英國50大新興技術(shù)-英

INSIGHTS

REPORTWelcometo

the

futureInnovateU

K’s

50EmergingTechnologiesTECHNOLOGIES

THAT

WILLSHAPE

THE

UK

ECONOMYIN

2040

AND

BEYONDInnovate

UK’s

50

EmergingTechnologies

reportFuture

technology

trendsmatter

to

businesses.

AsFive

key

questions:the

UK’sinnovation

agencyweare

frequently

asked

whatthe

future

holds.

It’s

our

dutyto

help

businesses

exploreand

answer

this.123As

technology

is

more

embeddedin

our

bodies,

will

humans

turninto

something

new

and

different?What

makes

us

human

will

beincreasingly

questioned.We

workin

a

great

researchandinnovation

environmentwhere,withinput

from

our

partners

in

ResearchCouncils

and

beyond,

we

have

theuniqueabilityto

identifyinterestingemergingtechnologiesandtrends.We

havedrawnonourecosystem,securing

input

from

300

stakeholdersto

delivera

glimpse

of

thefuturethat

helps

thebusinessesweShould

AI

be

allowed

to

makedecisions

on

our

behalf?All

aspects

of

businessandsocietywill

be

transformedthrough

AI

and

computing.If

humans

can

expect

acentury

of

good

health,

whatdoes

this

mean

for

employment,pensions

or

housing?workwith

every

day

to

exploreemerging

opportunities.The

quality

and

length

of

our

liveswill

be

greater

than

ever

before.Development

of

this

report

followeda

well-established

androbustemerging

technology

identi?cationprocess

that

has

been

independentlyreviewed.Input

came

from

a

widerange

of

academics,

Governmentdepartments,

and

ResearchCouncilsincludingEPSRC,

BBSRC,

NERC,MRC

and

STFC.

For

moreon

howwe

madethereport

go

to

page6.45Will

a

shift

towards

cleaner,affordable

energy

changethe

way

we

live

and

work?A

transformed

energy

systemcould

help

newindustries

to

thrive.What

will

a

vast

expansion

ofour

understanding

of

the

worldmean

for

the

UK

economy?The

UK’s

ability

to

draw

on

itsresearchandbusinessstrengthswill

help

us

solve

big

problemsand

seize

opportunities.Read,

share

and

discussInnovate

UK’s

50

EmergingTechnologies

report.Contributeyour

thoughtstohorizonscanning@Your

answers

toquestions

like

thesewill

shape

our

future.Your

inputaids

theUK

inattaining

strategic

advantagewithin

crucial

futuretechnologies.Start

creating

the

future,

today.INSIGHTS

REPORT:

INNOVATE

UK’S

50

EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES02Unleashing

opportunitiesfor

the

UK’s

leadershipThe

UK

is

an

importantglobal

player

in

innovation.Our

nation

boastsThe

InnovateUK

teamhasdelved

intosome

keycutting-edge

technologieswhichare

still

in

theirIt

is

thesevisionaryentities

thatpossesstheability

to

recognisepotential

and

transformit

intocommerciallysuccessful

products

ofthefuture.

In

thisreport,we

are

notseeking

topredict

thefuture,

but

tostimulate

curiosity,

shareknowledge,

and

considertheart

of

thepossible.recognised

expertiseacross

many

technologicaldomains,

ranging

fromarti?cial

intelligenceand

materials

science

torobotics

and

healthcare.Atthe

same

time,

thereare

many

challengesfacing

the

economy,society

and

theinfancy,and

framedthoughtsto

stimulatediscussion;

to

stimulateideas;and

to

stimulatepossible

future

innovation.The

ideas

presentedhave

thepotential

to,directlyor

indirectly,stimulate

activitieswhich

could

help

UKorganisations

seizetheinitiativeand

explorenascent

sectorsof

theeconomy

withpotentialforgrowth.We

will

share

thisreportacrossour

innovationecosystem-

acrossbusinesses,research

andtechnology

organisations,governmentalbodies,investors,lenders,academic

institutions,andothers.We

are

keen

toreceivefeedback

and

keento

stimulate

innovation

inaction

for

thebene?t

oftheUK

economy

andsothat

wecan

workon

ourshared

goalto

transformtomorrow

together.FOREWORD

BYIndro

MukerjeeChief

Executive,InnovateUKenvironment

thatmakeit

essential

thatwedriveinnovationfurther

and

faster.InnovateUK

is

theUK’sinnovation

agency,and

weworkto

support

economicand

productivity

growththroughsupportingConsider,

forinstance,space-based

solar

power,a

concept

that

offersthetantalisingprospect

of

anuninterrupted,clean

energysource.

