有答案及無版閱讀題型切片

題型8：插入文題型8：插入文本話題（InsertTextTheOriginsofCetaceans(OGPracticeSet1,Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans—whales,porpoises,anddolphins-aremammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofafluke1andblowhole2cannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithlanddwellingmammals.However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.■Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?■Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.■In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.ThefossilwasofficiallynamedPakicetusinhonorofthecountrywherethediscoverywasmade.Pakicetuswasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfromriverdepositsthatwere52millionyearsold.TheriverthatformedthesedepositswasactuallynotfarfromanancientoceanknownastheTethysSea.12.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.ThisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforWherewouldthesentencebestfit?1234DesertFormation(OGPracticeSet2,Paragraph7:■theraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands,wheregrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation.■Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.■Thisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandaccelerated12.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.Thiseconomicrelianceonlivestockincertainregionsmakeslargetractsoflandsusceptibletoovergrazing.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?1234EarlyCinema(OG34EarlyCinema(OGPracticeSet3,(23頁P(yáng)aragraph3:■Exhibitors,however,wantedtomaximizetheirprofits,whichtheycoulddomorereadilybyprojectingahandfuloffilmstohundredsofcustomersatatime(ratherthanoneatatime)andbycharging25to50centsadmission.■AboutayearaftertheopeningofthefirstKinetoscopeparlorin1894,showmensuchasLouisandAugusteLumiere,ThomasArmatandCharlesFrancisJenkins,andOrvilleandWoodvilleLatham(withtheassistanceofEdison'sformerassistant,WilliamDickson)perfectedprojectiondevices.■Theseearlyprojectiondeviceswereusedinvaudevilletheaters,legitimatetheaters,localtownhalls,makeshiftstorefronttheaters,fairgrounds,andamusementparkstoshowfilmstoamassaudience.■12.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.WhenthiswidespreaduseofprojectiontechnologybegantohurthisKinetoscopebusiness,EdisonacquiredaprojectordevelopedbyArmatandintroduceditas“Edison’slatestmarvel,theVitascope."Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?1234ThePsychodynamicApproach.Theoristsadoptingthepsychodynamicapproachholdthatinnerconflictsarecrucialforunderstandinghumanbehavior,includingaggression.SigmundFreud,forexample,believedthataggressiveimpulsesareinevitablereactionstothefrustrationsofdailylife.Childrennormallydesiretoventaggressiveimpulsesonotherpeople,includingtheirparents,becauseeventhemostattentiveparentscannotgratifyalloftheirdemandsimmediately.■Yetchildren,alsofearingtheirparents'punishmentandthelossofparentallove,cometorepressmostaggressiveimpulses.■TheFreudianperspective,inasense:seesusas"steamengines."■Byholdinginratherthanventing"steam,"wesetthestageforfutureexplosions.■Pent-upaggressiveimpulsesdemandoutlets.Theymaybeexpressedtowardparentsinindirectwayssuchasdestroyingfurniture,ortheymaybeexpressedtowardstrangerslaterinlife.11.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.AccordingtoFreud,however,impulsesthathavebeenrepressedcontinueexistanddemand1234ArtisansandIndustrialization(OGPracticeSetBefore1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.■Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.■Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.■After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbegantogivewaytofactorieswithmachinerytendedbyunskilledorsemiskilledlaborers.