微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)英文版名詞解釋超詳細(xì)

./微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)名詞解釋Chapter1businesscycle經(jīng)濟(jì)周期fluctuationsineconomicactivity,suchasemploymentandproductioneconomics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué);經(jīng)濟(jì),國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況thestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarce缺乏的,罕見的resourcesefficiencyn.功效;效率,效能;實力,能力;[物]性能;thepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresourcesequalityn.同等,平等;[數(shù)]相等,等式;thepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityuniformlyamongthemembersofsocietyexternality[,ekst??'n?l?t?]外部性theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystander旁觀者;局外人;看熱鬧的人incentivesomethingthatinducesapersontoactInflation[?n'fle??<?>n]anincreaseintheoveralllevelofpricesintheeconomymarginalchangessmallincremental增加的adjustmentstoaplanofactionmarketeconomyaneconomythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedecentralized權(quán)力分散;人口疏散;密度分散;decisionsofmanyfirmsandhouseholdsastheyinteractinmarketsforgoodsandservicesmarketfailureasituationinwhichamarketleftonitsownfailstoallocate分配,分派;把…撥給;英[??l?ke?t]resourcesefficientlymarketpowertheabilityofasingleeconomicactor<orsmallgroupofactors>tohaveasubstantialinfluenceonmarketpricesopportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitemproductivitythequantityofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachunitoflaborinputpropertyrightstheabilityofanindividualtoownandexercisecontroloverscarceresourcesrationalpeoplepeoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectivesscarcitythelimitednatureofsociety’sresourcesChapter2circular-flowdiagramavisualmodeloftheeconomythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamonghouseholds家庭;家庭,戶andfirmsmacroeconomics[,m?kr??i?k?'n?m?ks;-ek-]thestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowthmicroeconomics[,ma?kr??i?k?'n?m?ksthestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarketsnormative['n??m?t?v]標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的statementsclaimsthatattempttoprescribe定,規(guī)定;指定,規(guī)定;美[pr??skra?b]howtheworldshouldbepositivestatementsclaimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitisproductionpossibilitiesfrontier['fr?nt??agraphthatshowsthecombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtheavailableproductiontechnologyChapter3absoluteadvantagetheabilitytoproduceagoodusingfewerinputsthananotherproducercomparativeadvantagetheabilitytoproduceagoodataloweropportunitycostthananotherproducerexportsgoodsproduceddomestically美[d?'mest?kl?]合乎國內(nèi)的andsoldabroadimportsgoodsproducedabroadandsolddomesticallyopportunitycostwhatevermustbegivenuptoobtainsomeitemChapter4competitivemarket完全競爭市場amarketwithmanybuyersandsellers['sel?]tradingidentical同一的,完全相同的美[a??d?nt?k?l]productssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetakerComplements互補(bǔ)品['kɑmpl?m?nt]twogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoadecreaseinthedemandfortheotherdemandcurve需求曲線agraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemandeddemandschedule需求表atablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitydemandedEquilibrium[,ikw?'l?br??m]均衡asituationinwhichthemarketpricehasreachedthelevelatwhichquantitysuppliedequalsquantitydemandedequilibriumprice均衡價格thepricethatbalancesquantitysuppliedandquantitydemandedequilibriumquantitythequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedattheequilibriumpriceinferiorgood劣質(zhì)品[?n'f??r??]agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoadecreaseindemandlawofdemand需求原理theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitydemandedofagoodfallswhenthepriceofthegoodriseslawofsupply供給原理theclaimthat,otherthingsequal,thequantitysuppliedofagoodriseswhenthepriceofthegoodriseslawofsupplyanddemandtheclaimthatthepriceofanygoodadjuststobringthequantitysuppliedandthequantitydemandedforthatgoodintobalancemarketagroupofbuyersandsellersofaparticulargoodorservicenormalgood普通商品agoodforwhich,otherthingsequal,anincreaseinincomeleadstoanincreaseindemandquantitydemanded需求量theamountofagoodthatbuyersarewillingandabletopurchasequantitysuppliedtheamountofagoodthatsellersarewillingandabletosellshortageasituationinwhichquantitydemandedisgreaterthanquantitysuppliedsubstitutestwogoodsforwhichanincreaseinthepriceofoneleadstoanincreaseinthedemandfortheothersupplycurveagraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysuppliedsupplyscheduleatablethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthepriceofagoodandthequantitysuppliedsurplus['s?:pl?s]asituationinwhichquantitysuppliedisgreaterthanquantitydemandedChapter5cross-priceelasticityofdemand需求交叉彈性是需求交叉價格彈性ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofonegoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofanothergood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandedofthefirstgooddividedbythepercentagechangeinthepriceofthesecondgoodelasticity[,il?'st?s?ti]n.彈性;彈力;靈活性;伸縮性;ameasureoftheresponsivenessofquantitydemandedorquantitysuppliedtooneofitsdeterminantsincomeelasticityofdemand需求的收入彈性ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinconsumers’income,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinincomepriceelasticityofdemand需求價格彈性ameasureofhowmuchthequantitydemandedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitydemandeddividedbythepercentagechangeinpricepriceelasticityofsupply供給的價格彈性ameasureofhowmuchthequantitysuppliedofagoodrespondstoachangeinthepriceofthatgood,computedasthepercentagechangeinquantitysupplieddividedbythepercentagechangeinpricetotalrevenue<inamarket>總收入;總收益theamountpaidbybuyersandreceivedbysellersofagood,computedasthepriceofthegoodtimesthequantitysoldChapter6priceceiling['si?l??]alegalmaximum['m?ks?m?m]onthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesoldpriceflooralegalminimumonthepriceatwhichagoodcanbesoldtaxincidence['?ns?d<?>ns]themannerinwhichtheburdenofataxissharedamongparticipantsinamarketChapter7consumer[k?n'sju?m?]surplus['s??pl?s]消費(fèi)者剩余theamountabuyeriswillingtopayforagoodminus['ma?n?s]theamountthebuyeractuallypaysforitcostthevalueofeverythingasellermustgiveuptoproduceagoodefficiencythepropertyofsocietygettingthemostitcanfromitsscarceresourcesequalitythepropertyofdistributingeconomicprosperityuniformlyamongthemembersofsocietyproducersurplustheamountasellerispaidforagoodminustheseller’scostofprovidingitwelfareeconomicsthestudyofhowtheallocation美[??l??ke??n]分配,配給ofresourcesaffectseconomicwell-beingwillingnesstopay受益者負(fù)擔(dān)themaximumamountthatabuyerwillpayforagoodChapter8Deadweightloss無謂損失又為社會凈損失thefallintotalsurplus過剩的;多余的[?s?:rpl?s]thatresultsfromamarketdistortion變形;失真[d??st?r??n],suchasataxChapter9tariffn.關(guān)稅;關(guān)稅表;價格表ataxongoodsproducedabroadandsolddomesticallyworldpricethepriceofagoodthatprevailsintheworldmarketforthatgoodChapter10Coasetheorem['θ??r?m]科斯定理thepropositionthatifprivatepartiescanbargainwithoutcostovertheallocationofresources,theycansolvetheproblemofexternalities外在性ontheirowncorrectivetax矯正稅ataxdesignedtoinduceprivatedecisionmakerstotakeaccountofthesocialcoststhatarisefromanegativeexternalityexternality[,ekst??'n?l?t?]n.外形;外在性;外部事物;〔經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)名詞外部效應(yīng)theuncompensatedimpactofoneperson’sactionsonthewell-beingofabystanderinternalizingtheexternality內(nèi)化alteringincentives[?n's?nt?v]sothatpeopletakeaccountoftheexternaleffectsoftheiractionstransaction[tr?n'z?k??n]交易coststhecoststhatpartiesincurintheprocessofagreeingtoandfollowingthroughonabargainChapter11clubgoodsgoodsthatareexcludablebutnotrivalinconsumptioncommonresourcesgoodsthatarerivalinconsumptionbutnotexcludable可排他的;包括在外的;cost–benefitanalysis成本效益分析astudythatcomparesthecostsandbenefitstosocietyofprovidingapublicgoodexcludability[?ks,klu?d?'b?l?t?]排他性thepropertyofagoodwherebyapersoncanbepreventedfromusingitfreerider[釋義]坐享其成,無本獲利;apersonwhoreceivesthebenefitofagoodbutavoidspayingforitprivategoodsgoodsthatarebothexcludableandrivalinconsumptionpublicgoodsgoodsthatareneitherexcludablenorrivalinconsumptionrivalryinconsumption消費(fèi)競爭thepropertyofagoodwherebyoneperson’susediminishesotherpeople’suseTragedyoftheCommons