Furthermore,soft

robotics

holdstremendous

potentialforthe

developmentofarti?cial

musclesinnovative

businesses.We

also

workto

helpcatalyse,connect,

andstimulateideas-

and

thatworkis

at

theheart

of

thisInnovateUK

50

EmergingTechnologiesreport.andorgans

thatcloselyresembletheir

biologicalcounterparts.The

InnovateUK

teamrecognises

that

themostcrucial

element

lies

not

inthetechnology

itself,butratherin

thepeople

andinnovative

businessesandorganisationsbehind

them,spread

acrosstheUK.INSIGHTS

REPORT:

INNOVATE

UK’S

50

EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES03C

o

ntentsIntroductionHow

thereport

is

organisedHow

we

madethereport050506Energy

and

EnvironmentalTechnologies20Health

and

MedicalTechnology29Adult

stemcell

generationFluxomics3030303132Cross-linked

polymer

recycling

21Gridscalewirelessenergy21transmission

andchargingAI,

Digital

andComputing

Technologies070808Anti-ageing

drugsHypersonics2222Antibiotic

replacementsMicrobiome

therapeuticsAI

emotionandexpression

recognitionNovel

propulsion

orion

based

propulsionPersonalised

RNA

therapeutics

32Arti?cial

generalintelligence

(AGI)Novel

hydrogen

productionand

storage

technologies2324Phased

genomeassembly

toolsSensationdetection

implantsWhole

body-on-a-chip

device32BiologicallyinspiredAIBrain

machine

interface(BMI)

technologies0809Novel

negativeemissionstechnologies33Nuclear

fusion24243334Quantum

algorithmsDNA

data

storage10101111Space-based

solar

powerRobotics

andSpace

TechnologiesNew

computing

modelsNovel

immersiveinterfacesBiotechnology252626Fully

autonomousvehiclesNanoscale

roboticsRoboticoff-world

manufacture

35Soft

roboticsSpace

nuclear

powerand

novelspace3535Arti?cial

cellsand

arti?cial

lifeBacteriaand

microbemanufacturingAdvanced

Materialsand

Manufacturing123636Biocatalytic

membranes26274D

printing13131314Bioelectronics

andelectroceuticalsBiomimetic

materialsNanoparticle

manufacturingMetamaterialspropulsion

systemsHybrid

microbe

biotechnology

28Very

lowearth

orbit(VLEO)

satellites3738Programmablecells2828Biofabrication

intissueengineeringElectronics,

Photonicsand

Quantum

TechnologiesAlternative

and

novel151617Conclusions

andthe

way

forwardsemiconductor

systemsEmerging

microscopytechniquesHyperspectral

imaging1717Millimetre

waveandterahertz

technologiesPhoton

generatorsPlasmonics1818Post-quantum

cryptography1919RoomtemperaturesuperconductorsOur

showcase

technologiesare

highlighted

in

bold.INSIGHTS

REPORT:

INNOVATE

UK’S

50

EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES04The

aim

of

this

report

is

to

sharesome

of

the

most

signi?cant

emergingtechnologies

likely

to

be

important

tothe

UK’s

industries

of

2040

and

beyond.Lookingthis

far

intoFor

example,

remoteHow

the

reportis

organisedthefuturemeans

wecan

start

talkingwithpartners

acrosstheinnovation

ecosystemabout

what

support,

if

any,is

required

to

realise

thetechnology’s

full

potential.surgery

brings

togetherrobotics,

AI,

advancedmaterials,sensors,imagingtechnologies.

