話題拓展08.應對肥胖問題(原卷版)

08.應對肥胖問題一、閱讀理解1Plastic,whichisnowmon,containsendocrinedisruptingchemicals,orEDCs(內(nèi)分泌干擾物),thathasbeenlinkedtoincreasedriskofmanychronicdiseases.ParentalexposuretoEDCs,forexample,hasbeenshowntocausemetabolic(新陳代謝的)disorders,includingobesityanddiabetes,inthelatergenerations.LedbyChangchengZhou,aprofessorofbiomedicalsciencesintheSchoolofMedicineattheUniversityofCalifornia,theresearchersinvestigatedtheimpactoffathers’exposuretoaphthalatecalleddicyclohexylphthalate,orDCHP(鄰苯二甲酸二環(huán)己酯),onthemetabolichealthoffirstgeneration(F1)andsecondgeneration(F2)inmice.Phthalatesarechemicalsusedtomakeplasticmoredurable.Theresearchersfoundthatfathers’DCHPexposureforfourweeksledtohighinsulin(胰島素)resistanceandimpairedinsulinsignalinginF1.Thesameeffect,butweaker,wasseeninF2.“Wefoundfathers’exposuretoEDCsmayhaveintergenerationalandtransgenerationaldetrimentaleffectsonthemetabolichealthoftheirlatergenerations,”Zhousaid.“Tothebestofourknowledge,ourstudyisthefirsttodemonstratethis.”Inthecaseoffathers’exposureinthestudy,intergenerationaleffectsarechangesthatoccurduetodirectexposuretoastressor,suchasexposuretoDCHPoffathers(F0generation)andhisF1generation.Transgenerationaleffectsarechangespasseddowntolatergenerationsthatarenotdirectlyexposedtothestressor(forexample,F2generation).“Thissuggeststhatfathers’DCHPexposurecanleadtosexspecifictransgenerationaleffectsonthemetabolichealthoftheirlatergenerations,”Zhousaid.ZhoustressedthattheimpactofexposuretoDCHPonhumanhealthisnotwellunderstood,eventhoughDCHPiswidelyusedinavarietyofplasticproductsandhasbeendetectedinfood,water,andindoorparticulatematter.“It’sbesttominimizeouruseofplasticproducts,”Zhousaid.“Thiscanalsohelpreduceplasticpollution,oneofourmostpressingenvironmentalissues.”1.Whyarephthalatesaddedtoplastic?A.Tobeautifyit. B.Tomakeitlonglasting.C.Toreduceitscost. D.Toincreaseitsweight.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“detrimental”inparagraph4probablymean?A.Negative. B.External. C.Distinct. D.Adventurous.3.WhatdidZhouadvisepeopletodo?A.Buryplasticwaste. B.Watchoutforthefoodtheyeat.C.Usefewestplasticproducts. D.Neverproduceplasticproducts.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.PlasticcontainsendocrinedisruptingchemicalsB.PlasticpollutionisapressingenvironmentalissueC.DCHPiswidelyusedinavarietyofplasticproductsD.Chemicalsinplasticmayimpacttwogenerations’health2TheGovernment’ssugartaxonsoftdrinkshasbroughtinhalfasmuchmoneyasMinistersfirstpredicteditwouldgenerate,thefirstofficialdataonthepolicyhasshown.FirstannouncedinApril,2016,thetaxwhichappliestosoftdrinkscontainingmorethan5gofsugarper100ml,wasintroducedtohelpreducechildhoodobesity(肥胖).Itisbelievedthattoday’schildrenandteenagersareconsumingthreetimestheremendedlevelofsugar,puttingthematahigherriskofthedisease.Initiallythesugartaxwasexpectedtomake￡520MayearfortheTreasury.However,dataofthefirstsixmonthsshoweditwouldmakelessthanhalfthisamount.Atpresentitisexpectedtogenerate￡240MfortheyearendinginApril2019,whichwillgotoschoolsports.Itesaftermorethanhalfofsoftdrinkssoldinshopshavehadtheirsugarlevelscutbymanufacturers(制造商)sotheycanavoidpayingthetax.Drinksnowcontain45millionfewerkilosofsugarasaresultofmanufacturers’effortstoavoidthecharge,accordingtoTreasuryfigures.SinceAprildrinkspanieshavebeenforcedtopaybetween18pand24pforeveryliterofsugarydrinktheyproduceorimport,dependingonthesugarcontent.However,somehighsugarbrands,likeClassicCocaCola,haveacceptedthesugartaxandarerefusingtochangeforfearofupsettingconsumers.Fruitjuices,milkbaseddrinksandmostalcoholicdrinksarefreeofthetax,asaresmallpaniesmanufacturingfewerthan1Mlitersperyear.Today’sfigures,accordingtoonegovernmentofficial,showthepositiveinfluencethesugartaxishavingbyraisingmillionsofpoundsforsportsfacilities(設施)andhealthiereatinginschools.Helpingthenextgenerationtohaveahealthyandactivechildhoodisofgreatimportance,andtheindustryisplayingitspart.5.HowdidtheGovernmentprotectchildren’shealth?A.Bycollectingmoneyforschools. B.Byforcingonsugartaxonsoftdrinks.C.Byimprovingthequalityofdrinks. D.Byencouragingresearchineducation.6.WhatmeasuresdidmanufacturerstaketotheGovernment’spolicy?A.Exploringoverseasmarkets. B.Cuttingdownontheirproduction.C.Loweringtheirproducts’sugarcontent. D.Puttingupthequalitiesoftheirproducts.7.WhatcanwelearnaboutClassicCocaCola?A.Itrefusedtoacceptthesugartax. B.Itfocusesonconsumers’feelings.C.Itworriesaboutlosinglocalcustomers. D.Itopposedfreeofthetaxtoalcoholicdrinks.8.Whatdoestheauthorintendtoexpressinthelastparagraph?A.mentsofmanufacturers. B.Influenceofgovernmentofficials.C.Desireforhealthynextgeneration. D.Successofthesugartaxpolicy.3Scientistsareincreasinglylookingatthemindbodyconnection,includinghowhearthealthmightaffectbrainfunction.Paststudiesofadultshavelinkedpoorcardiovascular(心血管的)healthtoahigherriskofcognitive(認知的)decline,butthere’sbeenlittleresearchonhowhearthealthaffectsyoungbrains.Anewresearchanalyzedthehealthdataof987children,aged11and12,from21UScities.ThechildrentookpartintheAdolescentBrainCognitiveDevelopmentstudy,thelargestlongtermstudyofbraindevelopmentandhealthinchildrenintheUnitedStates.Researchersmeasuredparticipants’cardiovascularhealthusingatoolknownasLife’sEssential8,alistforimprovingandmaintainingcardiovascularhealth.DevelopedbytheAmericanHeartAssociation(AHA),thelistincludesahealthydiet,notsmoking,beingphysicallyactive,gettingenoughsleep,keepingahealthyweightandcontrollingbloodpressure,cholesterolandbloodsugar.Researcherslookedathowthechildren’scardiovascularhealthscoresmatchedupwiththeirscoresfromacognitivetest.Theyfoundthatchildrenwithbettercardiovascularhealthbehaviors——thelistitemsrelatedtodiet,physicalactivity,smokingandsleep——showedslightlybettercognitivefunction.Atthesametime,childrenwithbetteroverallcardiovascularhealththatincludedalleightitemsonthelistalsohadhighercognitivefunction.Dr.AugustoCésarF.DeMoraes,thestudy’sleadresearcher,saidthatthemessageofthestudywas

“thatifyouseechildrenwithhighbloodpressureorobesity,it’simportanttolookattheirbrainhealthaswell.”Thefindings,whichwerepresentedonNovember11inPhiladelphiaattheAmericanHeartAssociation’sScientificSessionsconference,areconsideredpreliminary(初步的)untilfullresultsarepublishedinapeerreviewedjournal.9.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Themethodoftheresearch. B.Theparticipantsoftheresearch.C.Thefindingsoftheresearch. D.Thebackgroundoftheresearch.10.WhichofthefollowingmaycontributetocardiovascularhealthaccordingtoAHA?A.Goingonadiet. B.Keepingactiveworks.C.Goingtobedearly. D.Keepinglowerbloodpressure.11.Whatcanwelearnaboutthenewresearch?A.Itdrawsattentiontochildren’sproblemofobesity.B.Theparticipantsarechosenfromdifferentcountries.C.Thefullfindingshavenotbeenmadepublicsofar.D.Theresearcherslookatthemindbodyconnectioninadults.12.What’sthemainideaofthispassage?A.Highbloodpressureisaffectingchildren’sbrainhealth.B.Betterhearthealthmayimprovekids’cognitivefunction.C.Life’s

