2022年北京卷英語試卷真題（解析版）

2022年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試（北京卷）英語本試卷共頁，共00分。考試時(shí)長(zhǎng)90分鐘?？忌鷦?wù)必在答題卡指定區(qū)域作答，在試卷上作答無效。考試結(jié)束后，將本試卷和答題卡一并交回。第一部分知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，0分）第一節(jié)（共0小題；每小題.5分，共5分）閱讀下面短文，掌握其大意，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。OneMondaymorning,whilethechildrenwereenjoying“freeplay”,Isteppedtothedoorwayoftheclassroomtotakeabreak.Suddenly,I________amovementoftheheavywoodendoor.ThiswastheverydoorI____2____guidedthechildrenthroughtoensuretheirsafetyfromthebittercold.Ifeltachill(寒意)gothroughmybody.Mylegscarriedmetothatdoor,andIpusheditopen.ItwasoneofmykindergartenerswhoIthoughtwas________thatday.Hehadbeendroppedoffatschoollateandwas____4____toopenthedoor.Hemusthavebeenwaitingthereforquiteawhile!Withoutaword,Irushedhimtothehospital.Hewastreatedforfrostbiteonhishands.He’dneedtimeto____5____,andwouldn’teforclassthenextday,Ithought.Thenextmorning,oneofthefirstto____6____wasmylittlefrostbittenboy.Notonlydidheruninwithenergy,buthis____7____couldbeheardasloudasever!Igavehimawarmhugandtoldhimhow____8____Iwastoseehim.Hiswordshavestayedwithmealltheseyears,“Iknewyouwouldopenthedoor.”ThatcoldMondaymorning,hewaitedalong,longwhileforadultsto____9____.Toachild,everyminutefeelslikeforever.Hedidn’tattempttowalkbackhome;hewaitedandtrusted.Thisfive-year-oldtaughtmeapowerfullessonin_____0_____..A.caused B.spotted C.checked D.imagined2.A.hesitantly B.randomly C.dizzily D.carefully.A.angry B.absent C.special D.noisy4.A.courageous B.content C.unable D.unwilling5.A.recover B.play C.change D.wait6.A.settle B.gather C.arrive D.react7.A.sneeze B.weep C.plaint D.laughter8.A.lucky B.happy C.curious D.nervous9.A.showup B.pullup C.holdup D.lineup0.A.gratitude B.forgiveness C.faith D.kindness【答案】.B2.D.B4.C5.A6.C7.D8.B9.A0.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。一個(gè)小男孩上學(xué)去晚了，被關(guān)在了門外，小男孩推不開們，于是大冬天的在門外等了很久，直到老師不經(jīng)意間發(fā)現(xiàn)門有動(dòng)靜，才注意到他被關(guān)在門外。小男孩堅(jiān)定地相信老師會(huì)給他開門，這種信念讓老師一直銘記于心?！绢}詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：突然，我注意到那扇沉重的木門動(dòng)了一下。A.caused引起、使發(fā)生；B.spotted看見、注意到；C.checked檢查、核對(duì)；D.imagined想象。根據(jù)后面的“amovementoftheheavywoodendoor.”可知，此處表示看到門動(dòng)了下，spot符合語境。故選B項(xiàng)。【2題詳解】考查副詞詞義辨析。句意：這正是那扇我小心翼翼地領(lǐng)著孩子們穿過，以確保他們不受嚴(yán)寒侵襲的門。A.hesitantly遲疑地、躊躇地；B.randomly隨機(jī)地；C.dizzily頭暈眼花地；D.carefully小心地、謹(jǐn)慎地。根據(jù)后面的“toensuretheirsafetyfromthebittercold.”可知，要確保孩子們不受嚴(yán)寒侵襲，說明是小心翼翼地領(lǐng)著孩子們通過，carefully符合語境。故選D項(xiàng)。【題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：是我幼兒園的一個(gè)孩子，我以為他那天沒來。A.angry生氣的、憤怒的；B.absent缺席的、不在的；C.special特殊的、特別的；D.noisy嘈雜的、聒噪的。根據(jù)下文的“Hehadbeendroppedoffatschoollateandwas____4____toopenthedoor.”可知，是小男孩來晚了，又開不了門，所以老師以為他沒來，此處absent符合語境。故選B項(xiàng)【4題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：他很晚才被送到學(xué)校，打不開門。A.courageous勇敢的；B.content滿足的、滿意的；C.unable無法勝任的、不會(huì)的；D.unwilling不愿意的。根據(jù)上文的“theheavywoodendoor.”和下文的“Hemusthavebeenwaitingthereforquiteawhile!”可知，門很重，小男孩打不開，所以才在門外等了很久，此處指“打不開門”，unable符合語境。故選C項(xiàng)【5題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：他需要時(shí)間恢復(fù)，我想他第二天不會(huì)來上課了。A.recover恢復(fù)、康復(fù)；B.play玩鬧、戲弄；C.change改變；D.wait等待。根據(jù)前面的“Hewastreatedforfrostbiteonhishands.”可知，小男孩手凍傷了，所以需要時(shí)間恢復(fù)，此處recover符合語境。故選A項(xiàng)。【6題詳解】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意：第二天早上，我那凍傷的小男孩是第一批趕到的人之一。