■Cheaptransportationnetworks,theriseofcities,andtheavailabilityofcapitalandcreditallstimulatedtheshifttofactoryproduction.11.Lookatthefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.Thisnewformofmanufacturingdependedonthemovementofgoodstodistantlocationsandacentralizedsourceoflaborers.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?1234SwimmingMachines(OGPracticeSetParagraph6:■Becausetheyarealwaysswimming,tunassimplyhavetoopentheirmouthsandwaterisforcedinandovertheirgills.■Accordingly,theyhavelostmostofthemusclesthatotherfishesusetosuckinwaterandpushitpastthegills.■Infact,tunasmustswimtobreathe.■Theymustalsokeepswimmingtokeepfromsinking,sincemosthavelargelyorcompletelylosttheswimbladder,thegas-filledsacthathelpsmostotherfishremainbuoyant.(47頁)11.Lookatthefoursquares[■lthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.Consequently,tunasdonotneedtosuckinWherewouldthesentencebestfit?1234Nineteenth-CenturyPoliticsintheUnitedStates(OGParagraph2:DuringParagraph2:DuringJackson'ssecondterm,hisopponentshadgraduallycometogethertoformthewhigparty.█WhigsandDemocratshelddifferentattitudestowardthechangesbroughtaboutbythemarket,banks,andcommerce.█TheDemocratstendedtoviewsocietyasacontinuingconflictbetween"thepeople”-farmers,planters,andworkers-andasetofgreedyaristocrats.█This"papermoneyaristocracy"ofbankersandinvestorsmanipulatedthebankingsystemfortheirownprofit,Democratsclaimed,andsappedthenation'svirtuebyencouragingspeculationandthedesireforsudden,unearnedwealth.█TheDemocratswantedtherewardsofthemarketwithoutsacrificingthefeaturesofasimpleagrarianrepublic.Theywantedthewealththatthemarketofferedwithoutthecompetitive,changingsociety;thecomplexdealing;thedominanceofurbancenters;andthelossofindependencethatcamewithit.(55頁12.LookatthefoursquaresIIthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.ThisnewpartyarguedagainstthepoliciesofJacksonandhispartyinanumberofimportantareas,beginningwiththeeconomy.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?1234TheExpressionofEmotions(OGParagraph2:█Mostinvestigatorsconcurthatcertainfacialexpressionssuggestthesameemotionsinallpeople.█Moreover,peopleindiverseculturesrecognizetheemotionsmanifestedbythefacialexpressions.█InclassicresearchPaulEkmantookphotographsofpeopleexhibitingtheemotionsofanger,disgust,fear,happiness,andsadness.█Hethenaskedpeoplearoundtheworldtoindicatewhatemotionswerebeingdepictedinthem.ThosequeriedrangedfromEuropeancollegestudentstomembersoftheFore,atribethatdwellsintheNewGuineahighlands.Allgroups,includingtheFore,whohadalmostnocontactwithWesternculture,agreedontheportrayedemotions.TheForealsodisplayedfamiliarfacialexpressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstoriesthatcalledforbasicemotionalresponses.Ekmanandhiscolleaguesmorerecentlyobtainedsimilarresultsinastudyoftenculturesinwhichparticipantswerepermittedtoreportthatmultipleemotionswereshownbyfacialexpressions.Theparticipantsgenerallyagreedonwhichtwoemotionswerebeingshownandwhichemotionwasmoreintense.（62頁12.Lookatthefoursquares█thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Thisuniversalityintherecognitionofemotionswasdemonstratedbyusingrathersimplemethods.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?12341234Paragraph6:Underverycoldconditions,rockscanbeshatteredbyiceandfrost.Glaciersmayforminpermanentlycoldareas,andtheseslowlymovingmassesoficecutoutvalleys,carryingwiththemhugequantitiesoferodedrockdebris.█Indryareasthewindistheprincipalagentoferosion.█Itcarriesfineparticlesofsand,whichbombardexposedrocksurfaces,therebywearingthemintoyetmoresand.█Evenlivingthingscontributetotheformationoflandscapes.