醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)課件

第一章緒論

Introduction

醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)概述

AboutMedicalPsychology醫(yī)學(xué)心理學(xué)的研究方法

ResearchMethodsAboutMedicalPchologyMedicalPsychology的概念和研究范圍

MedicalPsychology是醫(yī)學(xué)和心理學(xué)相結(jié)合的交叉學(xué)科，它研究心理學(xué)變量與健康或疾病變量之間的關(guān)系，研究解決醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域中有關(guān)健康和疾病的心理行為問題。KeyWordsMedicalpsychology

Medicalpsychologyisabranchofappliedpsychologydevotedtopsychologicalproblemsarisinginthepracticeofmedicine,includingpsychologicalaspectsofpain,terminalillness,bereavement,disability,andreactionstomedicaladvice.研究心理行為的生物學(xué)和社會學(xué)基礎(chǔ)及在健康和疾病中的意義心理的實(shí)質(zhì)研究心身相互作用的規(guī)律和機(jī)制研究心理行為因素在疾病發(fā)生、發(fā)展、診斷、治療和康復(fù)及健康維護(hù)過程中的作用和規(guī)律性格與疾病研究各種疾病過程中的心理行為變化及干預(yù)方法研究如何將心理行為的科學(xué)知識和技術(shù)應(yīng)用于醫(yī)學(xué)其他領(lǐng)域心理的實(shí)質(zhì)心理是腦的機(jī)能，即任何心理活動都產(chǎn)生于腦，所有心理活動都是腦的高級機(jī)能的表現(xiàn)（如前額葉損傷與異常社會行為有關(guān)等）心理是客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)的主觀能動的反映，即所有心理活動的內(nèi)容都來源于外界，是客觀事物在腦中的主觀反映。

（狼孩、代溝、性格與成長環(huán)境等）A型性格與冠心病

"A型行為模式"表現(xiàn)為:個(gè)性強(qiáng),過分的抱負(fù),強(qiáng)烈的競爭意識,固執(zhí),好爭辯,說話帶有挑釁性,急噪,緊張,好沖動,大聲說話,做事快,走路快,說話快,總是匆匆忙忙,富含敵意,具有攻擊性等.抑郁型性格與健康抑郁是常見的心理感冒,許多人都不同程度的感受過情緒低落給人帶來的精神上的痛苦.表現(xiàn)出:對自己不滿,對生活不滿,悲觀絕望,失眠或嗜睡,食欲下降,不愿活動和參加社交活動,思維遲鈍,反應(yīng)緩慢,注意力不能集中,厭世并有自殺念頭.癌癥敏感型性格調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn):克己、壓抑、焦慮、易怒、抑郁、無助、敵視、完美主義、過分為別人著想等性格與癌癥有關(guān).外界社會生活壓力作用于有上述性格的人,產(chǎn)生抑郁、憤怒和悲觀的情緒,影響內(nèi)分泌的正常功能,造成腎上腺激素和腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素分泌增加,使免疫功能下降,產(chǎn)生腫瘤.

AboutMedicalPchologyMedicalPsychology的分支和相關(guān)學(xué)科ClinicalPsychology（臨床心理學(xué)）Neuropsychology（神經(jīng)心理學(xué)）PhysiologicalPsychology&PsychologicalPhysiology

（生理心理學(xué)與心理生理學(xué)）AbnormalPsychology（變態(tài)心理學(xué)）HealthPsychology（健康心理學(xué)）PsychosomaticMedicine（心身醫(yī)學(xué)）BehavioralMedicine（行為醫(yī)學(xué)）

AboutMedicalPchologyMedicalModel（醫(yī)學(xué)模式）與MedicalModel的轉(zhuǎn)變

MedicalModel是從總體上認(rèn)識健康和疾病及其相互轉(zhuǎn)化的哲學(xué)觀點(diǎn)BiologicalMedicalModel（生物醫(yī)學(xué)模式）Bio-psycho-socialMedicalModel（生物-心理-社會醫(yī)學(xué)模式）HolisticMedicalModel（整體醫(yī)學(xué)模式）神靈主義的醫(yī)學(xué)模式自然哲學(xué)的醫(yī)學(xué)模式BiologicalMedicalModel身心二元論Bio-psycho-socialMedicalModel