A.settle解決、定居；B.gather聚集、召集；C.arrive到達(dá)；D.react反應(yīng)。根據(jù)下文“Notonlydidheruninwithenergy,”可知，小男孩精力充沛地跑了進(jìn)來，說明是來了學(xué)校，故此處指第一批到達(dá)學(xué)校的人，應(yīng)用arrive。故選C項(xiàng)7題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：他不僅精力充沛地跑了進(jìn)來，而且他的笑聲還像以前一樣響亮！A.sneeze打噴嚏；B.weep哭泣；C.plaint抱怨；D.laughter笑聲。根據(jù)前面的“Notonlydidheruninwithenergy”可知，小男孩精力充沛地跑了進(jìn)來，說明身體恢復(fù)好了，結(jié)合后面的“couldbeheardasloudasever”可知，此處應(yīng)指“笑聲和以前一樣響亮”，laughter符合語境。故選D項(xiàng)【8題詳解】考查形容詞詞義辨析。句意：我給了他一個(gè)溫暖的擁抱，告訴他我很高興見到他。A.lucky幸運(yùn)的；B.happy開心的、幸福的；C.curious好奇的；D.nervous緊張的、擔(dān)憂的。根據(jù)上文“He’dneedtimeto____5____,andwouldn’teforclassthenextday,Ithought.”可知，作者以為小男孩不會(huì)來學(xué)校，所以看到小男孩的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該是開心的，happy符合語境。故選B項(xiàng)【9題詳解】考查短語辨析。句意：在那個(gè)寒冷的周一早晨，他等了很久很久，才等到大人的出現(xiàn)。A.showup露面，出現(xiàn)；B.pullup拔起、停下來；C.holdup舉起、阻擋；D.lineup排隊(duì)。根據(jù)上下文語義可知，小男孩在門口等了很久，才等到大人出現(xiàn)給他開門，此處用showup符合語境。故選A項(xiàng)【0題詳解】考查名詞詞義辨析。句意：這個(gè)五歲的孩子給我上了一堂關(guān)于信念的有力的課。A.gratitude感激；B.forgiveness寬恕；C.faith信任、信念；D.kindness善良、仁慈。根據(jù)前面“Hedidn’tattempttowalkbackhome;hewaitedandtrusted.”可知，小男孩在門口等了很久，卻沒有試圖回家，說明小男孩有很強(qiáng)的的信念，故此處指老師從小男孩身上學(xué)到了一些關(guān)于信念的東西，此處指“關(guān)于信念的課”，faith符合語境。故選C項(xiàng)第二節(jié)（共0小題；每小題.5分，共5分）A閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Helenwaswalkingdownthestreetlate________theevening,herarmsfilledwithgrocerybags.Focusedonbalancingthebags,shedidn’tnoticeherwalletfallingoutofherpocket.AsHelenwalkedon,sheheardamanchargingtowardsher.Fearfulthathemighthaveanintention____2____(harm)her,Helenstartedtorun.Eventually,theman________(catch)upwithher,andhewasonlytryingtoreturnherwallet!【答案】.in2.toharmcaught【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述的是海倫在夜間獨(dú)行時(shí)的一段經(jīng)歷?！绢}詳解】考查介詞。句意：深夜，海倫抱著購物袋走在街上。intheevening意為“在晚上”，固定搭配。故in?！?題詳解】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：海倫擔(dān)心他可能有意傷害她，便開始快跑。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，可知空處應(yīng)填非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式，haveanintentiontodosth.意為“有意向做某事”，固定搭配，不定式作后置定語。故填toharm?！绢}詳解】考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。句意：最終，那個(gè)男人追上了她，他只是想把她的錢包還給她！結(jié)合句意空處應(yīng)填謂語動(dòng)詞的形式，動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。故填caught。B閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Whydohumansprefersomesmellsoverothers?Onetheory,increasingly____4____(support)byexperts,suggeststhatsmellpreferencesarelearned.It’seasytoexplainhowwedetermine____5____smellsaredangerousornot:welearn.Thishasbeenadoptedtoensureeasierdetectionofgasleaks.Gasnaturally____6____(have)norecognisablesmell.However,astrongsmellisaddedsothatwecanraisethealarmwhenwedetectthesmellassociatedwithdanger.【答案】4.supported5whether6.has【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。介紹的是人們更喜歡一些味道而不是其它的味道的一個(gè)原因，是因?yàn)槿藗儗?duì)氣味的偏好是習(xí)得的，這個(gè)理論也是越來越多地被專家支持的?！?題詳解】考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：被專家越來越多地支持的一個(gè)理論表明氣味的偏好是習(xí)得的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處的動(dòng)詞做非謂語，結(jié)合空格后的byexperts可判斷出該處意為“被專家們支持”，所以空格處應(yīng)用過去分詞表被動(dòng)。故填supported?！?題詳解】考查賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意：解釋我們?cè)鯓哟_定氣味是不是危險(xiǎn)的是容易的：我們學(xué)習(xí)到的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格前的determine為及物動(dòng)詞，空格后是主+系+表的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，所以空格處的詞用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句。