█Treerootsforcetheirwayintocracksinrocksand,insodoing,speedtheirsplitting.Incontrast,therootsofgrassesandothersmallplantsmayhelptoholdloosesoilfragmentstogether,therebyhelpingtopreventerosionbythewind.（第70頁11.Lookatthefoursquares█thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Underdifferentclimaticconditions,anothertypeofdestructiveforcecontributestoerosion.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?1234FeedingHabitsofEastAfricanHerbivores(OGThedifferencesinfeedingpreferenceslead,inturn,todifferencesinmigratoryhabits.■Thewildebeestsfollow,intheirmigration,thepatternoflocalrainfall.■Theotherspeciesdolikewise.■Butwhenanewareaisfueledbyrain,themammalsmigratetowarditinasetordertoexploitit.■Thelarger,lessfastidiousfeeders,thezebras,moveinfirst;thechoosier,smallerwildebeestscomelater;andthesmallestspeciesofall,Thomson’sgazelle,arriveslast.Thelaterspeciesalldependonthepreparationsoftheearlierone,fortheactionsofthezebraalterthevegetationtosuitthestomachsofthewildebeest,topi,andgazelle.(第76頁13.Lookatthefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.ThesequenceinwhichtheymigratecorrelateswiththeirbodyWherewouldthesentencebestfit?LoieFuller(OGTestAshertechnologicalexpertisegrewmoresophisticated,sodidtheotheraspectsofherdances.■Althoughshegavelittlethoughttomusicinherearliestdances,shelaterusedscoresbyGluck,Beethoven,Schubert,Chopin,andWagner,eventuallygraduatingtoStravinsky,Fauré,Debussy,andMussorgsky,composerswhowerethenconsideredprogressive.■ShebegantoaddressmoreambitiousthemesinherdancessuchasTheSea,inwhichherdancersinvisiblyagitatedahugeexpanseofsilk,playeduponbycoloredlights.■Alwaysopentoscientificandtechnologicalinnovations;shebefriendedthescientistsMarieandPierreCurieupontheirdiscoveryofradiumandcreatedaRadiumDance,whichsimulatedthephosphorescenceofthatelement.■Shebothappearedinfilms—theninanearlystageofdevelopment—andmadethemherself;theheroofherfairy-talefilmLeLysdelaVie(1919)wasplayedbyRenéClair,lateraleadingFrenchfilmdirector.（第80頁13.Lookatthefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Forallheroriginalityindance,herinterestsexpandedbeyonditintonewlyemergingartisticmedia.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?1234GreenIcebergs(OGTestIcebergsareordinarilybluetowhite,althoughtheysometimesappeardarkoropaquebecausetheycarrygravelandbitsofrock.Theymaychangecolorwithchanginglightconditionsandcloudcover,glowingpinkorgoldinthemorningoreveninglight,butthiscolorchangeisgenerallyrelatedtothelowangleoftheSunabovethehorizon.■However,travelerstoAntarcticahaverepeatedlyreportedseeinggreenicebergsintheWeddellSeaand,morecommonly,closetotheAmeryIceShelfinEastAntarctica.■Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.■Anothersuggestionisthatthecolormightberelatedtoicewithhighlevelsofmetalliccompounds,includingcopperandiron.■Recentexpeditionshavetakenicesamplesfromgreenandicecores—vertical,cylindricalicesamplesreachingdowntogreatdepths—fromtheglacialiceshelvesalongtheAntarcticcontinent.Analysesofthesecoresandsamplesprovideadifferentsolutiontotheproblem.(84頁13.andicecores—vertical,cylindricalicesamplesreachingdowntogreatdepths—fromtheglacialiceshelvesalongtheAntarcticcontinent.Analysesofthesecoresandsamplesprovideadifferentsolutiontotheproblem.(84頁13.Lookatthefoursquares■thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Scientistshavedifferedastowhethericebergsappeargreenasaresultoflightconditionsorbecauseofsomethingintheiceitself.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?OpportunistsandCompetitors(OnlineParagraph5：Opportunistsmustconstantlyinvadenewareastocompensateforbeingdisplacedbymorecompetitivespecies.Humanlandscapesoflawns,fields,orflowerbedsprovidesettingswithbaresoilandalackofcompetitorsthatareperfecthabitatsforcolonizationbyopportunists.