Ora

smartphone

combinestouchscreen

and

cameratechnologies,internetandBluetooth

connectivity,GPS,

to

name

just

a

few.Our

50

emergingtechnologies

areorganised

within

theUK

InnovationStrategy’sseventechnologyfamilies.They

were,

in

turn,

inspiredby

Innovate

UK’s

taxonomyfor

structuring

andThese

technologies

maynot

be

thosegetting

themost

interest

inpolicyor

investment

rightnow.They

may

not

be

thehottesttopics

in

researchand

developmentcircles.But

our

analysis

saystheyhave

economy

andsociety-shaping

potential.The

focus

hereis

primarilyon

thetechnology

ratherthantheir

potentialapplications.On

thebuilding

blocks,

ratherthan

end

results.understanding

the1,000+technologies

we

support.This

allows

us

toINTRODUCTION

BYSimone

Boekelaar,Head

ofHorizonexplore

the

relationshipsbetween

technologiesand

technologyfamilies.It

ensuresthetechnologieswe

track

cover

all

areasof

science

and

technology,and

allparts

ofScanning,

InnovateUKOur

hope

is

that

bydiscovering

thesetechnologies,

youWhen

reading

this

report,we

need

to

remember

thattechnologies

themselveshave

little

intrinsic

value.

Itis

only

when

theyareputto

use

that

value

manifests.can

consider

originalcombinations.

Thesemaythen

inspire

newapplications

or

solutionsto

societal

challenges.Then

innovators

areinspired

to

developthesetechnologies

into

newproducts

and

services.our

economy.For

each

technology,wede?ne

and

explainwhy

it

isimportant,

andexplore

itspotential

futuresigni?cance.

Ineachfamily

we

highlightonetechnology

we

thinkcould

havea

particularlymeaningfuleconomicor

societal

impact.We

know

thegreatestvalue

is

createdwhenmultipletechnologies

arecombined.

When

severalmaturetechnologies

arebroughttogether

–

thatcan

really

change

the

world.And

we

will

allbe

inspiredto

embrace

thechangethis

future

willbring.Turnthe

page

to

seehow

weselected

the50

technologies.Read.

Share.Discuss.

Innovate.INSIGHTS

REPORT:

INNOVATE

UK’S

50

EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES05How

we

made

the

report1

—

De?ne2

—

GatheringOur

question:Which

emergingtechnologies—

Survey

ofscientists

andresearchersare

likely

to

beimportant

to

theUK

economy—

Discussionswithexperts—

Undertakea

review

ofbeyond

2040?technologyscans

undertakenbyothers.4

—

Analysis3

—

FilteringCompare

eachshortlisted

idea,using

30+

metrics.Our

criteria:Combine

newideas

with

existingdata.

Consider:(i)

Isit

truly—

Timingemerging

and—

Additionality—

UK

Capability—

Opportunity(ii)

Is

there

someonein

theUK

withexpertise,

tocreate

a

shortlist.—

Societal

Impact.6

—

Output7

—

Communication8

—

ConclusionUse

analysis

toselect

interestingtechnologiesforreport.—

Share

?ndingsSee

onpage38.—

Seek

feedback—

Usefeedbackfornext

report.INSIGHTS

REPORT:

INNOVATE

UK’S

50

EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES06AI,

Digital

andComputingTechnologiesThese

technologiesmight

not

just

transformthe

way

we

live

our

lives,but

also

make

us

considerwhat

it

means

to

be

human.Theycouldblurtheboundariesbetweentherealandvirtualworld,andcreateastep-changeinwhattechcandointhehomeandworkplace.Whiletherearemanypossibilitieswhichoffergreathope,ethicalconsiderations

need

tobe

fully

considered.

If

we

do

that,wecan

make

sure

thatour

futuresociety

harnessestheworld

ofAI,

digitaland

commuting

technologyto

thegreatestbene?t

of

themost

people.INSIGHTS

REPORT:

INNOVATE

UK’S

50

EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES007AI,

Digitaland

ComputingTechnologies“It

moves

us

towardscomputing

that

mimicshuman

brain

processes.”AI

emotionand

expressionrecognitionArti?cial

generalintelligence

(AGI)Biologicallyinspired

AIAI

is

ascapable

oflearningintellectual

tasks

as

humansare.With

the?exibility

andresourcefulness

of

humanintelligence,

capable

ofWhat

is

it?

It

springsfromtheidea

that

intelligenceemergesas

much

from

cells,

bodies,

andsocieties

as

it

does

from

evolutionand

learning.