Essential8isanimportanttoolincognitiveresearch.D.Cognitivedeclinewillinfluencechildren’scardiovascularhealth.4Bedrotting—thepracticeofspendinglongperiodsoftimejuststayingunderthecoverswithsnacks,screensandothercreatureforts—isgainingpopularityonsocialmedia.SomeGenerationZtrendfollowersarenowviewingitasaformofselfcare,butdoctorswarntoomuchcouldbe“signofdepression”.Aretheseextendedbreaksreallywiseforone’smentalhealth—orcouldtheybeacauseforconcern?Dr.RyanSultan,aprofessoratColumbiaUniversityinNewYork,whotreatsmanyyoungpeople,calledthebedrottingtrendattractive.“Inourculturetoday,withtoomuchtodo,toomanyexpectationsandtoomuchproductivity,manyyoungindividuals(個人)arefeelingburnedoutandoftenaren’tgettingenoughsleep.It’seasytoseewhytakingtimeofftoliearoundisattractive,”Sultansaid.“Inmanyways,thisisbeneficial.It’sachancetogetawayfromreallifeproblemsandclearyourheadbeforereturningtolifeinabetterstateofmind,”headded.Forthedownside,however,hesaidalongtermneedordesireforbedrottingcoulddoharmtoone’sphysicalhealth.Spendingtoomanydaytimehoursinbed—awakeornot—coulddestroysleepschedules.Ourbrainsarefinetunedforsleepindarknessandalertnessinlight.Lyinginbedhalfasleepduringthedaywillworsensleepschedules—oncethathappens,itisachallengetofix.Itcouldalsoleadtobloodpressureproblemsandobesity(肥胖).Longtermneedordesireforbedrottingcouldalsobeawarningsignofdepression,accordingtoamentalhealthexpert.Dr.MarcSiegel,professorofmedicineatNYULangoneMedicalCenterandaFoxNewsmedicalcontributor,agreedthatwhilesomedowntimecanbeusefulintermsofdestressingandrejuvenation(更新),toomuchbedrottingisabadhealthpractice.Inadditiontoincreasingtheriskofdepression,itcontributestodecreasedmotivation(動力)aswell.Insteadofbedrotting,Siegelremendsregularexerciseasabetterformofdestressing.Whiletheoccasionallazydaycanbebeneficial,toomuchcouldhavetheoppositeeffect.Ifithappenseveryday,that’safairlysensitivetestfordepression.Thosewholackthemotivationtogetoutofbedcouldalsotrycallingortextingafamilymemberforsupport,socializingwithclosefriends,findingasmalltasktoplete,orreachingouttoamedicalprofessionalforhelp.13.AccordingtoDr.RyanSultan,whydoyoungpeoplelikebedrotting?A.Theyarefondofwhatispopularonsocialmedia. B.Theyareunwillingtosocializewithfriends.C.Bedrottingisawaytoescapestress. D.Bedrottinghelpsfixsleepschedules.14.Whatdoestheword“finetuned”underlinedinParagraph3probablymean?A.Quicklyactivated.B.Welltrained. C.Badlyneeded. D.Illequipped.15.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Beinglazyfromtimetotimecanbegoodforindividuals.B.Sleepinginlightcanincreasetheriskofdepression.C.Bedrottingcanallowpeopletoavoidexpectations.D.Feelingdownleadstodecreasedmotivation.16.Whatisthepassagemainlytalkingabout?A.Differentopinionsonhowtobeemotivated.B.Maincausesofthelongtermneedforbedrotting.C.Practicalsuggestionsforyoungpeopletodealwithstress.D.Possibleproblemsfromlyinginbedforextendedperiodsoftime.5The“diet”indietdrinksmaybeafalsepromiseforsomesodalovers.AstudypublishedrecentlyinJAMANetworkOpenaddstotheevidencethatdrinksmadewithsucralose(蔗糖素)maystimulatetheappetite,atleastamongsomepeople.“Wefoundthatfemalesandpeoplewithobesity(肥胖)hadgreaterbrainrewardactivityafterconsumingtheartificialsweetener,”saysstudyauthorKatiePage.