再結(jié)合句意及空格后句子中的ornot可知，此處考查whether…ornot的搭配。故填whether?！?題詳解】考查主謂一致。句意：氣體本來沒有可識(shí)別的味道。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知空格處的動(dòng)詞作謂語，本句話是在陳述客觀事實(shí)，應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，且主語gas在本文中指的是氣體的統(tǒng)稱，為不可數(shù)名詞，所以謂語動(dòng)詞要用單三形式。故填has。C閱讀下列短文，根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容填空。在未給提示詞的空白處僅填寫個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，在給出提示詞的空白處用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給詞的正確形式填空。Sincepeoplecan’talwayseatoutorcookfor____7____(they),theygettakeoutororderdelivery.Moretakeoutandmorefooddeliveryequalmorewaste,especiallyplasticwaste.Thatincludescups,bottles,andbags,mostof____8____areonlygoodforoneuse.That’sabigproblemanditisgettingeven____9____(bad).Theuseofthoseplastics____20____(increase)by00%since209.Theworldwon’tsurviveifthissituationcontinues.【答案】7.themselves8.which9.worse20.hasincreased【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。講述了人們?cè)邳c(diǎn)外賣的同時(shí)，也增加了塑料產(chǎn)品的使用，造成了環(huán)境污染?！驹斀狻?考查反身代詞。句意：因?yàn)槿藗儾荒芸偸窃谕饷娉燥埢蛘邽樗麄冏约鹤鲲?，所以他們叫外賣或者叫外賣?？仗幵诰渲凶鹘樵~for的賓語，當(dāng)主語和賓語為同一物時(shí)，賓語要用反身代詞。所以此處要用反身代詞themselves。故填themselves。2.考查定語從句。句意：這包括杯子、瓶子和袋子，其中大多數(shù)（東西）只有一種用途。分析可知，mostof______areonlygoodforoneuse在句中為非限制性定語從句；先行詞為cups,bottles,andbags，在從句中作介詞of的賓語，所以此處用關(guān)系代詞which。故填which。.考查比較級(jí)。句意：這是個(gè)大問題，而且越來越嚴(yán)重。even“甚至”常置于比較級(jí)前，所以此處用worse，故填worse。4.考查現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。句意：自從209年，那些塑料的使用已經(jīng)增加了00%。根據(jù)句中since209，可知此處用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。主語Theuseofthoseplastics為單數(shù)含義，助動(dòng)詞用has。故填hasincreased。第二部分閱讀理解（共兩節(jié)，8分）第一節(jié)（共4小題；每小題2分，共28分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。APeer(同伴)AssistedStudySessions(PASS)isapeer-facilitatedlearningprogrammeavailabletostudentsenrolled(注冊(cè))inmostcoreunitsofstudyinourbusinessschool.PASSinvolvesweeklysessionswhereyouworkingroupstotacklespeciallypreparedproblemsets,basedaroundaunitofstudyyou’reenrolledin.PASSdoesn’tre-teachordelivernewcontent.It’sanopportunitytodeepenyourunderstandingofthekeypointsfromlecturematerialswhileyouareapplyingyourskillstosolveproblems.Youworkinteractivelywithyourpeers.Asapeergroup,youdecidewhatiscoveredineachsession.Thatway,PASSdirectlyrespondstoyourneedsandfeedback.RegistrationinTerm2willopenat9am,2September2022.WaitinglistsIfasessionisfull,youcanregisterforthewaitinglist.Wewillemailyouifaplacebeesavailableorifanewsessionistobeheld.Whenyouareplacedonawaitinglist,wewillemailyouanumberwhichtellsyouwhereyouareonthelist.Ifyouareclosetothefrontofthelist,youhaveagoodchanceofgainingaplaceintheprogrammeinthenearfuture.DeregisteringIfyoumisstwoPASSsessionsinarow,youwillbederegisteredandyourplacewillbegiventosomeoneonthewaitinglist.Makesureyoufillintheattendancesheetateachsessiontorecordyourattendance.You’llbeinformedbyemailifyouarebeingderegisteredasaresultofmissingsessions.Ifyoubelieveyouhavereceivedtheemailinerror,emailthePASSofficeatedu..2.InPASS,students________.A.attendnewlectures B.decidetheirownschedulesC.prepareproblemsetsingroups D.usetheirskillstosolveproblems22.Whatcanstudentsdoifasessionisfull?A.Fillintheattendancesheet. B.Signupforthewaitinglist.C.Reporttheirneedsandfeedback. D.Emailtheofficetheirnumbersonthelist.2.Studentswillbederegisteredif________.A.theysendemailsinerror B.theyfailtoworkinteractivelyC.theygivetheirplacestoothers D.theymisstwosessionsinarow【答案】2.D22.B2.