Traditionally,

AI

hastried

to

reproduce

humanabilities.Newer

approaches

take

inspirationfrom

biological

structures

thatcan

organise

themselves.

Theseinclude

evolutionary

computationand

electronics,

arti?cial

neuralnetworks,

immunesystems,What

is

it?

DevelopingAIthatrecognises

and

interpretshuman

emotions.Why

is

it

interesting?

Canyou

imaginea

world

whereAIandhumansworkseamlesslytogether?

Where

Siri

andAlexaassist

us

in

morethansimpletasks?producing

newideas.Why

is

it

interesting?

AGIenables

machines

to

behave,learn,

createand

perform

ashumansdo.Itwill

help

us

explorethecreative

abilities

ofAI

andunderstand

theincreasingly‘natural’

interactionsbetweenhumansand

machines.“Sentient”

AI

can

recognise

ouremotionsand

offer

assistance,companionship

or

alert

medicalprofessionals

when

we

need

help.We

may

need

machines

to

expressemotionalbehaviours

of

theirown,for

example

in

AI

used

in

robots.This

would

helppatients

in

carehomes

where

emotional

interactionis

key

to

improved

wellbeing.bioroboticsand

swarm

intelligence.Why

is

it

interesting?It

moves

us

towards

computingthatmimics

humanbrainprocesses,

potentially

allowingcreative

behaviour

bymachines.It

could

provide

newalgorithmsforplanning,

remembering

andvisual

stimulation.How

could

it

change

our

lives?AGI

raises

intriguing

questionsabout

whatit

means

to

behuman.

Will

we

alwaysbe

ableto

tell

if

we

are

interacting

withmachines

or

humans?

Will

thatmatter

to

us?The

answers

willchange

our

lives

in

ways

wedon’t

yetexpect

andcannotyet

forecast.How

could

it

change

our

lives?It

has

thepotential

for

veryHow

could

it

change

our

lives?It

couldaccelerate

thedevelopment

ofAI

and

enablethings

thatotherwisewouldn’tbe

possible.

Itwill

likely

informus

about

how

our

worldfunctions.positive

impacts,improvingourdaily

lives

in

areas

such

as

careandcompanionship.Developmentwithstrong

ethicalconsiderationswillopen

up

endless

opportunities.INSIGHTS

REPORT:

INNOVATE

UK’S

50

EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES08AI,

Digitaland

ComputingTechnologiesSHOWCASE

TECHNOLOGY:Brain

machineinterface

(BMI)technologiesWhat

is

it?

TechnologiesHow

could

it

change

our

lives?thatconnect

thebrain

withacomputer

or

machine.

It

translatesour

thoughtsinto

commandsthatcan

controlexternal

software

orhardware,such

asa

computeror

roboticarm.Advanced

BMI

technologies

arebeing

trialledin

prostheticsforpeople

with

motoror

sensoryimpairments.

They

could

allowpeople

who

areparaplegic

orquadriplegic

to

regain

limbcontrol.Those

missing

limbscould

havedirect

control–

from

brain

todevice

–

of

their

prosthetics.Interface

technologies

are

oftendivided

into

thosethat

‘read’

brainactivity

and

decode

itsmeaning,andthosethat

‘write’

to

thebrainto

manipulateactivity

inspeci?cregionsandaffect

their

function.What

do

weneed

to

startdiscussing?

The

balance

betweenhelping

and

protectingpeople

whoneed

or

want

thistechnology

isabig

topic.

We

need

to

thinkaboutwho

should

haveaccess

to

thistechnology,and

what

regulations,if

any,

areneeded.

We

would

alsoneed

to

workout

whathappensifa

product

isno

longer

supported–

this

is

an

inconveniencewithasmartphone,

but

a

much

biggerissuewhen

a

device

is

linkedto

yourbrain.Why

is

it

interesting?

It

gets

uscloser

to

a

fullinterfacewith

thehuman

brain.

The

ultimateabilityto

share

databetween

humansand

machines

could

alter

theway

we

regardmankind

itself.What

industries

could

use

this?Medical,

ageingsociety,sports,military/defence,

manufacturing,services

sector.“The

ultimate

abilityto

share

data

betweenhumans

and

machinescould

alter

theway

weregard

mankind

itself.”INSIGHTS

REPORT:

INNOVATE

UK’S

50

EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES09AI,

Digitaland

ComputingTechnologiesQuantumalgorithmsDNAdata

storage“Imagine

beingable

to

storezettabytes(that’s

a

hard-to-imagine

onebillion

terabytes),in

compact,high-densityand

molecular-level

dataWhat

is

it?

