(nèi)容往往是作者的觀點(diǎn)，也是文章的主旨大意。此外，利用逆向法也可以很快地排除錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，選出正確答案。eq\a\vs4\al([考向3])段落大意題——分析結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)揣摩每一個(gè)文段都要圍繞一個(gè)特定的主題按照一定的邏輯順序展開，所以，段落的結(jié)構(gòu)也有一定的規(guī)律性。一般有如下四種結(jié)構(gòu)：1．總分式。作者在段落開頭概括主題，然后再按照一定的邏輯順序展開段落；有時(shí)候，作者也會(huì)在開頭先用一個(gè)引子導(dǎo)入主題，從而使主題句出現(xiàn)在第二句，但從整體上看，段落仍然是總分式結(jié)構(gòu)。2．分總式。除了總分式外，還有很多段落在開頭通過舉例子或論述層層推進(jìn)，直到最后才得出段落的主題句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)叫分總式。分總式也是很常見的一種段落結(jié)構(gòu)。3．分總分式。一個(gè)段落也可以采用分總分的模式，往往在開頭講述一個(gè)具體的事例，通過事例得出一個(gè)結(jié)論，也就是這個(gè)段落的主題句，然后繼續(xù)例證或拓展這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)所包含的內(nèi)容。4．無主題句式。英語中也有少量的段落并沒有主題句，猶如漢語中的散文一樣，講究用一個(gè)主題將表面互不相連的一些事例或者表述連接起來。段落雖然沒有主題句，但讀完整個(gè)段落，你仍能發(fā)現(xiàn)，這些表面不相連的內(nèi)容卻都指向了同一個(gè)主題，這些不明顯的主題通過一些關(guān)鍵詞或者相似結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)出來。常見的設(shè)問方式：◆Whatdoestheauthortellusinparagraph...?◆Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________．◆Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout________．◆Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizepara.1?[典例](2019·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·D片段)Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories:thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikables’plays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere’sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence:statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.33．Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A．Theclassificationofthepopular.B．Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C．Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D．Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.eq\a\vs4\al([解題思路])第一步讀文章，概括段意本段介紹了受歡迎的兩類人：討人喜歡的人和追求地位的人。第二步析選項(xiàng)，斟酌判斷A受歡迎人的分類A項(xiàng)是對(duì)本段內(nèi)容的精練總結(jié)和概括涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文B青少年的特征本文沒有涉及青少年的特征，純屬無中生有無中生有，曲解文意C交際技能的重要性涉及交際技能，但是以偏概全，不是本段的主題以偏概全，主次不分D不光彩行為的原因涉及不光彩行為，但沒有介紹其原因，不是本段的主題以偏概全，主次不分第三步對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，確定答案自主解答：Aeq\a\vs4\al()方法1：概括段落大意要準(zhǔn)確概括某段的大意，務(wù)必要知道該段的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)。如該段是按總分順序組織，首句做總的說明，其他句子對(duì)其進(jìn)行具體論述，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的主題句就在段首；如果按分總順序組織，主題句就在段尾；如果按分總分的順序組織，則主題句就在這段話的中間；如果對(duì)比各事物，那么它們的共同點(diǎn)或不同點(diǎn)就是該段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有時(shí)，作者可能不直接寫出主題句，而是通過各種方法暗示給讀者，這就需要充分發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力，揣摩段落大意。[學(xué)生用書P80](2019·江蘇卷·D)The65-year-oldSteveGoodwinwasfoundsufferingfromearlyAlzheimer’s(阿爾茲海默癥).Hewaslosinghismemory.Asoftwareengineerbyprofession,Stevewasakeenloverofthepiano,andtheonlymusicianinhisfamily.Musicwashistruepassion,thoughhehadneverperformedoutsidethefamily.Melissa,hisdaughter,feltitmorethanworthwhiletosavehismusic,towhichshefellasleepeachnightwhenshewasyoung.Shethoughtabouthiringaprofessionalpianisttoworkwithherfather.Naomi,Melissa’sbestfriendandatalentedpianist,gottoknowaboutthisandshowedwillingnesstohelp.