英美國家概況資料

最近整理的英美概況的筆記，對綜合英英語國家概況名詞解釋系列

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（1）

ThePuritans清教徒----ThePuritanswerewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.TheywantedtopurifythechurchofEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritansleaderssawtheNew

worldasthearefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（2）

TheBillofRights（America）權(quán)利法案----In1789,JamesMadisonintroducedintheHouseofRepresentativesaseriesofamendmentswhichlaterweredraftedintotwelveproposedamendmentsandsenttothestatesforratification.Tenofthemwereratifiedin1791andthefirsttenamendmentstotheconstitutionwerecalledtheBillsofRightsbecausetheyweretoinsureindividualliberties.

theBillofRights(Britain)

In1689,WilliamandMaryacceptedtheBillofRightstobecrownedjointly.ThebillexcludedanyRomanCatholicfromthesuccession,confirmedtheprincipleofparliamentarysupremacyandguaranteedfreespeechwithinboththetwoHouses.Thustheageofconstitutionalmonarchybegan.

TheEmancipationProclamation解放黑奴宣言----AftertheCivilwarbegan,LincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationtowinmoresupportathomeandabroad.ItgrantedfreedomtoallslavesinareasstillcontrolledbytheConfederacy.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（3）

PilgrimsThanksgivingDay感恩節(jié)----ThePilgrimsin1620,201ofthemsailedtotheNewWorldinashipcalledMayflower.Thefirstwinteraftertheirarrivalwasverycoldandwhenspringcame,halfofthemweredead.ThentheIndianscametotheirhelpandtaughtthemhowtogrowcorn.Theyhadagoodharvestthatyear.SotheyinvitedtheIndiansandheldthefirstThanksgiving

celebrationinAmericatogivethankstoGod.

TheChunnel英吉利海峽隧道----In1985theBritishgovernmentandFrenchgovernmentdecidedtobuildachanneltunnel,whichiscalled“Chunnel”,undertheStraitsofDoversothatEnglandandFrancecouldbejoinedtogetherbyroad.TheChunnelwasopentotrafficinMay1994.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（4）

Eisteddfod(一年一度的)威爾士詩人、音樂家大會

---EisteddfodistheWelshwordfor“sitting”NationalEidteddfodisthemostfamousfestivalofmusicandverseinWales.IttakesplaceeachAugustandlastsforaboutaweek.ThehighlightofthefestivaliscompetitionforthebestepicpoemaboutWaleswrittenandreadinWelsh.ThewinneriscrownedBoard,consideredthesupremehonourinWales.Inthiswaythe

WelshpeoplekeeptheWelshlanguageandculturealive.

Cockney倫敦佬----AcockneyisaLondonerwhoisbornwithinthesoundofBowBells-theBellsofthechurchofSt.Mary-LeBowineastLondon.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（5）

Stonehenge巨石陣----ItisagroupofhugemonumentsofgrantrockSlabsonsalisburyplaininsouthwestEnglandbuiltaslongagoastheNewStoneAge.Itisgenerallybelievedthatstonehengeservedsomesortofreligiouspurposes.

TheCelts凱爾特人----TheCeltscametoBritaininthreemainwaves.ThefirstwaveweretheGales,thesecondwaveweretheBrythonsandtheBelgaecameabout150BC.TheCeltswerepractisedfarmers.TheCeltictribesareancestorsoftheHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWelsh,AndtheirlanguagesarethebasisofbothWelshandGaelic.TheyreligionwasDruidism.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（6）

NormanConquest諾曼征服---TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-ofYork,symbolizedbythewhite,from

1455to1485.HenryTudor,descendantofDukeofLancasterwonvictoryatBosworthFireldin1485andputhtcountryundertheruleoftheTudors.FromtheseWars,Englishfeudalismreceiveditsdeathblow.Thegreatmedievalnobilitywasmuchweakened.

TheGloriousRevolutionof1688光榮革命----In1685CharlesIIdiedandwassucceededbyhisbrotherJamesII.JameswasbroughtupinexileinEurope,wasaCatholic.Hehopedtorulewithoutgivinguphispersonalreligiousvies.ButEnglandwasnomoretolerantofaCatholickingin1688than40yearsago.SotheEnglishpoliticiansrejectedJamesII,andappealedtoaProtestant

king,WilliamofOrange,toinvadeandtaketheEnglishthrone.WilliamlandedinEnglandin1688.Thetakeoverwasrelativelysmooth,withnobloodshed,noranyexecutionoftheking.Thiswas

knownastheGloriousRevolution.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（10）

TheGunpowderPlotof1605火藥陰謀案----TheGunpowderPlotof1605wasthemostfamousoftheCatholicconspiracies.OnNov.5,1605,afewfanaticalCatholicsattemptedtoblowKingJames

andhisministersupintheHouseofParliamentwhereGuyFawkeshadplantedbarrelsofgunpowderinthecellars.TheimmediateresultwastheexecutionofFawkesandhisfellowconspiratorsandimpositionofsevereanti-Catholiclaws.Thelong-termresulthasbeenanannualcelebrationonNov.5,whenabonfireislittoturnaguyandafireworkdisplayisarranged.