QuantumWhat

is

it?

It

could

exponentiallyincrease

data

storage

capabilitiesand,

theoretically,

be

preservedinde?nitely.

It’s

theprocessofencoding

and

decodingdata

to

and

from

synthesizedstrands

ofDNA

or

RNA.algorithms

are

a

key

elementof

thesoftware

and

tools

thatwill

help

quantumcomputers

topotentially

outperform

standardcomputers.

Quantumalgorithmscanbeappliedto

areassuchascryptography,searchWhy

is

it

interesting?

Imaginebeing

ableto

storezettabytes(that’sa

hard-to-imagine

onebillion

terabytes),

incompact,high-density

and

molecular-level

data

storage?

Harnessingthepowerof

biotechnologycould

meet

our

escalating

datastoragedemands,especiallyimportant

as

welook

to

accesssophisticatedAI

technologies.optimisation,and

simulationof

quantumsystems.Why

is

it

interesting?Quantumcomputers

arecoming!

It

is

essential

that

fornewcomputing

paradigms

wealso

developthe

software

andtools

to

provide

theapplicationsthesecomputers

can

support.storage...”How

could

it

change

our

lives?The

key

to

getting

valuefrom

quantum

computingHow

could

it

change

our

lives?We

are

reaching

thephysicallimitations

of

computing

hardwaredesign.

DNA

synthesis

couldremove

this

limitation,openingup

newcomputing

applications,capable

of

storing

and

retrievingvast

volumes

of

data.will

be

?nding

thespeci?csetof

algorithms

that

quantumcomputers

are

better

at

thanclassical

computers.

We

knowsome

of

thesealready,

but

thereare

lots

moreto

?nd

anddevelop!INSIGHTS

REPORT:

INNOVATE

UK’S

50

EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES10AI,

Digitaland

ComputingTechnologies“These

advances

couldhelptheworld

becomemore

equitable.”New

computingmodelsNovel

immersiveinterfacesWhat

is

it?

New

computingtechniques

notbased

ontraditional

circuittechnology.What

is

it?

Offersnewwaysof

interacting,creatinganddisplaying

content,applicationsand

experiences.

These

couldinvolveaugmentedreality,ablendof

realandvirtualexperiences,

or

a

fully

simulateddigitalexperience.

It

requiresnewforms

ofmedia

thatdeeplyinvolve

allour

senses

to

createa

truer

perception

of

reality.Why

is

it

interesting?

Beyondquantumcomputing,

thesearenewcomputing

models

offeringorders

ofmagnitude

performanceimprovementsout

of

reachofconventionalcomputers.

Theseinclude

biological,

photonicandneuromorphic

computing.Why

is

it

interesting?

Will

blurtheoff-

andonlineworld

by

allowingus

to

usecomputer

technologythroughmultiplesenses.How

could

it

change

our

lives?These

technologies

for

completelynewways

to

buildcomputerswill

allow

scientists

to

answerquestions

whichareimpossibletoday.These

include

modellingthehuman

brain,

complete

climatesimulations,and

understandingdata

from

space

exploration.How

could

it

change

our

lives?Augmentingour

senseswithtechnology

createsopportunities,rangingfrom

performing

surgeryremotely

to

advertising.

Itwillchange

theway

we

view

theworldand

access

media,

andallow

us

to

travel

via

our

senses.These

advances

could

help

theworld

become

moreequitable.INSIGHTS

REPORT:

INNOVATE

UK’S

50

EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES11AdvancedMaterials

andManufacturingWhen

we

think

of

how

societywill

look

in

the

decades

tocome,

advanced

materialswill

play

an

integral

role.Theseincrediblematerialsallhavepropertiesmadethroughthedevelopmentof

specialisedprocessingandsynthesistechnology.Theyopenthedoortonewpossibilitiesinhealthcareandtransport,andcanpavetheway

to

amoreenergy-ef?cientfuture.Thesematerialswillbethebasisof

thebusinessinnovation

we

need

to

create

a

desirablefuture

society.INSIGHTS

REPORT:

INNOVATE

UK’S

50

EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES012AdvancedMaterials

andManufacturing“O?ers

smart

materialswhich

adapt

over

time,

withthepotential

for

‘self-repair

’.”4D

printingBiomimeticmaterialsNanoparticlemanufacturingWhat

is

it?