“Whydothis？”Stevewondered.“Becauseshecares，”Melissasaid.Stevenodded,tearsineye.NaomidrovetotheGoodwinhome.ShetoldSteveshe’dlovetohearhimplay.Stevemovedtothepianoandsatatthebench,handstremblingashegentlyplacedhisfingersonthekeys.Naomiputasmallrecordernearthepiano.Startsandstopsandmistakes.Longpauses,heartsinking.ButStevepressedon,playingforthefirsttimeinhislifeforastranger.“Itwasbeautiful，”Naomisaidafterlisteningtotherecording.“Themusicwasworthsaving.”Herresponsibility,herprivilege,wouldbetorescueit.ThemusicwassillinSteveGoodwin.Itwashiddeninroomswithdoorsabouttobelocked.NaomiandStevemeteveryotherweekandspenthourstogether.He’dmovehisfingersclumsilyonthepiano,andthenshe’dtakehisplace.Hestruggledtoexplainwhatheheardinhishead.Hestoodbythepiano,eyesclosed,listeningforthefirsttimetohisownworkbeingplayedbysomeoneelse.SteveandNaomispokeinmusicalcode:lines,beats,intervals,movingfromtheroottoendasonginanewkey.Steveheardit.Allofit.Hejustcouldn’tplayit.WorkingwithNaomididwondersforSteve.Ithadexcitedwithinhimthebeliefhecouldwriteonelastsong.Oneday,Naomireceivedanemail.Attachedwasarecording,arecordingoflossandlove,ofthefight.Stevecalledit“MelancholyFlower.”Naomiheardmultiplestopsandstarts.Stevestruggling,searchingwhilehiswifeJonicalledhim“honey”andencouragedhim.Thetaskwassohard,andSteve,angryandupset,saidhewasquitting.Jonipraisedhim,tellingherhusbandthiscouldbehissignaturepiece.Naomimanagedtofigureout16ofSteve’sfavorite,andmostpersonal,songs.WithNaomi’shelp,theGoodwinfamilyfoundasoundengineertorecordNaomiplayingSteve’ssongs.Jonithoughtthatwouldbetheend.Butitwasn’t.Inthemonthsleadinguptothe2016OregonRepertorySingersChristmasconcert,Naomitoldthedirectorshehadaspecialoneinmind:“MelancholyFlower.”ShetoldthedirectoraboutherprojectwithSteve.Thedirectoragreedtoaddittotheplayinglist.ButNaomiwouldhavetoaskSteve’spermission.Heconsidereditanhonor.Aftertheconcert,NaomitoldthefamilythatSteve’smusicwasbeautifulandprofessional.Itneededtobesharedinpublic.ThefamilyrentedaformerchurchindowntownPortlandandscheduledaconcert.Bythedayoftheshow,morethan300peoplehadsaidtheywouldattend.Bythen,Stevewashavingahardtimerememberingthenamesofsomeofhisfriends.Heknewthepathhislifewasnowtaking.Hetoldhisfamilyhewasatpeace.Stevearrivedandsatinthefrontrow,surroundedbyhisfamily.Thehouselightsfaded.Naomitookthestage.Herfingers.Hisheart.【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文，敘述了Steve在家人、朋友的幫助下與病魔賽跑及眾人努力拯救可能失傳的“獨(dú)家音樂”的感人故事。65．WhydidMelissawanttosaveherfather’smusic?A．Hismusiccouldstophisdiseasefromworsening.B．Shewantedtopleaseherdyingoldfather.C．Hismusicdeservedtobepreservedinthefamily.D．