BloodMary血腥瑪麗----ItisthenicknamegiventoMaryI,theEnglishQueenwhosucceededtothethroneafterHenryVIII.ShewasadevoutCatholicandhadsomanyProtestantsburnttodeaththatsheisrememberedlessbyherofficialtitleMaryIbyhernicknameBloodMary.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（11）

Thatcherism撒切爾主義----Theelectionof1979returnedtheConservativePartytopowerandMargaretThatcherbecamethefirstwomanprimeministerinBritain.Herpoliciesarepopularlyreferredtoasstate-ownedindustries,theuseofmonetaristpoliciestocontrolinflation,theweakingoftradeforcesunions,thestrengtheningoftheroleofmarketforcesintheeconomy,and

anemphasisonlawandorder.

theBritishConstitution

ThereisnowrittenconstitutionintheUnitedKingdom.TheBritishConstitutionisnotsetoutinanysingledocument,butmadeupofstatutelaw,commonlawandconventions.TheJudiciarydeterminescommonlawandinterpretstatues

TheTradeUnionActof1871工會法----Itlegalizedthetradeunionsandgivefinancialsecurity.Itmeantthatinlawtherewasnodifferencebetweenmoneyforbeneficpurposesandcollectingitto

supportstrikeaction.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（12）

Agribusiness農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)----ItreferstothenewfarminginBritain,becauseitisequippedandmanagedlikeanindustrialbusinesswithasetofinputsintotheprocesseswhichoccuronthefarmandoutputsorproductswhichleavethefarm.Theemphasisisuponintensivefarming,designestogivethemaximumoutputofcropsandanimals.

Britishdisease英國病----Theterm“Britishdisease”isnowoftenusedtocharacterizeBritain’seconomicdecline.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（13）

Constitutionalmonarchy君主立憲制----ItisapoliticalsystemthathasbeenpractisedinBritainsincetheGloriousrevolutionof1688.Accordingtothissystem,theConstitutionissuperiortotheMonarch.Inlaw,theMonarchhasmanysupremepowers,butinpractice,therealpowerofmonarchyhasbeengreatlyreducedandtodaytheQueenactssolelyontheadviceofherministers.

Shereignsbutdoesnotrule.TherealpowerliesintheParliament,ortobeexact,intheHouseofCommons.

PrivyCouncil樞密院----AconsultativebodyoftheBritishmonarch.ItsorigincanbetracedbacktothetimesoftheNormanKings.AftertheGloriousRevolutionof1688,itsimportancewasgraduallydiminishedandreplacedbytheCabinet.Today,itisstillaconsultationbodyoftheBritishmonarch,Itsmembershipisabout400,andincludesalCabinetministers,thespeakerofthe

HouseofCommons,theArchbishopsofCanterburyandYork,andseniorBritishandCommonwealthstatesmen.

WhigsandTories輝格黨和托利黨

ItreferredtothetwopartynameswhichoriginatedwiththeGloriousRevolutionof1688.TheWhigswerethosewhoopposedabsolutemonarchyandsupportedtherighttoreligiousfreedomforNoncomformists.TheTorieswerethosewhosupportedhereditarymonarchyandwerereluctanttoremovekings.TheWhigsformedacoalitionwithdissidentToriesandbecametheLiberalParty.TheToriesweretheforerunnersoftheConservativeParty

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（14）

TheNationalHealthService國民保健署.----ItisaveryimportantpartofthewelfaresysteminBritain.ItisanationwideorganizationbasedonActsofParliament.Itprovidesallkindsoffreeornearlyfreemedicaltreatmentbothinhospitalandoutside.Itisfinancedmainlybypaymentsbythestateoutofgeneraltaxation.Peoplearenotobligedtousethisservice.Theserviceisachievingitsmain

objectiveswithoutstandingsuccess.