公共地悲劇aparable寓言;格言;thatillustrateswhycommonresourcesareusedmorethanisdesirablefromthestandpointofsocietyasawholeChapter12ability-to-payprinciple[釋義]負(fù)擔(dān)能力原則,付稅能力原則;theideathattaxesshouldbeleviedonapersonaccordingtohowwellthatpersoncanshouldertheburdenaveragetaxratetotaltaxespaiddividedbytotalincomebenefitsprincipletheideathatpeopleshouldpaytaxesbasedonthebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernmentservicesbudgetdeficitn.預(yù)算赤字;ashortfall虧空;缺空oftaxrevenuefromgovernmentspendingbudgetsurplus預(yù)算結(jié)余anexcessoftaxrevenueovergovernmentspendinghorizontalequity納稅橫向均等;theideathattaxpayerswithsimilarabilitiestopaytaxesshouldpaythesameamountlump-sumtax總量稅ataxthatisthesameamountforeverypersonmarginaltaxrate邊際稅率theextrataxespaidonanadditionaldollarofincomeprogressivetax累進(jìn)稅ataxforwhichhigh-incometaxpayerspayalargerfraction分?jǐn)?shù);一小部分oftheirincomethandolow-incometaxpayersproportionaltax比例稅率ataxforwhichhigh-incomeandlow-incometaxpayerspaythesamefractionofincomeregressivetax累退稅ataxforwhichhigh-incometaxpayerspayasmallerfractionoftheirincomethandolow-incometaxpayersverticalequity縱向公平theideathattaxpayerswithagreaterabilitytopaytaxesshouldpaylargeramountsChapter13accountingprofittotalrevenueminustotalexplicit清楚的,明確的costaveragefixedcostfixedcostdividedbythequantityofoutputaveragetotalcosttotalcostdividedbythequantityofoutputaveragevariablecostvariablecostdividedbythequantityofoutputconstantreturnstoscalethepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcoststaysthesameasthequantityofoutputchangesdiminishingmarginalproduct邊際產(chǎn)量遞減規(guī)律thepropertywherebythemarginalproductofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreasesdiseconomiesofscale規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostrisesasthequantityofoutputincreaseseconomicprofittotalrevenueminustotalcost,includingbothexplicitandimplicitcostseconomiesofscale規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)thepropertywherebylong-runaveragetotalcostfallsasthequantityofoutputincreasesefficientscale最小有效規(guī)模thequantityofoutputthatminimizesaveragetotalcostexplicitcostsinputcoststhatrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirmfixedcosts固定成本coststhatdonotvarywiththequantityofoutputproducedimplicitcosts隱性成本inputcoststhatdonotrequireanoutlayofmoneybythefirmmarginalcost邊際成本theincreaseintotalcostthatarisesfromanextraunitofproductionmarginalproducttheincreaseinoutputthatarisesfromanadditionalunitofinputproductionfunctiontherelationshipbetweenthequantityofinputsusedtomakeagoodandthequantityofoutputofthatgoodprofittotalrevenueminustotalcosttotalcostthemarketvalueoftheinputsafirmusesinproductiontotalrevenue<forfirm>theamountafirmreceivesforthesaleofitsoutputvariablecosts[釋義]變動成本;coststhatvarywiththequantityofoutputproducedChapter14averagerevenuetotalrevenuedividedbythequantitysoldcompetitivemarketamarketwithmanybuyersandsellerstradingidenticalproductssothateachbuyerandsellerisapricetakermarginalrevenuethechangeintotalrevenuefromanadditionalunitsoldsunkcost沉沒成本acostthathasalreadybeencommittedandcannotberecoveredChapter15monopoly[m?'n?p<?>l?]afirmthatisthesolesellerofaproductwithoutclosesubstitutesnaturalmonopolyn.壟斷;專賣;壟斷者;專利品;amonopolythatarisesbecauseasinglefirmcansupplyagoodorservicetoanentiremarketatasmallercostthancouldtwoormorefirmspricediscriminationthebusinesspracticeofsellingthesamegoodatdifferentpricestodifferentcustomersChapter16monopolisticcompetition壟斷競爭市場amarketstructureinwhichmanyfirmssellproductsthataresimilarbutnotidenticaloligopoly

求過于供的市場情況;amarketstructureinwhichonlyafewsellersoffersimilaroridenticalproductsChapter17cartel<經(jīng)>卡特爾,企業(yè)聯(lián)合agroupoffirmsactinginunison['ju?n?s<?>n]collusionanagreementamongfirmsinamarketaboutquantitiestoproduceorpricestocharge<經(jīng)>卡特爾,企業(yè)聯(lián)合astrategythatisbestforaplayerinagameregardlessofthestrategieschosenbytheotherplayersgametheorythestudyofhowpeoplebehaveinstrategicsituationsGDPdeflator[di'fleit?]GDP縮減指數(shù)ameasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioofnominalGDPtorealGDPtimes100Nashequilibrium納什均衡asituationinwhicheconomicactorsinteractingwithoneanothereachchoosetheirbeststrategygiventhestrategiesthatalltheotheractorshavechosenoligopoly[,ɑl?'gɑp?li]寡頭amarketstructureinwhichonlyafewsellersoffersimilaroridenticalproductspriso