身心統(tǒng)一論HolisticMedicalModel

健康是整體素質(zhì)健康，即身體素質(zhì)、心理素質(zhì)和素質(zhì)三者完整結(jié)合：疾病是整體素質(zhì)不好，主要是不良的行為習(xí)慣和行為方式導(dǎo)致。KeyWordsMedicalmodelMedicalmodelmeanstheconcepts,assumptionsandrulesthatdoctorsandresearchersintheirpursuitofknowledgeandthesolutionofproblems,thebriefdefinitionistheopinionofhealthanddisease.Bio-Psych-SocialmedicalmodelBiologicalfactors,psychologicalfactorsandsocialfactorscanalleffecthealthanddisease,andalsoeffectthetreatment.KeyWordsTheholisticmedicalmodelHealthconsistsofphysicalhealth,psychologicalhealthandhavingagoodsocialfunction.Holisticmedicalmodelthinksthatthebehaviorismoreimportantfactoreffectinghealthanddisease.ResearchMethods描述心理行為狀況檢驗(yàn)變量間的關(guān)系預(yù)測對象將來的發(fā)展ResearchMethodsCross-sectionstudie&Longitudinalstudy

（橫斷研究與縱向研究）Prospectivestudy&Retrospectivestudy

（前瞻性研究與回顧性研究）ResearchMethodsObservationmethod（觀察法）Casestudy（個(gè)案法）Correlationalresearch（相關(guān)研究）Testmethod（測驗(yàn)法）Surveymethod（調(diào)查法）Experimentalmethod（實(shí)驗(yàn)法）KeyWordsObservationalmethod

Aresearchmethodologymostoftenusedincertainareasofsocialpsychology,developmentalpsychology,andethologyinwhichtheinvestigatorrecordsbehaviorasfaraspossiblewithoutinfluencingit.Anobservationalfieldstudyisconductedinanaturallyoccurringsituation,andanobservationallaboratorystudyiscarriedoutinanartificiallaboratoryenvironment.KeyWordsSurveyresearch

Researchmethodsforinvestigatingthedistributionofattitudes,opinions,mentaldisorders,andothercharacteristicsofindividualsinspecificsectionsofapopulation,orinawholepopulation,oftenbrokendownintodemographicgroupsdefinedbygeographicallocation,ethnicidentity,age,sex,socialclass,maritalstatus,education,andsimilarcriteria.Surveysdesignedtocomparedifferentculturesorsubculturesarecalledcross-culturalsurvey.KeyWordsCasestudy

Aresearchmethodinvolvingadetailedinvestigationofasingleindividualorasingleorganizedgroup,usedextensivelyinclinicalpsychologyandalso,thoughlessoften,inotherbranchesofthediscipline.Incasestudiesoforganizedgroups,participantobservationisoftenused.KeyWords

Correlationstudy

Anon-experimentaltypeofresearchdesign,withoutmanipulationofanindependentvariables,inwhichpatternsofcorrelationsbetweentwoormorevariablesareanalyzed.ExperimentaldesignThegeneralplanofanexperiment,includingthemethodofassigningresearchparticipantsorsubjectstotreatmentconditions,controllingextraneousvariables,manipulatingtheindependentvariable,andmeasuringthedependentvariable.SummaryMedicalpsychologyrevolvesaroundtheideathatboththebodyandmindareone,indivisiblestructure.Continuingwiththislineofthought,alldiseaseswhetherofthemindorofthephysicalbodymustbetreatedasiftheyhavebothbeenaffected.TheintentofMedicalPsychologyistoapplyknowledgefromallbranchesofpsychologyandmedicineintheprevention,assessment,andtreatmentofallformsofphysicaldiseases.Medicalpsychologyassertsitsmainfunctioninthedeterminationofpersonalitystylesofcopingandtheexaminationofattitudesofanindividualinresponsetosubjectiveandobjectivestressors.Medicalpsychologistsalsohelpinthedeterminationofgenetic,biochemical,andphysiologicfactorsinillnessesandreactiontoillnesses.Thesearejoinedwithpsychosocialfactorsdeemedcontributorytodiseasesprocesses.Specificbehavioralmethodsarethenusedtohelpthepersonmatchcopingandmanagementskillstotheperson’sability,character,andpersonalitystyle.SummaryThebiopsychosocialmodelwasdevelopedbyDr.GeorgeEngelwhowasaProfessorofPsychiatryandMedicine.Thebiopsychosocialmodeltakesintoaccountthepsychological,interpersonalandsocietalinfluencesinthediagnosisandtreatmentofpatients.

Thecomponentsofthebiopsychosocialmodeladdtothepurelybiomedicalmodelofclinicalcarewhichfocusesonpathologyandthemechanismsofdiseaseandtherapeutics.