Shewantedtomakeherfatheraprofessional.C解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段可知，父親Steve是一位鋼琴愛好者，是家里唯一一位音樂家，再根據(jù)第三段中的“feltitmorethanworthwhiletosavehismusic,towhichshefellasleepeachnightwhenshewasyoung”可知，父親Steve的音樂陪伴了Melissa的成長(zhǎng)，因此Melissa覺得它對(duì)于這個(gè)家庭來說有著特別的意義，值得被保存，故本題答案為C。66．AfterhearingSteve’splaying,Naomi________．A．refusedtomakeacommentonitB．wasdeeplyimpressedbyhismusicC．decidedtofreeStevefromsufferingD．regrettedofferinghelptoherfriendB解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第十段“‘Itwasbeautiful，’Naomisaidafterlisteningtotherecording.‘Themusicwasworthsaving.’”可知，聽完他的演奏之后，Naomi對(duì)他的音樂很是贊賞，故本題答案為B。67．HowcantheprocessofSteve’srecordingbedescribed?A．Itwasslowbutproductive.B．Itwasbeneficialtohishealth.C．ItwastiresomeforNaomi.D．ItwasvitalforNaomi’scareer.A解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第十二段中的“NaomiandStevemeteveryotherweekandspenthourstogether.He’dmovehisfingersclumsilyonthepiano,andthenshe’dtakehisplace.”及第十四段中的“WorkingwithNaomididwondersforSteve.Ithadexcitedwithinhimthebeliefhecouldwriteonelastsong.”可知，音樂的錄制過程緩慢，但是有成效，故本題答案為A。68．BeforeStevefinished“MelancholyFlower，”hiswifeJoni________．A．thoughtthemusictalentofStevewasexhaustedB．didn’texpectthedamagethediseasebroughtaboutC．didn’tfullyrealizethevalueofherhusband’smusicD．broughtherhusband’smusiccareertoperfectionC解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第十五段中的“Stevestruggling,searchingwhilehiswifeJonicalledhim‘honey’andencouragedhim.Thetaskwassohard,andSteve,angryandupset,saidhewasquitting.Jonipraisedhim,tellingherhusbandthiscouldbehissignaturepiece.”可知，在Steve進(jìn)行音樂創(chuàng)作時(shí)，他泄氣過，甚至說過要放棄，而他的妻子Joni仍然鼓勵(lì)他和表揚(yáng)他，并稱這會(huì)是他的“簽名之作”。由signature一般表示“(文件結(jié)尾的)簽名”可推知，Joni認(rèn)為這會(huì)是她丈夫最后的創(chuàng)作，她之前并沒有想到丈夫的音樂會(huì)有被公開演奏的一天。再結(jié)合下文中Steve的音樂在音樂會(huì)上被演奏并得到認(rèn)可及其對(duì)Steve的影響的內(nèi)容可知，Joni之前并沒有完全認(rèn)識(shí)到Steve的音樂的價(jià)值或其積極作用。故本題答案為C。69．HowdidStevefeelattheconcertheldindowntownPortland?A．Hefeltconcernedabouthisillness.B．Hesensedaresponsibilityformusic.C．Heregainedhisfaithinmusic.D．Hegotintoastateofquiet.D解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章最后兩段的內(nèi)容尤其是倒數(shù)第二段中的“Hetoldhisfamilyhewasatpeace.”可知，在音樂會(huì)上，他心情很平靜。故本題答案為D。70．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthepassage?A．TheKindnessofFriendsB．ThePowerofMusicC．TheMakingofaMusicianD．TheValueofDeterminationB解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。音樂讓Steve在家人、朋友的幫助下展開了一場(chǎng)與病魔賽跑的接力賽，因此ThePowerofMusic適合作文章的標(biāo)題。eq\a\vs4\al()找主題句的五個(gè)小竅門1．段落中出現(xiàn)表轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however,but,infact,actually,while,onthecontrary,incontrast等)時(shí)，其后的句子很可能是主題句。2．首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對(duì)該問題的回答很可能就是主題句。3．作者有意識(shí)地反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。4．首段出現(xiàn)具體例子或假設(shè)時(shí)，例子或假設(shè)后面的內(nèi)容可能是主題句。5．表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的詞語常有therefore,inshort等。