█Hence,manyofthestronglyopportunisticplantsarethecommonweedsoffieldsandgardens.█Becauseeachindividualisshort-lived,thepopulationofanopportunistspeciesislikelytobeadverselyaffectedbydrought,badwinters,orfloods.█Iftheirpopulationistrackedthroughtime,itwillbeseentobeparticularlyunstable—soaringandplummetinginirregularcycles.█(第89頁11.Lookatthefoursquares█thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Suchepisodiceventswillcauseapopulationofdandelions,forexample,tovarywidely.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquare█toaddthesentencetothe1234LascauxCavePaintings(OnlineParagraph2:Oneofthemostpuzzlingaspectsofthepaintingsistheirlocation.Otherrockpaintings—forexample,thoseofBushmeninSouthAfrica—areeitherlocatednearcaveentrancesorcompletelyintheopen.█CavepaintingsinFranceandSpain,however,areinrecessesandcavernsfarremovedfromoriginalcaveentrances.█Thismeansthatartistswereforcedtoworkincrampedspacesandwithoutsourcesofnaturallight.█Italsoimpliesthatwhoevermadethemdidnotwantthemtobeeasilyfound.█entrances.█Thismeansthatartistswereforcedtoworkincrampedspacesandwithoutsourcesofnaturallight.█Italsoimpliesthatwhoevermadethemdidnotwantthemtobeeasilyfound.█Sincecavedwellersnormallylivedclosetoentrances;theremusthavebeensomereasonwhysomanygenerationsofLascauxcavedwellershidtheirart.(第94頁12.Lookatthefoursquares█thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Thismadeiteasyfortheartiststopaintanddisplaythemfortherestofthecavedwellers.Clickonasquare█toaddthesentencetothe1234ElectricityfromWind(OnlineParagraph1:Since1980,theuseofwindtoproduceelectricityhasbeengrowingrapidly.█In1994therewerenearly20,000windturbinesworldwide,mostgroupedinclusterscalledwindfarmsthatcollectivelyproduced3,000megawattsofelectricity.█MostwereinDenmark(whichgot3percentofitselectricityfromwindturbines)andCalifornia(where17,000machinesproduced1percentofthestate’selectricity,enoughtomeettheresidentialneedsofacityaslargeasSanFrancisco).█Inprinciple,allthepowerneedsoftheUnitedStatescouldbeprovidedbyexploitingthewindpotentialofjustthreestates—NorthDakota,SouthDakota,andTexas.█(第101頁13.Lookatthefoursquares█thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Somecompaniesinthepowerindustryareawareofthiswiderpossibilityandareplanningsizablewind-farmprojectsinstatesotherthanCalifornia.Clickonasquare█toaddthesentencetothepassage.1234MeteoriteImpactandDinosaurExtinction(OfficialModelParagraph6:Impactsbymeteoritesrepresentonemechanismthatcouldcausecatastrophesandseriouslyinfluencetheevolutionoflifeallovertheplanet.█Accordingtosomeestimates,themajorityofallextinctionsofspeciesmaybeduetosuchimpacts.█Suchaperspectivefundamentallychangesourviewofbiologicalevolution.█Thestandardcriterionforthesurvivalofaspeciesisitssuccessincompetingwithotherspeciesandadaptingtoslowlychangingenvironments.aperspectivefundamentallychangesourviewofbiologicalevolution.█Thestandardcriterionforthesurvivalofaspeciesisitssuccessincompetingwithotherspeciesandadaptingtoslowlychangingenvironments.█Yetanequallyimportantcriterionistheabilityofaspeciestosurviverandomglobalecologicalcatastrophesduetoimpacts.(第107頁13.Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.ThisisthecriterionemphasizedbyDarwin'stheoryofevolutionbynaturalWherewouldthesentencebestfit?1234GroundwaterMuchofthewaterinasampleofwater-saturatedsedimentorrockwilldrainfromitifthesampleisputinasuitabledryplace.█Butsomewillremain,clingingtoallsolidsurfaces.█Itisheldtherebytheforceofsurfacetensionwithoutwhichwaterwoulddraininstantlyfromanywetsurface,leavingittotallydry.█Thetotalvolumeofwaterinthesaturatedsamplemustthereforebethoughtofasconsistingofwaterthatcan,andwaterthatcannot,drainaway.