Amedicalmanhadtopayattentiontothebiopsychosocialaspectsinconjunctionwiththebiomedicalprinciplesindeliveringclinicalcare,providingeducation,communityserviceandconductingresearch.精神分析理論

TheTheoryofPsychoanalysis行為主義理論

TheTheoryofPsychologicalbehaviorism人本主義理論

TheTheoryofHumanisticPsychology認(rèn)知理論

TheTheoryofPsychologicalCognitionTheTheoryofPsychoanalysis潛意識理論(Unconsciousnesstheory）人格結(jié)構(gòu)理論（Structuresofpersonality）性欲發(fā)展階段理論（Psychosexualstages）心理防御機(jī)制理論（Defensemechanisms）釋夢理論（Dreaminterpretation）決定論的觀點(diǎn)嚴(yán)格的決定論者：所有的行為都有原因，行動以及思想和感覺都不會偶然發(fā)生精神分析的作用及方法：在隱藏的驅(qū)力和沖突中尋找思想、感覺和行動的來源，以及考察個(gè)體早期經(jīng)驗(yàn)與基本的人類本質(zhì)交互作用以產(chǎn)生成人個(gè)性的方式MentalStructureofPsychoanalysis意識（Conscious）

包括存在于可以立即覺察到的水平的東西意識潛意識（Unconscious）

包括我們沒有覺察到的心理活動的所有方面前意識（Preconscious）

許多思想和主意在我們對它們集中注意時(shí)或企圖將它們帶入意識水平時(shí)就會得到，但其并不總是處于意識水平KeyWordsUnconscious

Apartofthepersonalityofwhichapersonisunaware.Theunconsciouscontainsinstinctualdrives:infantilewishes,desires,demands,andneedsthatarehiddenfromconsciousawarenessbecauseoftheconflictsandpaintheywouldcauseusiftheywerepartofoureverydaylife.Preconscious

Thememoriesorfeelingsthatarenotpartofone'simmediateawarenessbutthatcanberecalledthroughconsciouseffort.PersonalityStructure本我（Id

）“Pleasureprinciple”自我（Ego）“Realityprinciple”超我（Superego）“Principleofideal”KeyWordsId

Theraw,unorganized,inheritedpartofpersonalitywhosepurposeistoreducetensioncreatedbybiologicaldrivesandirrationalimpulses.Presentfromthetimeofbirth,thesolepurposeoftheidistoreducetensioncreatedbyprimitivedrivesrelatedtohunger,sex,aggressionandirrationalimpulses.Theidoperatesaccordingtothepleasureprinciple,inwhichthegoalistheimmediatereductionoftensionandthemaximizationofsatisfaction.KeyWordsEgoThepartofpersonalitythatprovidesabufferbetweentheidandtheoutsideworld.Incontrasttothepleasure-seekingnatureoftheid,theegooperatesaccordingtotherealityprinciple,inwhichinstinctualenergyisrestrainedinordertomaintainthesafetyoftheindividualandhelpintegratethepersonintosociety.KeyWordsSuperego

Thepartofpersonalitythatrepresentsthemoralityofsocietyaspresentedbyparents,teachers,andothers.Thesuperegoactuallyhastwocomponents,theconscienceandtheego-ideal.Theconsciencepreventsusfromdoingmorallybadthings,whiletheego-idealmotivatesustodowhatismorallyproper.Psychosexualstages&oedipuscomplex口腔期（oralstage）肛門期（analstage）性器期（phallicphase）潛伏期（Latencystage）生殖器性期（Genitalstage）Oralphase(0-2yearsold)Freud’sfirststageofpersonalitydevelopment,frombirthtoaboutage2,duringwhichinfantsobtaingratificationprimarilythroughthemouth口腔是第一個(gè)給予嬰兒快感的身體器官，通過口腔獲得維持生命的營養(yǎng)，還通過吸吮和啃咬獲得快感固著：部分利必多能量分配給了對前一個(gè)心理性階段的注意，沒有轉(zhuǎn)到后一個(gè)發(fā)展階段過食、酗酒、強(qiáng)迫性吸煙、咬鉛筆/手指、冷嘲熱諷Analphase(2-3yearsold)Freud’ssecondstageofpersonalitydevelopment,fromabout2toaboutage3,duringwhichchildrenlearntocontroltheimmediategratificationtheyobtainthroughdefecationandtobecomeresponsibletothedemandsofsociety肛門是這一時(shí)期的性快感帶，對大便的保留和排泄引起快感的推遲及滿足，通過攻擊行為和排泄功能獲得滿足肛門性格：吝嗇、固執(zhí)、對整潔和秩序過分注意Phallicphase(3-5yearsold)Freud’sthirdstageofpersonalitydevelopment,fromaboutage3toaboutage5,duringwhichchildrenobtaingratificationprimarilyfromthegenitals生殖器區(qū)是這一時(shí)期主要的性感帶俄底普斯情結(jié)（oedipuscomplex）

Occurringduringthephallicstage,feelingsofrivalrywiththeparentofthesamesexandloveoftheparentoftheoppositesex,ultimatelyresolvedthroughidentificationwiththeparentofthesame閹割焦慮（castrationanxiety）/陰莖妒忌（penisenvy）認(rèn)同（identity）同性戀DefenseMechanism三種焦慮：現(xiàn)實(shí)焦慮（環(huán)境）、神經(jīng)焦慮（本能）、道德焦慮（道德）心理防御機(jī)制（mentaldefensemechanism）是指個(gè)體處在挫折與沖突的情景時(shí)，在其內(nèi)部心理活動中具有對抗焦慮的一種適應(yīng)性傾向，是一種潛意識的心理保護(hù)機(jī)制KeyWordsDefensemechanism