[學(xué)生用書P81]A(2019·常州學(xué)業(yè)水平監(jiān)測(cè))Asparents,wewalkafinelinebetweencaringforourchildrenandteachingthemhowtocareforthemselves.Whenthey’relittle,theyneedourhelpwitheverything.Overtime,kidsusuallytaketheleadonthingslikefeedinganddressingthemselves,butitcanbedifficulttoknowwhenit’stimeforthemtostartdoingsomebasicthings,suchaspackingtheirownlunchesforschoolorsolvingproblemswithteacherswithoutaparent’shelp.BloggerAmyCarneyrecentlysharedapostaboutthethingsparentsshouldstopdoingfortheirteens.Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.BarbHarvey,achildhoodbehaviorexpert,gavemeheranswer：Theageatwhichchildrenlearntomastercertainskillswillbedifferentdependinguponthematurity(成熟)andinterestlevelofthechild.Iaskedthesamequestionamongmyfriends.Theygaveallkindsofanswers,whichcanexplainHarvey’sopinion.Therefore,there’sonlyoneexpertwhocandeterminewhenyourkidshavetheabilitytodealwithcertainskills,andthat’syou.Ifyourkidsaren’treadytopacktheirownlunches—don’tsweatit.Helpthemlearntheskillsthey’rereadytodealwithandkeepworkingtowardstheendgoalofraisingresponsibleandableadults.Becauseifthere’sonethingthatwecanallagreeonasparents,it’sthattimemovesquicklywhenyou’reraisingkids.Onedayyouwillwishtheycouldjustdothingswithoutyouandthenextday,youwillfeelupsetthattheydo.【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了父母和孩子成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系。1．WhatisAmyCarney’sexpectationwhenherchildrenare13?A．Tobeaskillfulcook.B．TofollowHarvey’sopinion.C．Tobeanexpert.D．Tohavebasicskills.D解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.”可知，AmyCarney期望自己的孩子們?cè)?3歲時(shí)可以掌握一些基本技能。故選D。2．Whocandecidewhenthechildrenwilllearntocareforthemselves?A．AmyCarney. B．BarbHarvey.C．Thechildren. D．Theparents.D解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段第一句“Therefore,there’sonlyoneexpertwhocandeterminewhenyourkidshavetheabilitytodealwithcertainskills,andthat’syou.”可知，孩子們什么時(shí)候可以照顧自己取決于父母。故選D。3．Whywillparentsfeelupsetwhentheirchildrengrowup?A．Theirkidscandonothing.B．Theyfeellessimportant.C．Theirchildrenbecomeableadults.D．Theirkidsdisagreeonanything.B解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“Onedayyouwillwishtheycouldjustdothingswithoutyouandthenextday,youwillfeelupsetthattheydo.”和對(duì)第一段的整體理解可推知，當(dāng)孩子們長(zhǎng)大了，真的可以自己做自己的事情時(shí)，父母會(huì)覺得失落是因?yàn)楦改赣X得孩子們不再需要自己了，自己對(duì)他們來講沒有那么重要了。故選B。4．Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．Walkingafineline.B．BloggerAmyCarney.C．Parentsandtheirchildren’sgrowth.D．Achildhoodbehaviorexpert.C解析：主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段第一句“Asparents,wewalkafinelinebetweencaringforourchildrenandteachingthemhowtocareforthemselves.”點(diǎn)題，并結(jié)合對(duì)全文的整體理解可知，本文主要講述的是父母和孩子成長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系。故選C。[長(zhǎng)難句分析]Init,Carneysharedthebasicskillsthatsheexpectsherkidstomasterbythetimetheyhit13,suchaswakingthemselvesupinthemorning,makingtheirownbreakfastandlunch,andfinishingtheirownhomework.