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇應(yīng)用文。主要介紹了同伴輔助學(xué)習(xí)課程(PASS)?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“It’sanopportunitytodeepenyourunderstandingofthekeypointsfromlecturematerialswhileyouareapplyingyourskillstosolveproblems.（這是一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，在你運(yùn)用技能解決問題的同時(shí)，加深你對(duì)課堂材料關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)的理解。）”可知，在同伴輔助學(xué)習(xí)課程中，學(xué)生運(yùn)用技能解決問題。故選D?！?2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Waitinglists部分“Ifasessionisfull,youcanregisterforthewaitinglist.（如果課程滿員，您可以注冊(cè)等待列表。）”可知，如果某一課程滿員，可以注冊(cè)等待列表。故選B。【2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)Deregistering部分“IfyoumisstwoPASSsessionsinarow,youwillbederegisteredandyourplacewillbegiventosomeoneonthewaitinglist.（如果您連續(xù)錯(cuò)過兩次課程，您將被取消注冊(cè)，你的位置將分配給等待名單上的某個(gè)人。）”可知，如果學(xué)生連續(xù)錯(cuò)過兩次課程，將被取消注冊(cè)。故選D。BMynameisAlice.Earlylastyear,Iwastroubledbyananxietythatcrippled(削弱)myabilitytodoanything.Ifeltlikeastormcloudhungoverme.ForalmostayearIstruggledon,constantlystaringatthiswallthatfacedme.Myperfectionisttendencieswerethemainrootofthis:IwantedtobeperfectatwhateverIdid,whichobviouslyinlifeisnotpossible,butitconsumedme.Oneday,IattendedapresentationbywildlifeconservationistGrantBrownatmyhighschool.Hispresentationnotonlyawedandinspiredme,butalsohelpedemergeaninnerdesiretomakeadifferenceintheworld.Ijoinedapre-presentationdinnerwithhimandthatsmallersettingallowedmetoslowlybuildupmycouragetospeakone-on-onewithhim—anideathathadseemedpletelyimpossible.Thisfirstcontactwaswheremystorybegan.Amonthlater,BrowninvitedmetoattendtheWorldYouthWildlifeConference.Lookingback,Inowseethatthiswouldbethefirstinaseriesoftimelyopportunitiesthatmyoldselfwouldhaveletpass,butthatthisnewandmoreconfidentAliceenthusiasticallyseized.ShortlyafterIreceivedhisinvitation,applicationstojointheYouthforNatureandtheYouthforPlanetgroupsweresentaroundthroughmyhighschool.Idecidedtomittopletingtheapplications,andsoonIwasapartofagrowingglobalteamofyoungpeopleworkingtoprotectnature.Eachofthesenewstepscontinuedtogrowmyconfidence.IamwritingthisjustsixmonthssincemyjourneybeganandI’verealisedthatmybiggestobstacle(障礙)thiswholetimewasmyself.Itwasthatvoiceinthebackofmyheadtellingmethatonephrasethathasstoppedsomanypeoplefromreachingtheirpotential:Ican’t.Theysaygoodthingsetothosewhowait;Isay:grabeveryopportunitywitheverythingyouhaveandbeimpatient.Afterall,naturedoesnotrequireourpatience,butouraction.24.WhatwasthemaincauseforAlice’sanxiety?A.Herinabilitytoactherage. B.Herhabitofconsumption.C.Herdesiretobeperfect. D.Herlackofinspiration.25.HowdidGrantBrown’spresentationinfluenceAlice?A.Shedecidedtodosomethingfornature. B.Shetastedthesweetnessoffriendship.C.Shelearnedabouttheharmofdesire. D.Shebuiltuphercouragetospeakup.26.TheactivitiesAlicejoinedinhelpedhertobeemore________.A.intelligent B.confident C.innovative D.critical27.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Practicemakesperfect. B.Patienceisacureofanxiety.C.Actionisworry’sworstenemy. D.Everythingestothosewhowait.【答案】24.C25.A26.B27.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述作者通過參加保護(hù)自然活動(dòng)治愈好了自己的焦慮?