Unconsciousstrategiespeopleusetoreduceanxietybyconcealingitssourcefromthemselvesandothers.心理防御機(jī)制與心理健康的關(guān)系常見心理防御機(jī)制的表現(xiàn)

壓抑（Repression）Theprimarydefensemechanism,inwhichunacceptableorunpleasantidimpulsesarepushedbackintotheunconscious.Forexample,acollegestudentwhofeelshatredforhermothermightrepressthesepersonallyandsociallyunacceptablefeelings倒退/退行（Regression）Peoplebehaveasiftheywereatanearlierstageofdevelopment.Forexample,astudentwhoisoverwhelmedbyexamsmightactinachildish,immaturemannertoescapehisresponsibilities轉(zhuǎn)移（Displacement）Theexpressionofanunwantedfeelingorthoughtisredirectedfromamorethreatening,powerfulpersontoaweakone.Aclassiccaseisyellingatone’ssecretaryafterbeingcriticizedbytheboss合理化（Rationalization）Adistortionofrealityinwhichapersonjustifieswhathappens.Forexample,apersonwhoispassedoverforanawardsaysshedidn’treallywantitinthefirstplace否認(rèn)（Denial）Refusaltoacceptoracknowledgeananxiety-producingpieceofinformation.Forexample,astudentrefusestobelievethathehasflunkedacourse投射（Projection）Attributingunwantedimpulsesandfeelingstosomeoneelse.Forexample,amanwhoisangerathisfatheractslovinglytohisfatherbutcomplainsthathisfatherisangrywithhim升華（Sublimation）Diversionofunwantedimpulsesintosociallyapprovedthoughts,feelingsorbehaviors.Forexample,apersonwithstrongfeelingsofaggressionbecomesasoldierDreamInterpretation夢是有意義的心理現(xiàn)象，是個(gè)體愿望迂回的滿足，是潛意識沖突和愿望的隱晦的表達(dá)。顯夢（manifestdream）

Theovertstoryline,characters,andsettingofadream---theobvious,clearlydiscernibleeventsofthedream隱夢（latentdream）Thedeepermeaningofadream,usuallyinvolvingsymbolism,hiddencontent,andrepressedorobscuredideasandwishes述評TheTheoryofPsychologicalBehaviorism經(jīng)典條件反射

Classicalconditioning操作條件反射

Operantconditioning社會學(xué)習(xí)/觀察模仿

Sociallearning/ObservationallearningClassicalConditioning巴甫洛夫Pavlov'sexperiment無條件刺激(Unconditionedstimulus/US)無條件反射(Unconditionedreflex/UR)條件刺激(Conditionedstimulus/CS)條件反射(Conditionedreflex/CR)CharacteristicsofClassicalConditioning強(qiáng)化（Reinforcement）泛化（Generalization）分化（Discrimination）消退（Extinction）KeyWordsReinforcementTheprocessbywhichastimulusincreasestheprobabilitythataprecedingbehaviorwillberepeated.StimulusgeneralizationThetransferofalearnedresponsetodifferentbutsimilarstimuli.StimulusdiscriminationLearningtorespondtoonlyonestimulusandtoinhibittheresponsetoallotherstimuli.ExtinctionAdecreaseinthestrengthorfrequency,orstopping,ofalearnedresponsebecauseoffailuretocontinueparingtheUSandCSorwithholdingofreinforcement.Operantconditioning斯金納Skinner'sexperiment獎賞（Reward）CharacteristicsofOperantConditioning正強(qiáng)化（Positivereinforcement）負(fù)強(qiáng)化（Negativereinforcement）消退（Extinction）

懲罰（Punishment）KeyWordsPositivereinforcementPresentationofarewardingorpleasantstimulusafteraparticularresponsetoincreasethelikelihoodthattheresponsewillrecur.NegativereinforcementRemovalofanaversivestimulusafteraparticularresponsetoincreasethelikelihoodthattheresponsewillrecur.PunishmentAstimulusthatfollowsabehavioranddecreasesthelikelihoodthatthebehaviorwillberepeated.UnderstandingPsychology心理的神經(jīng)生理機(jī)制認(rèn)知過程(TheCognitionProcess)動機(jī)與情緒(Motivation&Emotion)人格(Personality)心理的神經(jīng)生理基礎(chǔ)心理是腦的功能大腦皮層(Cerebralcortex)的分區(qū)及功能Brodmann,1909