(第二段第二句)分析：本句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句。句中thatsheexpectsherkidstomaster是that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾先行詞thebasicskills。譯文：在這篇文章里，Carney分享了一些她期望她的孩子們到他們13歲時(shí)應(yīng)該掌握的一些基本技能，譬如早上自己醒來，自己做早餐和午餐，自己完成家庭作業(yè)。B(2019·江蘇七市高三調(diào)研)Irecentlyspentadayclearingoutmylatemother’swardrobe.Ithasbeentwoyearssinceshediedsoitwastimetomoveon.Therewerefourwardrobesandtwochestsofdrawers—10blackbagsfullofclothesforcharity,andsevenlargeboxesofotherpiecesthatIwillwearmyself,givetofamilyandfriendsandselltoraisemoneyforKidneyResearch.WhatstruckmeasIsortedthroughtherailswasfirst,whatconsistenttastemymotherhad—lotsofblack,lotsoflayers—andsecond,howsheneverthrewanythingaway.Shedidn’tbuyclothesexcessively,ratheraccumulatedthemoveralifetime.Andeverypieceshebought,whetheritwasfromStMichael(aluxurybrand),H&MorHelmutLang(fast-fashionbrands),shetreatedasequals.Avintagekimono,acoatshemadeinthe80sfromaKenzoVoguedressmakingpattern,thesmartblackjacketorderedfromAsos(anonlineshop),orthe40-year-oldoversizedT-shirtfromMissSelfridgewasallperfectlykept,carefullyhunguporfolded,buttonsallinonepiece,notastitchoutofplace.Shedidnotdifferentiatebetweenhigh-streetbargainsandSundaybest.Shecherishedallherclothes,whateverthepricetag.So,whenDr.MarkSumner,alecturerinfashionandsustainabilityattheUniversityofLeeds,toldMPsattheenvironmentalauditcommittee’sinvestigationintothesustainabilityofthefact-fashionindustrythathigh-streetclothescanbemoredurablethanfast-fashionones,itrangtruetome.“There’snocorrelationtosaythatpricewillgiveyouanindicationtosaywhichproductwillwearout，”hesaid.Somefastfashionischeapandnastyandwillfallapartafterafewwashes.Thesamecanbetrueofdesignerclothing.Itisamisconceptionthatexpensiveinanywayequatestosustainable,or,asDr.Sumnersays,durable(thoughit’sworthrememberingthatcheapclothesoftenmeanlaborexploitation).Asmymother’swardrobetestifies,ifyouhaveagoodeyeforclothesthatarestylishratherthanfashionable,choosecarefully:lookforthebest-qualityfabricsyoucanafford,andtreattheclothesyoubuywiththeutmostrespect,careandlove.Yourclothes—whateverthepricetag—willrepayyouwithyearsofservice.【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇夾敘夾議文。作者在收拾已故母親的衣服時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)母親的衣服保存得非常好，很耐穿，但這些衣服并不是時(shí)尚的衣服，后來作者想要通過Dr.MarkSumner的話和自己的感悟告訴大家：昂貴的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。5．Whatdoweknowaboutthewriter’slatemother?A．Shewasonlyfondofdesignerclothes.B．Shelikedcollectingfashionableclothes.C．Shehadpreferenceforblack.D．Sheoftenboughtclothesonline.C解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第一句中的“whatconsistenttastemymotherhad—lotsofblack”可知，作者的母親喜歡黑色。故選C。6．Howwillthewritertreatherlatemother’sclothes?A．Shewilldonatethemalltoacharity.B．Shewillkeepsomeforherownuse.C．Shewillsellthemtofundresearch.D．