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第一段“Myperfectionisttendencieswerethemainrootofthis:IwantedtobeperfectatwhateverIdid,whichobviouslyinlifeisnotpossible,butitconsumedme.(我的完美主義傾向是這一點(diǎn)的主要根源：無論我做什么，我都想做到完美，這在生活中顯然是不可能的，但它消耗了我。)”可知，是要求完美導(dǎo)致了焦慮。故選C項(xiàng)?！?5題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第二段“Oneday,IattendedapresentationbywildlifeconservationistGrantBrownatmyhighschool.Hispresentationnotonlyawedandinspiredme,butalsohelpedemergeaninnerdesiretomakeadifferenceintheworld.(一天，我在高中參加了野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)主義者GrantBrown的演講。他的演講不僅讓我感到敬畏和鼓舞，還幫助我產(chǎn)生了一種內(nèi)在的愿望，希望在世界上有所作為。)”和文章第三段“ShortlyafterIreceivedhisinvitation,applicationstojointheYouthforNatureandtheYouthforPlanetgroupsweresentaroundthroughmyhighschool.Idecidedtomittopletingtheapplications,andsoonIwasapartofagrowingglobalteamofyoungpeopleworkingtoprotectnature.(在我收到他的邀請(qǐng)后不久，我的高中就收到了加入“YouthforNature”和“YouthforPlane”組織的申請(qǐng)。我決定致力于完成這些申請(qǐng)，很快我就成為了一個(gè)日益壯大的全球年輕人保護(hù)自然團(tuán)隊(duì)的一員。)”可知，是GrantBrown讓作者開始為從事保護(hù)自然地活動(dòng)中。故選A項(xiàng)。【26題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第三段“Idecidedtomittopletingtheapplications,andsoonIwasapartofagrowingglobalteamofyoungpeopleworkingtoprotectnature.Eachofthesenewstepscontinuedtogrowmyconfidence.(我決定完成申請(qǐng)，很快我就成為了一個(gè)不斷壯大的全球年輕人保護(hù)自然團(tuán)隊(duì)的一員。每一步都讓我更加自信。)”可知，Alice加入這些活動(dòng)讓她變得更自信了。故選B項(xiàng)。【27題詳解】推理判斷題。由第一段“Earlylastyear,Iwastroubledbyananxietythatcrippled(削弱)myabilitytodoanything.Ifeltlikeastormcloudhungoverme.”（去年年初，我被一種焦慮困擾，它削弱了我做任何事情的能力。）由文章第三段“Idecidedtomittopletingtheapplications,andsoonIwasapartofagrowingglobalteamofyoungpeopleworkingtoprotectnature.Eachofthesenewstepscontinuedtogrowmyconfidence.(我決定完成申請(qǐng)，很快我就成為了一個(gè)不斷壯大的全球年輕人保護(hù)自然團(tuán)隊(duì)的一員。每一步都讓我更加自信。)可知，文章主要講述作者通過參加保護(hù)自然活動(dòng)治愈好了自己的焦慮。所以從文章中我們能學(xué)到行動(dòng)是憂慮最大的敵人。故選C項(xiàng)。C“Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.Systemsthinkingiscrucialtoachievingtargetssuchaszerohungerandbetternutritionbecauseitrequiresconsideringthewayinwhichfoodisproduced,processed,deliveredandconsumed,andlookingathowthosethingsintersect(交叉)withhumanhealth,theenvironment,economicsandsociety.Accordingtosystemsthinking,changingthefoodsystem—oranyothernetwork—requiresthreethingstohappen.First,researchersneedtoidentifyalltheplayersinthatsystem;second,theymustworkouthowtheyrelatetoeachother;andthird,theyneedtounderstandandquantifytheimpactofthoserelationshipsoneachotherandonthoseoutsidethesystem.Takenutrition.InthelatestUNreportonglobalfoodsecurity,thenumberofundernourished(營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良)peopleintheworldhasbeenrising,despitegreatadvancesinnutritionscience.Trackingof50biochemicalsinfoodhasbeenimportantinrevealingtherelationshipsbetweencalories,sugar,fatandtheoccurrenceofmondiseases.Butusingmachinelearningandartificialintelligence,somescientistsproposethathumandietsconsistofatleast26,000biochemicals—andthatthevastmajorityarenotshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.Asystemsapproachtocreatingchangeisalsobuiltontheassumptionthateveryoneinthesystemhasequalpower.Butassomeresearchersfind,thefoodsystemisnotanequalone.Agoodwaytoredress(修正)suchpowerimbalanceisformoreuniversitiestodowhatCrystaldidandteachstudentshowtothinkusingasystemsapproach.Moreresearchers,policymakersandrepresentativesfromthefoodindustrymustlearntolookbeyondtheirdirectlinesofresponsibilityandadoptasystemsapproach.Crystalknewthatvisionsalonedon’tproduceresults,butconcludedthat“we’llneverproduceresultsthatwecan’tenvision”.28.TheauthorusesthequestionunderlinedinParagraphto________.A.illustrateanargument B.highlightanopinionC.introducethetopic D.predicttheending29.