感覺區(qū)(Sensoryarea)

運(yùn)動區(qū)(Motorarea)

言語區(qū)(Speecharea)

聯(lián)合區(qū)(Associationarea)大腦兩半球的一側(cè)優(yōu)勢(CerebralLateralization)

速視法雙耳分聽試驗(yàn)一側(cè)腦麻痹法對割裂腦病人的臨床觀察和有控制的測驗(yàn)

根據(jù)上述不同方法的研究,一般認(rèn)為:大多數(shù)右利手者大腦左側(cè)半球的優(yōu)勢在語音、順序、時(shí)間、節(jié)奏以及命題的邏輯分析等方面；右半球的優(yōu)勢在非語言的、整體的形狀和空間的知覺方面；此外左、右兩半球在情緒反應(yīng)方面似乎也有差別。右半球的反應(yīng)較強(qiáng)烈或較不樂觀。

人的面部表情也是左右不對稱的,有人做過試驗(yàn):將演員表演喜、怒、哀、懼各種表情的照片，從臉的正中線切成兩半，再把反著面洗印的兩半照片拼接成一個(gè)左右兩側(cè)都是原來的左邊臉或右邊臉的臉部照片。將這兩種拼接的照片混在一起，請被試者從中挑選出他們認(rèn)為表情更豐富的照片。結(jié)果挑選出的用左邊臉拼成的照片要多得多。這結(jié)果也同解剖的知識相吻合。左邊臉，特別是其下部,接受來自右腦投射來的神經(jīng)纖維?？磥?右側(cè)腦在臉部表情中起更多的作用。

TheCognitionProcess感覺與知覺(Sensation&Perception)學(xué)習(xí)(Learning)記憶(Memory)思維(Thinking)Sensation的概念與作用感覺剝奪SensoryDeprivation

感受性(Sensitivity)及其變化規(guī)律感覺閾限(SensoryThreshold)

感覺適應(yīng)(SensoryAdaptation)

感覺對比感覺的相互作用感覺代償KeyWordsSensationTheprocessinwhichthesenseorgans’receptorcellsarestimulatedandreplyinitialinformationtohigherbraincentersforfurtherprocessingPerception的概念Perception的一般特性知覺的選擇性PerceptualSelectiveness

知覺定勢PerceptualSet

知覺的整體性PerceptualOrganization

知覺的理解性PerceptualInterpretation

知覺的恒常性

(PerceptualConstancy)KeyWordsPerceptionTheprocessbywhichanorganismselectsandinterpretssensoryinputsothatitacquiresmeaning.AbsolutethresholdTheminimumamountofphysicalenergyneededforanobservertoperceiveastimulusiscalledanabsolutethreshold.Differentthreshold(JND)Thelowestlevelofstimulationrequiredtosensethatachangeinstimulationhasoccurred.SensoryadaptationThetendencyofsensorysystemstorespondlesstostimulithatcontinuewithoutchange.PerceptualconstancyTheorganizationofchangingsensationsintoperceptsthatarerelativelystableinsize,shape,andcolor.Learning的概念行為或行為潛能的改變行為變化是相對持久的由練習(xí)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)引起的Learning的理論

Classicalcondition

OperantconditionObservationallearningCognitiveLearning

KeyWordsLearningRelativepermanentchangeinanorganismthatoccursasaresultofexperiencesintheenvironmentClassicalconditiondingConditioningprocessinwhichanoriginallyneutralstimulus,byrepeatedpairingwithastimulusthatnormallyelicitsaresponse,comestoelicitasimilarorevenidenticalresponse;alsoknowasPavlovianconditioningOperantconditioningConditioninginwhichanincreaseordecreaseintheprobabilitythatabehaviorwillrecurisaffectedbythedeliveryofreinforcementofpunishmentasaconsequenceofthebehavior;alsoknownasinstrumentalconditioning.ObservationallearningOrganismslearnnewresponsesbyobservingthebehaviorofamodelandthenimitatingit.格式塔的學(xué)習(xí)理論——頓悟?qū)W習(xí)Insight

知覺重組內(nèi)隱學(xué)習(xí)(Latentlearning)Memory概述Memory的過程識記(Memorization)

保持(Retention)

再認(rèn)(Recognition)

再現(xiàn)(Repruduction)KeyWordsMemoryTheabilitytorecallpastevents,images,ideas,orskills;thestoragesystemthatallowsforretentionandretrievalofpreviouslylearnedinformation.感覺記憶(Sensorymemory)短時(shí)記憶(STM,Short-termmemory)長時(shí)記憶(LTM,Long-termmemory)Sensorymemory無限量存貯存貯時(shí)間短0.25-2s’“一瞥之見”感覺后像，即按刺激的物理特征原樣直接加以編碼和儲存的模式識別(patternrecognition)即從sensorymemory向short-termmemory傳遞信息并賦予它意義的過程。確定選擇哪些信息傳輸?shù)蕉虝r(shí)記憶，而讓哪些信息從感覺記憶中衰退，是注意(attention)的作用。Short-termmemory