Shewillgivethemalltoherfriends.B解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“andsevenlargeboxesofotherpiecesthatIwillwearmyself,givetofamilyandfriendsandselltoraisemoneyforKidneyResearch”可知，作者會(huì)留一些自己穿。故選B。7．Whatdoestheauthorintendtoproveinthelasttwoparagraphs?A．Expensiveclothesdon’tmeanlong-lastingclothes.B．Expensiveclothesaren’teasilyworn-outclothes.C．Expensiveclothesdon’tinvolvelaborexploitation.D．Expensiveclothesmeanagoodeyeforfashion.A解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后兩段內(nèi)容尤其是最后一段第三句“Itisamisconceptionthatexpensiveinanywayequatestosustainable,or,asDr.Sumnersays,durable(thoughit’sworthrememberingthatcheapclothesoftenmeanlaborexploitation)．”可推知，作者想要證明的是昂貴的衣服不一定耐穿。故選A。8．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．CanCheapClothesBeStylish?B．CanPriceTagIndicateFashion?C．CanFastFashionBeSustainable?D．CanDesignerClothingSellMore?C解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文可知，作者在收拾已故母親的衣服時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)母親的衣服保存得非常好，很耐穿，但這些衣服并不是時(shí)尚的衣服，然后作者通過Dr.MarkSumner的話和自己的感悟想要告訴大家：昂貴的衣服不等于耐穿的衣服。故選C。[長(zhǎng)難句分析]“There’snocorrelationtosaythatpricewillgiveyouanindicationtosaywhichproductwillwearout，”hesaid.(第三段最后一句)分析：本句是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句。主句是therebe句型，動(dòng)詞不定式作后置定語；that引導(dǎo)賓語從句；which引導(dǎo)賓語從句。譯文：他說：“這并不是說價(jià)格會(huì)告訴你哪種產(chǎn)品會(huì)容易磨損。”主旨大意題[學(xué)生用書P147(單獨(dú)成冊(cè))](建議用時(shí)：25分鐘)A(2019·蘇北三市高三質(zhì)量檢測(cè))RecentlywheneverIturnedonmycomputerormymobilephone,newsaboutthegreateffectofHurricaneHarveyonthousandsofpeoplecaughtmyeye.Isawmanyunfortunateevents.However,therewasalsothebrightnewsthatconfirmedthegoodnessofmankind.Asajournalist,Iwrotemanyhuman-intereststoriesduringmycareer.That’swhythestoryabouttheguysinthebakerycaughtmyeye.WhenthestaffataMexicanbakerychaininHoustonweretrappedinsidethebuildingfortwodays,theydidn’tsittherefeelingsorryforthemselves.TheyusedtheirtimewiselyafterfloodingcausedbyHurricaneHarvey.WhiletheywerewaitingfortheeventualrescuethatcameonMondaymorning,fourdecidedtomakeasmanyloavesofbreadaspossiblefortheircommunity.Thefloodwaterroseinthestreetoutside.Theytookadvantageoftheiremergencypowersupplytobakebread.Theyusedmorethan4，200poundsofflourtocreatehundredsofloavesandsheetsofsweetbread.Althoughthewaterkeptrising,theycontinuedbakingtohelpmorepeople.Bythetimetheownermanagedtogettothem,theyhadmadesomuchbreadthattheytooktheloavestoloadsofemergencycentersacrossthecityforpeopleaffectedbythefloods.Thestoremanager,BrianAlvarado,toldTheIndependent,“Wheneveradisasteroccurs,nobodyshouldjustfeelforlorn.Instead,weshouldtakepositiveactiontosaveourselvesandhelpothers.Ouractsofkindnesswillmakeabigdifference.”【解題導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇記敘文。一家連鎖面包店的員工們?cè)诿鎸?duì)哈維颶風(fēng)帶來的洪水、斷電時(shí)，在等待救援的同時(shí)采取積極的行動(dòng)，利用應(yīng)急電源烤面包去幫助社區(qū)受洪水影響的居民。1．WhatdidthebakerystoreworkersdoafterfloodingcausedbyHurricaneHarvey?A．