“Whatwasmostsurprisingwastheimpactofbodyweightandbiologicalsex.Theywereveryimportantfactorsinthewaythatthebrainrespondedtotheartificialsweetener.”Bothgroupsalsohadareductioninthehormonethatinhibits(抑制)appetite,andtheyatemorefoodaftertheyconsumeddrinkswithsucralose,paredwithafterregularsugarsweeteneddrinks.Incontrast,thestudyfoundmalesandpeopleofhealthyweightdidnothaveanincreaseineitherbrainrewardactivityorhungerresponse,suggestingthey’renotaffectedinthesameway.Pageandherteammeasuredtheresponsetodietsodainthreeways.Theyusedbrainimagesofthe74studyparticipantstodocumenttheactivationofpartsofthebrainlinkedtoappetite.Theyusedbloodsamplestomeasurebloodsugarandhormonesthatcandrivehunger.Andtheyalsotrackedhowmuchparticipantsateatabuffettableattheendofeachstudysession.“Theseresultsareconsistentwithpatternsthatwe’veactuallyseeninmylabinanimalstudies,”saysSusanSwithers,abehavioralscientistatPurdueUniversity.“Youaresupposedtogetsugaraftersomethingtastessweet.Yourbodyhasbeenaccustomedtothat,”explainsSwithers.Butdietsodamayleadtoadisconnect.Thesugarneverarrives,and“thatcoulddecreasethebody’sefficiencyinmetabolizing(新陳代謝)sugarthenexttime.”17.WhatdidPagefindmightaffectthebrain’sresponsetodietsoda?A.Theartificialsweetener. B.Thedrinker’ssexandweight.C.Thereductioninhormones. D.Theamountofsweetdrinks.18.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraphfour?A.Themethodsofthestudy. B.Theimpactsofdietsoda.C.Thecausesofovereating. D.Theresponsesofparticipants.19.WhatisSwithers’attitudetowardPage’sstudy?A.Unclear. B.Approving. C.Doubtful. D.Unsatisfied.20.Wherecanyoufindthistext?A.Astorycollection. B.Atraveljournal.C.Aconsumerguide. D.Ahealthmagazine.6WhenIwasayoungpostdoctoralresearcheratCambridge,Imetabeardedprofessoratafancydinner.Heaskedme,“Soyoungman,whatdoyoudo?”ItoldhimIwasworkingonthegenetics(遺傳學)ofchildhoodobesity(肥胖癥).“Ha!Doyouknowwhatyourproblemis?”hereplied.“Yougivefatpeopleanexcuse.”Theprofessor’sreplythrewme.Iwasabouttopushback,whenitoccurredtomethatthisviewwassharedbymuchofsociety.Obesityisseenasaproblemofphysics;peoplejustneedtoeatlessandmovemore.Butalthoughhowwegettoourbodyweightisreliantonphysics,therealquestioniswhy?Whydosomepeoplelovefood,whileforothersit’ssimplyfuel?Besidespowerfulsocietalandculturalinfluences,thereareequallypowerfulgeneticfactorsthatinfluenceoureating,andhenceourbodyweight.Largepopulationbasedstudies,suchasUKBiobank,asurveyofnearlyhalfamillionadults,havehelpedtorevealthegeneticarchitectureunderlyingdifferencesinbodysize.Butthechildhoodobesitydatadonotexist.Andthat’saproblem,becauseweknowthatchildrenwithobesityprobablywillgrowintoadultswithobesity.Thus,understandingthegeneticsandnaturalhistoryofchildhoodobesitywillplayakeyroleinitstreatmentandprevention.Luckily,thereishope.DCYPHR,ageneticsresearchprogramme,isopentoeverychild.Itaimstocreateatrulyinclusiveresearchsampleandinvestigatearangeofconditions,forwhichobesityisamajorcontributingfactor.DCYPHRisambitiousandwillfacechallengesincreatingatrulyinclusiveresearchsample.Butifitdoes,itwillcircumventmanyoftheproblemsinadulthealthresearchbybuildinginclusivityinfromthebeginning.YoucanhelppioneernewtreatmentsformillionsofpeoplebyhelpingunlockthepowerhidinginyourDNA.Now,anationwidemovementforages0—15isbeingheldandallyouneedtodoisspit(吐)inatubeandpleteashorthealthandlifestylequestionnaire.21.What’sthetonecarriedintheprofessor’sreply?A.Dismissive.B.Sympathetic.C.Delighted.D.Admiring22.Whatisalimitationofthepreviousstudiesonobesity?A.Limitedsizeofparticipants. B.Inaccuratesampleanalysis.C.Lackofdataonchildhoodobesity. D.Failuretomapadults’geneticcode.23.Whichisclosestinmeaningto“circumvent”inparagraph4?A.Discuss.B.Face.C.Avoid.D.Create.24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttodointhelastparagraph?A.Tocallforaction.B.Todrawaconclusion.C.Tosumupthetext.D.Tocriticizemisconduct.