Comprehensiveschools綜合學校----Comprehensivesschoolstakepupilswithoutreferencetoabilityoraptitudeandprovideawide-rangingsecondaryeducationforallormostofthechildreninadistrict.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（15）

Reuters路透社----Itwasfoundedin1851bytheGerman,JuliusReuter.Itisnowapubliclyownedcompany,employingover11000staffin80countries.Ithasmorethan1300staffjournalistsandphotographers.

TheCrownCourt巡回刑事法庭----AcriminalcourtthatdealswiththemoreseriouscasesandholdssessionsintownsthroughoutEnglandandWales.ItispresidedovereitherbyajudgefromtheHighCourtofJusticeoralocalfull-timejudge.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（16）

TheGreatlakes北美五大湖----TheGreatLakesarethefivelakesinthenortheast.TheyareLakeSuperiorwhichisthelargestfreshwaterlakeintheworld,LakeMichigan(theonlyoneentirelyintheU.S.),LakeHuron,LakeEireandLakeOntario.TheyarealllocatedbetweenCanadaandtheUnitedStatesexpectLakeMichigan.

TheMississippi密西西比河----TheMississippihasbeencalled“fatherofwaters“or”oldmanriver”.Itanditstributariesdrainoneoftherichestfarmareasintheworld.ItisthefourthlongestriverintheworldandthemostimportantriverintheUnitedStates.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（17）

UncleTom’sCabin湯姆叔叔的小屋----ItwasasentimentalbutpowerfulantislaverynovelwrittenbyHarrietBeecherStowe.Itconvertedmanyreaderstotheabolitionistcause.

Gettysburg葛底斯堡演說----ItrefertotheshortspeechPresidentLincolnmadewhenhededicatedthenationalcemeteryatGettyburg.Heendedthespeechwith“thegovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth”.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（18）

TheRedScare紅色恐懼----WhentheWWIwasover,thereexistedahighlyaggressiveandintolerantnationalism.Between1919and1920,theRedScarehappened.OnNov.7,1919andJan.2,1920,theJusticeDepartmentlaunchedtwowavesofmassarrests.Over4000suspectedCommunistsandradicalwerearrested.

TheNewDeal新政---InordertodealwiththeDepression,PresidentFranklinRooseveltputforwardtheNewDealprogram.ItpassedalotofNewDeallawsandsetupmanyefficientsocialsecuritysystems.TheNewDealhelpedtosaveAmericandemocracyandthedevelopmentofAmerican

economy.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（19）

TrumanDoctrine杜魯門主義----OnMar.12,1949,PresidentTrumanputforwardtheTrumanDoctrineinhisspeechtothejointsessionofCongress.TheDoctrinemeanttosupportanycountrywhichsaiditwasfightingcommunism.

MarshallPlan馬歇爾計劃----ItwasannouncedbyGeorgeMarshallonJune.5,1947,andwastheeconomicaidplanforWesternEurope.ItwasalsousedtopreventthelossofWesternEuropeintotheSovietsphere.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（20）

Londonsmog倫敦煙霧----In195,thesulphurdioxideinthefour-dayLondonsmog,anunhealthyatmosphereformedbymixingsmokeanddirtwithfog.Itleft4000peopledeadordying.SincethenmostcitiesinBritainhaveintroduced“cleanairzones”wherebyfactoriesandhouseholdsare

onlyallowedtoburnsmokelessfuel.

FamilyDocto家庭醫(yī)生----InordertoobtainthebenefitsoftheNHSapersonmustnormallyberegisteredonthelistofageneralpractitioner,sometimesknownasa“familydoctor”.Thefamilydoctorgivestreatmentorprescribesmedicine,or,ifnecessary,arrangesforthepatienttogotohospitalortobeseenathomebyaspecialist.

英語國家概況名詞解釋系列（21）

MarvellousMelbourne了不起的墨爾本----Afterthegoldrushin1850sand1860s,therewasanimportantrevolutionintransport,especiallywiththenetworkoftramandrailwaysystems.Thischangedthepaceofurbanlifeandtheappearanceofthecityandsoonpeoplewerecallingthecity“MarvellousMelbourne”.Butbythe1890soutsiderswerecallingthecity“MarvellousMelbourne”becauseofthebadsmellofthecity.

WaitangiDay懷唐伊日----In1840thefirstofficialgovernor,WilliamHobson,wassenttonegotiatewithMaorileaders.In1840Hobson,representingQueenVictoria,andsomeMaorichiefs,signedtheTreatyofWaitangi.ModernNewZealandwasfounded.Theanniversaryofthesigning,February6,iscelebratedasNewZealandNati