Theyvolunteeredtomakebreadfortheircommunity.B．Theymanagedtolivebysellingmorebreadinthestore.C．Theyfeltsorrythattheycouldn’tescapefromthestore.D．Theyatenothingbuttowaitfortheircommunitytorescuethem.A解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“WhiletheywerewaitingfortheeventualrescuethatcameonMondaymorning,fourdecidedtomakeasmanyloavesofbreadaspossiblefortheircommunity.”可知，當(dāng)這家面包房的員工們?cè)诘却芤簧衔绲淖罱K救援時(shí)，四人決定為他們的社區(qū)烤盡可能多的面包。故選A項(xiàng)。2．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“forlorn”underlinedinthelastparagraph?A．Fortunate. B．Hopeful.C．Shallow. D．Desperate.D解析：詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Instead,weshouldtakepositiveactiontosaveourselvesandhelpothers.”可知，相反，我們應(yīng)該采取積極的行動(dòng)來拯救自己和幫助他人。由Instead可知，forlorn的意思與positive相反，故forlorn與desperate(絕望的)意思相近。故選D項(xiàng)。3．Whatcanweinferfromthetext?A．Alvaradoorganizedhisworkerstobakemuchbread.B．HurricaneHarveycausedapowerfailureinHouston.C．Thestaffinthebakerysentenoughflourtoemergencycenters.D．Theauthorpreferredtowritestoriesaboutpeoplefacingdisasters.B解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的“Theytookadvantageoftheiremergencypowersupplytobakebread.”可知，他們利用應(yīng)急電源烤面包。由此可推知，哈維颶風(fēng)造成休斯敦停電。故選B項(xiàng)。4．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．APopularMexicanBakeryChaininHoustonB．WaitfortheEventualRescueinaBigDisasterC．AllKindsofDisastersCausedbyHurricaneHarveyinHoustonD．BakeBreadtoMakeaDifferenceintheFaceofHurricaneHarveyD解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)第二三段的內(nèi)容和最后一段中的“Ouractsofkindnesswillmakeabigdifference.”可知，D項(xiàng)(在面對(duì)哈維颶風(fēng)時(shí)，烤面包起了很大作用)作為標(biāo)題最能概括全文內(nèi)容。故選D項(xiàng)。BIt’scommonknowledgethatsomecountrieshavehigherlifeexpectanciesthanothers,butthecityyouliveincanalsoaffectyourhealth.Somecitiesarehardontheirresidents.Inplaceswithpoorcityplanning,forexampleLagos,whichwascalledoutrecentlybytheEconomistIntelligenceUnit,publicspacesarefew,makingoutdooractivitieshard.Lackofinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)blocksthestreetswithcarsandtheairwithpollutants,andresidentsworklonghoursforlittlemoney.ThesearejustsomeofthefactorsaddedupbySpotahome,arentalagency.They’veanalyzeddatafromarangeofsources,includingtheWorldHealthOrganization,TripAdvisorandtheCIAWorldFactbooktoscoreeachcityonhealth,gymavailabilityandquality,lifeexpectancies,obesity,greenspaceandotherelementstomakealisttoworkoutwhicharetheworld’shealthiestcities.ThelistiscertainlyEurocentricandsunshineisseenasapositivefactor.Itdoesgosomewaytowardsuggestingwhichcitiesaregettingitrightinprovidingagoodlifefortheirresidents.ItmaynotbesurprisingtolearnthatmostofthehealthiestcitiesareinnorthernEurope,knownforitspeople-firstapproachtocityplanning.ThecitiesofAustraliaandCanadaalsodowell.However,thefirstAmericancityisonlyin34thplace.TheU．K.doesn’tfaretoowelleither—itsonlycityinthetop50listisLondon,in40th.Whe