二、七選五Obesity(肥胖癥),AGlobalProblemAndrewWilsonwasalwaysabigkid.Duringhis20sand30shekepthisweightincontrolbyplayingsport.25Afterthat,hewastryingtoloseweight.Hewatchedwhatheateandexercised.26Hetriedmanydiets.Hewouldlose10to20kilograms,butthentheweightwouldreturn,andmore.Andrewiscertainlynotalone.Obesityaffectsallareasofsociety.27InSouthandSoutheastAsia,thenumberofpeoplesufferingfromobesityispredictedtodoublebetween2010and2030.Howdidallthiseabout?Theproblemisthatinrecentdecadesourlifestylehaschangeddramatically.Mostpeopleintheworldareeatinghighenergydiets.28ThinkofaphotofromAsiainthe1970s—everyonewasonabicycle.Todaythey’reridingincars.Thegoodnewsis,there’splentythatcanbedone.Whilethemaintreatmentforobesityisstillsurgery,newmedicinesareingavailable.29Governmentsalsoprovideuswithgreenopenspacestodophysicalactivity.Anothereffectivesolutionoverseasistointroduceataxonsugarydrinks.A.Atthesametimewe’removingless.B.Still,hisweightincreasedto200kilograms.C.Humansaren’tmeanttohavedietslikethat.D.Peopleeverywherearelivingwithextraweightorobesity.E.Soon,expertspredict,obesitywillbemonlytreatedwithregularpills.F.Mostpeoplehaveafeelingofhavingfinishedameal,buthealwaysfelthungry.G.However,whenhisfamilyhitatroubleandhewasunderpressure,heputonweightquickly.三、完形填空TherearetoomanyfatpeopleinAmerica,somanyAmericansarefightingagainstoverweight.Butthe30thingisthattheFrench,whoconsumerichfood,continuetostaythin.NowaresearchbyCornellUniversitysuggestshowlifestyleanddecisionsabout31mayaffectweight.ResearchersconcludedthattheFrenchtendtostopeatingwhentheyfeel32.However,Americanstendtostopwhentheir33areemptyortheirfavoriteTVshowisover.AccordingtoDr.JosephMercola,a(n)34expert,theFrenchseeeatingasanimportantpartoftheirlifestyle.Theyenjoyfoodandthereforespenda35timeatthetable,whileAmericansseeeatingassomethingtobe36betweentheotherdailyactivities.MercolabelievesAmericanslosetheabilityto37whentheyareactuallyfull.So,theykeepeatinglongaftertheFrenchwouldhave38.Inaddition,hepointsoutthatAmericansdrivetohugesupermarketstobuycannedandfrozenfoodsfortheweek.TheFrench,howevertendtoshopdaily,walkingtosmallshopsandfarmers’marketswheretheyhavea(an)39offreshfruits,vegetables,andeggsaswellashighqualitymeatsforeachmeal.AfteravisittotheUnitedStates,MireilleGuiliano,authorofFrenchWomenDon’tGetFat,decidedtowriteabouttheimportanceofknowingwhentostop40suggestinghowtoavoidfood.Todayshecontinuestostayslimand41goestothegym.Inspiteofallthesedifferences,evidenceshowsthatrecentlifestyle42maybeaffectingFrencheatinghabits.Todaytherateofobesity—orextreme43—amongadultsisonly6%.However,asAmericanfastfoodgains44andtheyoungrejectoldertraditions,theobesityrateamongFrenchchildrenhasreached17%—andisgrowing.30.A.present B.natural C.strange D.modern31.A.working B.living C.studying D.eating32.A.sensitive B.sad C.happy D.full33.A.pockets B.refrigerators C.houses D.plates34.A.education B.health C.literature D.speech35.A.fairlylong B.fairlyshort C.veryexciting D.ratherfast36.A.littered B.squeezed C.cut D.shared37.A.sense B.show C.understand D.get38.A.kept B.enjoyed C.went D.stopped39.A.choice B.message C.order D.number40.A.otherthan B.inadditionto C.