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthefieldofnutrition?A.Thefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinkinghasn’tbeenachieved.B.Therelationshipsamongplayershavebeenclarified.C.Machinelearningcansolvethenutritionproblem.D.Theimpactofnutritioncannotbequantified.0.Asforsystemsthinking,whichwouldtheauthoragreewith?A.Itmaybeusedtojustifypowerimbalance.B.Itcanbeappliedtotacklechallenges.C.Ithelpstoprovewhyhungerexists.D.Itgoesbeyondhumanimagination.【答案】28.C29.A0.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了解決全球挑戰(zhàn)的重要方法——系統(tǒng)思維?！?8題詳解】推理判斷題。由文章第一段““Whatwouldtheworldbeiftherewerenohunger?”It’saquestionthatProfessorCrystalwouldaskherstudents.Theyfoundithardtoanswer,shewrotelater,becauseimaginingsomethingthatisn’tpartofreallife—andlearninghowtomakeitreal—isarareskill.Itistaughttoartistsandengineers,butmuchlessoftentoscientists.Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.(“如果沒有饑餓，世界會(huì)是什么樣子？”這是Crystal教授會(huì)問學(xué)生的問題。她后來寫道，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)很難回答這個(gè)問題，因?yàn)橄胂笠恍┎粚儆诂F(xiàn)實(shí)生活的東西，并學(xué)習(xí)如何將其變成現(xiàn)實(shí)是一項(xiàng)罕見的技能。它被教授給藝術(shù)家和工程師，但很少教授給科學(xué)家。Crystal著手改變這種狀況，并幫助創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)全球運(yùn)動(dòng)。結(jié)果，一種被稱為系統(tǒng)思維的方法現(xiàn)在被視為應(yīng)對(duì)全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵。)”可知，文章開頭提出問題是為了引出話題-系統(tǒng)思維的方法被視為應(yīng)對(duì)全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵。故選C項(xiàng)。【29題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由文章第三段“Thisshowsthatwehavesomewaytotravelbeforeachievingthefirstobjectiveofsystemsthinking-which,inthisexample,istoidentifymoreconstituentpartsofthenutritionsystem.(這表明，在實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)思考的第一個(gè)目標(biāo)之前，我們還有一段路要走——在本例中，這是為了確定營(yíng)養(yǎng)系統(tǒng)的更多組成部分。)”可知，實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)思維的第一個(gè)目標(biāo)還有一段路需要走，現(xiàn)尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)。故選A項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】推理判斷題。由文章第一段“Crystalsetouttochangethat,andhelpedtocreateaglobalmovement.Theresult—anapproachknownassystemsthinking—isnowseenasessentialinmeetingglobalchallenges.(Crystal著手改變這種狀況，并幫助創(chuàng)建了一個(gè)全球運(yùn)動(dòng)。結(jié)果，一種被稱為系統(tǒng)思維的方法現(xiàn)在被視為應(yīng)對(duì)全球挑戰(zhàn)的關(guān)鍵。)”可知，作者認(rèn)為該系統(tǒng)能應(yīng)用于解決挑戰(zhàn)。故選B項(xiàng)。DQuantum(量子)putershavebeenonmymindalotlately.Afriendhasbeensendingmearticlesonhowquantumputersmighthelpsolvesomeofthebiggestchallengeswefaceashumans.I’vealsohadexchangeswithtwoquantum-putingexperts.OneisputerscientistChrisJohnsonwhoIseeassomeonewhohelpskeepthefieldhonest.TheotherisphysicistPhilipTaylor.Fordecades,quantumputinghasbeenlittlemorethanalaboratorycuriosity.Now,bigtechpanieshaveinvestedinquantumputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.”Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.Heworriesthatresearchersaremakingpromisestheycan’tkeep.