編碼形式：聽覺代碼R.Conrad,1964

視覺代碼語義代碼存貯容量:7±2組塊(chunk)

存貯持久性L.R.Perterson,1959

影片：《記憶碎片》

康拉德(R.Conrad,1964)的經(jīng)典性研究：選用B、C、P、T、V、F、M、N、S、X等10個(gè)字母為材料,從中隨機(jī)取出6個(gè)組成字母序列,用視覺方式一個(gè)個(gè)地呈現(xiàn)給被試,要求他們記住。然后讓被試嚴(yán)格地按字母呈現(xiàn)的順序進(jìn)行回憶,并對回憶中出現(xiàn)的差錯(cuò)進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果表明,回憶時(shí)出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)為聲音混淆。即發(fā)音近似的字母混淆程度較高,如將B誤為P,將V誤為B,而發(fā)音不相似的字母之間則較少發(fā)生混淆。在彼德森等人(L.R.Peterson&M.J.PeterSOIl,1959)的實(shí)驗(yàn)：被試的任務(wù)是記住3個(gè)輔音字母組成的無意義音節(jié),18秒鐘后再進(jìn)行回憶。在正常情況下,被試正確完成這個(gè)任務(wù)是輕而易舉的事。然而,在剌激呈現(xiàn)以后,立即呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)三位數(shù)的數(shù)字,要求被試以這個(gè)數(shù)字為起點(diǎn),進(jìn)行連續(xù)減3的倒數(shù)數(shù),持續(xù)到18秒為止。這時(shí)再讓被試回憶字母,回憶成績不足20%,即回憶的平均數(shù)還達(dá)不到一個(gè)字母。是倒數(shù)數(shù)的任務(wù)阻止了被試對識記材料的復(fù)述。Long-termmemory

編碼形式：

語義代碼視覺代碼（遺覺像實(shí)驗(yàn)/照片式記憶）遺忘(Forgetting)

干擾理論衰退理論動機(jī)性遺忘理論提取失敗理論“提筆忘字”“舌尖現(xiàn)象”有關(guān)虛假記憶Thinking概述概括性間接性對經(jīng)驗(yàn)的改組Thinking的過程問題解決(Problemsolving)

影響問題解決的因素KeyWordsThinkingThehighermentalprocesswhichisthemanipulationofmentalrespresentationsofinformationProblemsolvingTheprocessoftransformingonesituationintoanotherthatmeetsagoalMotivation&EmotionMotivationEmotionMotivation的涵義與功能動機(jī)與需要

Motivation&Need動機(jī)理論

MotivationTheory動機(jī)沖突與挫折

MotivationConflict&FrustrationKeyWordsMotivationAnyinternalcondition,althoughusuallyaninternalone,thatinitiates,activates,ormaintailnsanorganism’sgoal-directedbehavior.本能理論(Instincttheory)驅(qū)力理論(Drivetheory)喚醒理論(Arousaltheory)誘因理論(Incentivetheory)認(rèn)知理論(Cognitivetheory)

期待價(jià)值理論(Expectancy-valuetheory)

自我效能論(Self-efficacytheory)Motivationconflict雙趨沖突(Approach-approachconflict)雙避沖突(Avoidance-avoidanceconflict)趨避沖突(Approach-avoidanceconflict)多重趨避沖突

(Multipleapproach-avoidanceconflict)Frustration的涵義挫折情境挫折認(rèn)知挫折行為Frustration反應(yīng)情緒性反應(yīng)攻擊/冷漠/退化/固執(zhí)等理智性反應(yīng)個(gè)性變化（如：文革迫害）Emotion概述情緒、情感與感情主觀體驗(yàn)(Subjectiveexperience)

外部表現(xiàn)/表情(Emotionalexpression)

生理喚醒(Physicalarousal)KeyWordsEmotionAnevaluativeresponse(apositiveornegativefeelingstate)thattypicallyincludessubjectiveexperience,physiologicalarousal,andemotionalexpressionEmotion的分類

基本情緒(Basicemotion)

快樂(Happiness)

悲哀(Sadness)

憤怒(Anger)

恐懼(Fear)

情緒狀態(tài)的分類心境(Mood)

激情(Affectiveimpluse)

應(yīng)激(Stress)Emotion與腦

Emotion的腦中樞機(jī)制

Emotion的外周神經(jīng)機(jī)制

EmotionTheoryJames-Langetheroy

情緒是植物神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)活動的產(chǎn)物，外界刺激—生理反應(yīng)—情緒體驗(yàn)