3D

printing

is

achievedby

layering2D

structures

on

topofeach

other.

Now,technology

isdevelopingto

change

3D

shapesover

time

through

theadditionofheat,

light,electricity

or

liquid,creatinga

4D

structure.What

is

it?

Synthetic

materialsdeveloped

using

inspirationfrom

nature.

Designed

toreplicate

material

attributesofa

livingorganism.What

is

it?

As

thenamesuggests,

themanufacturing

ofnanoparticles.

These

incrediblytiny

particles

are

made

eitherby

breakingdown

larger

piecesof

material,

or

by

assemblingsingle

atoms

and

molecules

intonanostructures.

The

top-downapproach

is

useful

for

makinginterconnectedstructures

such

asinelectronics;

while

thebottom-upprocesscancreateidenticalstructureswithatomicprecision.Why

is

it

interesting?Why

is

it

interesting?Offers

smart

materialsBiomimetic

materials

oftenofferhigher

structural

performancefor

lowerenergy

input.

Theyare

easierto

reuseandrecyclethan

comparable

materials.This

technologyinspires

us

toexplore

thenatural

world

formoresustainable

solutions.whichadapt

overtime,withthepotential

for

‘self-repair’.This

offerspossibilities

suchas

manufacturing

inspace,better

soft

robotics

andnewmedical

solutions.Why

is

it

interesting?How

could

it

change

our

lives?Ifmaterialscan

repairthemselves,it

reduces

our

need

to

performdangerous

maintenance

tasks.

4Dmaterialscould

create

structuresinspace

or

otherchallenginglocations.

They

could

allow

usto

createmedical

devices

thatchange

with

thepatient

over

time.Nanotechnology

has

emergedover

thepast

decade

or

soasan

essential

technology

for

manyindustries.

Finding

moreeffective,ef?cient

and

lowercost

ways

tomanufacture

nanoparticles

willhelp

us

to

expand

theusesandbene?ts

of

nanotechnology.How

could

it

change

our

lives?Could

open

up

newways

ofcreating

materials

inspired

bynature,cheap

to

makeand

lessharmful

to

theplanet.

This

couldhelp

us

discover

newways

ofmakingmaterials,groundedin

millennia

of

evolution.How

could

it

change

our

lives?Giving

us

stronger,

cleaner

and“smarter”

surfaces

and

systems;removing

pollutantsfrom

energyproduction;contributing

to

smallerand

lighter

electronics

and

betterbatteries;andnewways

to

treatdisease.

Nanoparticles

will

beessential

to

our

future

lives.INSIGHTS

REPORT:

INNOVATE

UK’S

50

EMERGING

TECHNOLOGIES13AdvancedMaterials

andManufacturingSHOWCASE

TECHNOLOGY:MetamaterialsWhatisit?

Metamaterialscanbeformedfromtraditionalmaterialsthatareeasyto

?ndinanynaturalenvironment.Theyareengineeredstructuresdesignedto

interactwithelectromagneticradiation.Thesestructuresarevery

small,usuallysmallerthanthewavelengthoftheradiationtheyareinteractingwith.Theseso-called

meta-atomscaninteractwiththeelectricandmagnetic

components

of

light

in

away

that

natural

atoms

do

not,

givingmetamaterials

unusual

properties.What

industries

could

use

this?Transport,medical,

scienti?cresearch,

telecommunications,energy,

creative

industry.How

could

it

change

our

lives?Science

?ction

meets

reality

withmetamaterials.

They

could

makesubstanceswith

whichtheyinteractinvisible

–

givingrise

to

thepossibilityofa

real-lifeinvisibility

cloak!Harnessing

invisibility

could

removeblind

spots

in

cars,

enableus

to

createmoreprecisemedicalimagingortelecommunicationsantennae,andsigni?cantlyimprovetheef?ciencyof

solarpower

generators.Why

is

it

interesting?

Whenmetamaterials

areengineeredin

an

intelligentand

innovativede