“What’snew,”Johnsonwrote,“isthatmillionsofdollarsarenowpotentiallyavailabletoquantumputingresearchers.”Asquantumputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.Lotsofothertechnologieshavegonethroughstagesofexcitement.Butsomethingaboutquantumputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”AndthatbringsmebacktoTaylor,whosuggestedthatIreadhisbookQforQuantum.AfterIreadthebook,Taylorpatientlyansweredmyquestionsaboutit.HealsoansweredmyquestionsaboutPyQuantum,thefirmheco-foundedin206.TaylorsharesJohnson’sconcernsabouthype,buthesaysthoseconcernsdonotapplytoPyQuantum.Thepany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelyparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”CouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthepetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumputers.ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson..RegardingJohnson’sconcerns,theauthorfeels________.A.sympathetic B.unconcerned C.doubtful D.excited2.WhatleadstoTaylor’soptimismaboutquantumputing?A.Hisdominanceinphysics. B.Thepetitioninthefield.C.HisconfidenceinPyQuantum. D.Theinvestmentoftechpanies..Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prone”inParagraphmostprobablymean?A.Open. B.Cool. C.Useful. D.Resistant.4.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.IsJohnsonMorepetentThanTaylor?B.IsQuantumputingRedefiningTechnology?C.WillQuantumputersEvereintoBeing?D.WillQuantumputingEverLiveUptoItsHype?【答案】A2.C.A4.D【解析】【導(dǎo)語】本文是一篇議論文。主要論述了“量子計(jì)算真的會(huì)像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家克里斯·約翰遜和物理學(xué)家菲利普·泰勒分別闡明了自己的觀點(diǎn)。【題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三自然段“Asquantumputingattractsmoreattentionandfunding,researchersmaymisleadinvestors,journalists,thepublicand,worstofall,themselvesabouttheirwork’spotential.Ifresearcherscan’tkeeptheirpromises,excitementmightgivewaytodoubt,disappointmentandanger,Johnsonwarns.（隨著量子計(jì)算吸引了更多的關(guān)注和資金，研究人員可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)投資者、記者、公眾，最糟糕的是，他們自己的工作潛力。約翰遜警告說，如果研究人員不能兌現(xiàn)承諾，興奮可能會(huì)讓位于懷疑、失望和憤怒）”根據(jù)最后一段“ButItrustTaylor,justasItrustJohnson.”（但我相信泰勒，就像我相信約翰遜一樣）可知，關(guān)于約翰遜的擔(dān)憂，作者是支持的。A.sympathetic同情的，贊同的；B.unconcerned不關(guān)心的；C.doubtful懷疑的；D.excited激動(dòng)的。故選A。【2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“Thepany,hesays,iscloserthananyotherfirm“byaverylargemargin(幅度)”tobuildinga“useful”quantumputer,onethat“solvesanimpactfulproblemthatwewouldnothavebeenabletosolveotherwise.”Headds,“Peoplewillnaturallydiscountmyopinions,butIhavespentalotoftimequantitativelyparingwhatwearedoingwithothers.”（他說，這家公司比其他任何公司都“在很大程度上”接近于制造出“有用的”量子計(jì)算機(jī)，它“解決了一個(gè)有影響力的問題，否則我們無法解決這個(gè)問題”。他補(bǔ)充說:“人們自然會(huì)不相信我的觀點(diǎn)，但我已經(jīng)花了很多時(shí)間來定量地比較我們與他人的做法）”可知，泰勒對(duì)量子計(jì)算的樂觀來源于他對(duì)PyQuantum的信心。故選C。【題詳解】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三自然段“Butsomethingaboutquantumputingmakesitespeciallypronetohype,Johnsonsuggests,perhapsbecause“‘quantum’standsforsomethingcoolyoushouldn’tbeabletounderstand.”（但約翰遜表明，量子計(jì)算的某些方面使得它特別prone被炒作，可能是因?yàn)椤傲孔印贝砹艘恍┠悴粦?yīng)該理解的酷東西?！保笨芍?，本句中含有一個(gè)原因狀語從句，因?yàn)椤啊傲孔印贝砹艘恍┠悴粦?yīng)該理解的酷東西”，所以它特別容易被炒作。故prone意為“易于……的”。A.Open.開放的；易受損害的；B.Cool.酷的；C.Useful.有用的；D.Resistant.有抵抗力的。故選A。【4題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二自然段“Now,bigtechpanieshaveinvestedinquantumputing,ashavemanysmallerones.AccordingtoBusinessWeekly,quantummachinescouldhelpus“curecancer,andeventakestepstoturnclimatechangeintheoppositedirection.Thisisthesortofhype(炒作)thatannoysJohnson.”