Cannon-Bardtheory

情緒的中心不在外周神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，而在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的丘腦

Cognition&EmotionArnold的評定-興奮說

情緒的產(chǎn)生是大腦皮層和皮下組織協(xié)同活動的結(jié)果，大腦皮層的興奮是情緒產(chǎn)生最重要的條件。

Schachter’stwo-factortheoryofemotion

對特定情緒而言，生理喚醒與對生理變化的認(rèn)知性喚醒兩大因素必不可少。情緒狀態(tài)是由認(rèn)知過程、生理狀態(tài)和環(huán)境因素在大腦皮層中整合的結(jié)果。動機(jī)-分化理論

PersonalityPersonality的涵義獨(dú)特性/穩(wěn)定性/整體性/功能性Personality的結(jié)構(gòu)Personality的成因PersonalityTheoryKeyWordsPersonalityTheenduringpatternsofthoughts,feeling,andbehaviorthatareexpressedindifferentcircumstances.氣質(zhì)(Temperment)

高級神經(jīng)活動類型說

Thomas-Chess的氣質(zhì)類型說活動水平/生理活動的節(jié)律性注意分散程度/接近或回避/適應(yīng)性注意的廣度和堅(jiān)持性/反應(yīng)的強(qiáng)度反應(yīng)閾限/心情質(zhì)量容易型困難型遲緩型性格(Character)C.G.Jung“心理傾向”

Spranger“社會文化形態(tài)”

Friedman&Rosenman“攻擊性\好勝心等自我調(diào)控系統(tǒng)自我認(rèn)知(Self-cognition)“點(diǎn)紅實(shí)驗(yàn)”自我體驗(yàn)(Self-experience)

自我控制(Self-regulation)Personality的成因生物遺傳因素社會文化因素家庭環(huán)境因素早期童年經(jīng)驗(yàn)自然物理環(huán)境PsychologicalstressThedefinitionofstress

Canon

SelyeH，1907-1982generaladaptationsyndromealarmresistanceexhaustion

ThedevelopmentofdefinitionofstressStressor:應(yīng)激是引起機(jī)體發(fā)生應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的刺激物。Response:應(yīng)激是機(jī)體對有害刺激的反應(yīng)。Interaction:應(yīng)激是應(yīng)激源和應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的中間變量。Psychologicalstress心理應(yīng)激是個(gè)體在覺察需求與滿足需求的能力不平衡時(shí)傾向與通過整體心理和生理反應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出來的多因素作用的適應(yīng)過程。過程：適應(yīng)和不適應(yīng)過程結(jié)果：適應(yīng)的和不適應(yīng)的應(yīng)激源：生物、心理、社會等應(yīng)激反應(yīng)：心理、生理、行為認(rèn)知評價(jià)：起重要作用PsychologicalstressTheprocessofstress生活事件認(rèn)知評價(jià)應(yīng)對方式社會支持個(gè)性特征心理反應(yīng)行為反應(yīng)生理反應(yīng)心理疾病軀體疾病Physiologicalinteractionstressor應(yīng)激源的概念：應(yīng)激源是造成心理應(yīng)激并可能導(dǎo)致軀體和心理損傷的刺激物。Thetypesofstressors按應(yīng)激源的屬性分類:

1.軀體性應(yīng)激源physicalstressor2.心理性應(yīng)激源psychologicalstressor3.社會性應(yīng)激源socialstressor4.文化性應(yīng)激源culturalstressorThetypesofstressors按事件的現(xiàn)象學(xué)分類1.工作問題2.戀愛、婚姻、家庭問題3.人際關(guān)系問題4.經(jīng)濟(jì)問題5.個(gè)人健康問題6.自我實(shí)現(xiàn)和自尊方面7.喜慶事件Thetypesofstressors按事件對個(gè)體的影響分

1.正性生活事件positiveliveevents2.負(fù)性生活事件negativeeventsThetypesofstressors按事件的主客觀屬性分

1.客觀事件objectiveevents2.主觀事件subjectiveeventsTheresearchofstressorHolmesandRahe(1976)5000subjectsSocialReadjustmentRatingScale,SRRS,LifeChangeUnite,LCU<150LCU:0%150-300LCU:50%>300:86%應(yīng)激性生活事件的量化研究Theresearchofstressornegative,unpredictable,persistant,Un-control(模擬現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的應(yīng)激如：束縛、孤養(yǎng)、噪音、擁擠等)。

Psychologicalresponseofstress

1.Excessiveandcompulsivebehaviors,suchasnailbiting,overeating,pacing,pickingandtalking.2.Illogicalandnon-coherentthinking,asevidencedbymemoryloss,repetitivethoughts,reducedabilitytosolvedaytodayproblems.3.negativeemotion,suchasanger,anxiety,depression,guilt,orshame.Behaviorresponseofstress1.escapeoravoidance2.regressionordependence3.hostilityorattack4.helplessnessandself-pity5.drugaddictionphysiologicalresponseAccordingtoSelye’sandCannon:theresponseofstressisfightandflightresponsefight---confrontationflight---escapeFight-flightresponse(reflection)PhysiologicalresponseofstressTheendocrineResponse:Ourendocrinesystemsecreteshormonesdirectlyintoourbloodstreamviaaseriesofglands.Adrenalglands:

Adrenalmedulla(innercove)-----adrenaline-----increasetheactivitylevelofourheart,liver,andmuscles.

Adrenalcortex(outershell)----corticosteroids-----reduceinflammationPhysiologicalresponseofstressPhysiologicalresponseofstressTheImmuneResponseImmuno-suppressants:ourbodiesreleasenaturalsuppressantswhenunderstress.Thosesuppressantsdecreasetheefficiencyofourimmunesystem.Stresssystem(interactionofphysiology)下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺皮質(zhì)系統(tǒng)藍(lán)斑-交感-腎上腺髓質(zhì)系統(tǒng)

導(dǎo)致糖皮質(zhì)激素和鹽皮質(zhì)激素分泌增加和交感神經(jīng)功能亢進(jìn)。TheinteractionofpsychologyCognitiveappraisal:meanstheideasofthenature,intensity,persistencetimeanddangeraboutstressor.Therearetwotypesofcognitiveappraisal:FirstcognitiveappraisalandsecondCognitiveappraisalCognitiveappraisaleventFirstappraisaladaptationSecondappraisalProblemfocusEmotionfocusCopingWhatiscoping?Characteristicwayofonehandlewithstress.Typesofcoping:Copingcanbedividedintotwotypes.problemsolvingandemotionalcopingTypesofcopingProblemsolving:attemptstochangetheconditionsthatproducestress.eg.reducethetensionofnoise,studyhard,andtakerest.Emotionalcoping:alteringofoneselftoreducetress.eg:cry,doingexciseandrelax.ThestudyofcopingThestudyofcopingstylepositiveandnegativecopingThestudyofcopingandstresscopingstyleseffecttheresponseofstressThestudyofcopingtheoryDefensemechanismThedefinitionofDefensemechanismThekindofDefensemechanismdenial,regression,fantasy,displacement,rationalization,reactionformation,etc.Personalitytraitsandvulnerabilitytostress1.Anxiety:afearresponsetoaperceivedfuturethreat2.Depression:amooddisordercharacterizedbyexcessivesadness3.Learnedhelplessness:Occurswhenapersonhaslearnedtobehelplessinonesituationandtransfersthatappraisaltoanewsituationinwhichanadequateresponseispossible.Personalitytraitsandvulnerabilitytostress4.Hostility:astateofantagonismorenmity5.Self-absorbed:excessivelyengrossesinone’sselforone’saffairs.6.Vigilance:alertwatchfulnessPersonalityTypesandVulnerabilityTypeA:apersonalitytypecharacterizedbyimpatienceandworkaddiction;thoughtsusceptibletoprematureheartdisorders.TypeB:personalitytypecharacterizedbypatience,trust,goodnature,andaneasygoingstylethatisthoughttoprotectthemagainstprematureheartdisorders.TheurgentbehavioroftypeApersonalitybasedonasetofbeliefsandfears,manyofwhichareirrationalBeliefs:1.Myself-esteemisbasedonmymaterialaccomplishments.2.IamworthlessifIdonotachieveworldlysuccess.3.Therearenouniversalmoralprinciples.4.AllhumanandnaturalresourcesarelimitedTheurgentbehavioroftypeApersonalitybasedonasetofbeliefsandfears,manyofwhichareirrationalFears:1.Goodmaynotprevailoverevil;therefore,Icannotexpectjusticeinthisworld.2.Imaynotgetmyfairshareofworldlygood.3.Alackofsuccesswillcausemetobejudgedasworthless.HardypersonalityTherearesomepersonalitytraitsthatmakeiteasierforapersontohandlestressHardypersonalitystudyKobasa(1979)studiedtwogroupsofexecutiveswhohadallexperiencedstressfullifeeventswithinthepast3years.Thoseinonegrouphadbecomephysicallyillfollowingtheevents,whiletheotherhadnot.HardypersonalitystudyThehardyexcutivespossessedthreecharacteristicsthattheothersdidnot:1.Theyhadagreatfeelingofcontrol;2.Theyhadastrongsenseofcommitmenttospecificgoalsintheirlives;3.Theyviewedchangeasachallengeratherthanasathreat.ThegoodwaytocopywithstressThegoodwaytocopywithstressRethinkReduceRelaxReleaseRethinkthevalueofstressthingNormallywethinkordecidedthe