（現(xiàn)在，大型科技公司和許多小型公司都在量子計(jì)算領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行了投資。據(jù)《商業(yè)周刊》報(bào)道，量子機(jī)器可以幫助我們“治愈癌癥，甚至采取措施將氣候變化轉(zhuǎn)向相反的方向。這種炒作讓約翰遜感到惱火?！保币约白詈笠欢巍癈ouldPyQuantumreallybeleadingallthepetition“byawidemargin”,asTaylorclaims?Idon’tknow.I’mcertainlynotgoingtoadvisemyfriendoranyoneelsetoinvestinquantumputers.（PyQuantum真的能像泰勒所說的那樣“以巨大的優(yōu)勢(shì)”領(lǐng)先所有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手嗎？我不知道。我當(dāng)然不會(huì)建議我的朋友或其他人投資量子計(jì)算機(jī)。但我信任泰勒，就像我信任約翰遜一樣。）”可知，本文主要論述了“量子計(jì)算真的會(huì)像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”，計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家克里斯·約翰遜和物理學(xué)家菲利普·泰勒分別闡明了自己的觀點(diǎn)。所以短文的最佳標(biāo)題為“量子計(jì)算真的會(huì)像它的宣傳那樣成功嗎？”。故選D。第二節(jié)（共5小題；每小題2分，共0分）根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，從短文后的七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。選項(xiàng)中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。Healthandfitnesshelpapersonliveagoodandhealthylife.Oftenduetovariouspressures,wetendtoignoreourhealth.____5____Itisthefitnesslevelofourbodythathelpsusfightthesediseases.____6____Weneedtobefittohaveahealthybody.Similarly,ifwearehealthyweshallnaturallybeattractedtowardsmaintainingthefitnessofourbody.Healthisthestateofourbodyatagiventime.Wemaynothaveanydiseasebutstillhaveaweakbody,whichisreadytobetargetedbyviruses.____7____Thisdoesnotdefinitelymeanthatwearenothealthy.Itmeansthefitnesslevelisnotinaccordancewithourageandtheclimaticconditionswelivein.Itisimportantforeveryonetodevotesometimetohealthandfitness.____8____Forinstance,wemustexercisedailyregardlessofourageandworkingstyle.Therearedifferentlevelsofexercisesfordifferentagegroupsandwemustdothemaccordingtoourownhealthandage.Additionally,itisimportanttorelaxourbody.Weshouldhaveatleastsixtoeighthoursofsleepeveryday.Ithelpsinimprovingourimmune(免疫)systemandprotectsusagainstdiseases.____9____This,inturn,givesusnewgoalsofhealthandfitness.A.Fitnesslevelsdecidethequalityoflife.B.Healthandfitnessareinterrelatedtoeachother.C.Italsohelpsinkeepinguscalmandrelaxesourmind.D.Forinstance,wemayhaveatendencytocatchacoldeasily.E.Ifwekeepourbodyfit,wecanenjoylifeinabettermanner.F.Therearesomeactivitieswhicheveryoneshoulddoinourlife.G.Thismakesourbodysufferandwewillcatchotherdiseases.【答案】5.G6.B7.D8.F9.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講的是健康和健身之間密不可分的關(guān)系以及我們應(yīng)該通過哪些健身的方式來讓自己有一個(gè)健康的身體?！?題詳解】根據(jù)空前“Healthandfitnesshelpapersonliveagoodandhealthylife.Oftenduetovariouspressures,wetendtoignoreourhealth.(健康和健身幫助一個(gè)人過上良好和健康的生活。由于各種各樣的壓力，我們往往會(huì)忽視自己的健康。)”可知因?yàn)楦鞣N壓力，我們的健康容易被忽視，根據(jù)空后“Itisthefitnesslevelofourbodythathelpsusfightthesediseases.(正是我們身體的健康水平幫助我們對(duì)抗這些疾病。)”可知身體的健康可以讓我們應(yīng)對(duì)各種疾病，空處承上啟下，所以空處應(yīng)該講忽視健康對(duì)我們的身體及生活的影響。G項(xiàng)“Thismakesourbodysufferandwewillcatchotherdiseases.(這使我們的身體遭受痛苦，而且我們會(huì)感染其他疾病。)”承接上文，引出下文，而且G項(xiàng)中的otherdiseases與空后的thesediseases相互照應(yīng)，符合上下文語境。故選G項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】根據(jù)空后“Weneedtobefittohaveahealthybody.Similarly,ifwearehealthyweshallnaturallybeattractedtowardsmaintainingthefitnessofourbody.(為了擁有一個(gè)健康的身體我們需要健康。同樣，如果我們是健康的，我們自然會(huì)被保持健康的身體所吸引。)”可知健康的身體與健身是密不可分的，空處位于句首，應(yīng)是本段的主旨句，B項(xiàng)“Healthandfitnessareinterrelatedtoeachother.(健康和健身是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。)”概括全段的主要內(nèi)容，符合上下文語境。故選B項(xiàng)。【7題詳解】根