█(第112頁13.Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.What,then,determineswhatproportionofthewaterstaysandwhatproportiondrainsaway?Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetopassage.1234TheOriginsofTheaterParagraph3:█Althoughorigininritualhaslongbeenthemostpopular,itisbynomeanstheonlytheoryabouthowthetheatercameintobeing.█Storytellinghasbeenproposedasonealternative.█Underthistheory,relatingandlisteningtostoriesareseenasfundamentalhumanpleasures.█Thus,therecallingofanevent(ahunt,battle,orotherfeat)iselaboratedthroughthenarrator’spantomimeandimpersonationandeventuallythrougheachrolebeingassumedbyadifferent(第117頁13．Look(第117頁13．Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Toenhancetheirlistener’senjoyment,storytellerscontinuallymaketheirstoresmoreengagingandmemorable.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetopassage.1234TimberlineVegetationonMountainsParagraph5：Abovethetreelinethereisazonethatisgenerallycalledalpinetundra.█Immediatelyadjacenttothetimberline,thetundraconsistsofafairlycompletecoveroflow-lyingshrubs,herbs,andgrasses,whilehigherupthenumberanddiversityofspeciesdecreaseuntilthereismuchbaregroundwithoccasionalmossesandlichensandsomeprostratecushionplants.█Someplantscanevensurviveinfavorablemicrohabitatsabovethesnowline.Thehighestplantsintheworldoccurataround6,100metersonMakaluintheHimalayas.█Atthisgreatheight,rocks,warmedbythesun,meltsmallsnowdrifts.█(第123頁12.Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Thisexplainshow,forexample,alpinecushionplantshavebeenfoundgrowingatanaltitudeof6,180meters.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetopassage.1234Paragraph5：█Modernarchitecturalformsgenerallyhavethreeseparatecomponentscomparabletoelementsofthehumanbody;asupportingskeletonorframe,anouterskinenclosingtheinteriorspaces,equipment,similartothebody’svitalorgansandsystems.█Theequipmentincludesplumbing,electricalwiring,hotwater,andair-conditioning.█Ofcourseinearlyarchitecture—suchasigloosandadobestructures—therewasnosuchequipment,andtheskeletonandskinwereoftenone.█12．Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldaddedtoaddedtoHowever,somemodernarchitecturaldesigns,suchasthoseusingfoldedplatesofconcreterHowever,somemodernarchitecturaldesigns,suchasthoseusingfoldedplatesofconcreterorair-inflatedstructures,areagainunifyingskeletonandWherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquaretoaddthesentenceto1234DepletionoftheOgallalaAquiferParagraph5—6：ThereactionoffarmerstotheinevitabledepletionoftheOgallalavaries.Manyhavebeenattemptingtoconservewaterbyirrigatinglessfrequentlyorbyswitchingtocropsthatrequirelesswater.█Other,however,haveadoptedthephilosophythatitisbesttousethewaterwhileitisstilleconomicallyprofitabletodosoandtoconcentrateonhigh-valuecropssuchascotton.█Theincentiveofthefarmerswhowishtoconservewaterisreducedbytheirknowledgethatmanyoftheirneighborsareprofitingbyusinggreatamountsofwater,andintheprocessaredrawingdowntheentireregion’swatersupplies.█Inthefaceoftheupcomingwatersupplycrisis,anumberofgrandioseschemeshavebeendevelopedtotransportvastquantitiesofwaterbycanalorpipelinefromtheMississippi,theMissouri,ortheArkansasrivers.█Unfortunately,thecostofwaterobtainedthroughanyoftheseschemeswouldincreasepumpingcostsatleasttenfold,makingthecostofirrigatedagriculturalproductsfromtheregionuncompetitiveonthenationalandinternationalmarkets.Somewhatmorepromisinghavebeenrecentexperimentsforreleasingcapillarywater(waterinthesoil)abovethewatertablebyinjectingcompressedareintotheground.Evenifthisprocessprovessuccessful,however,itwouldalmosttriplewatercosts.Geneticengineeringalsomayprovideapartialsolution,asnewstrainsofdrought-resistantcropscontinuetobedeveloped.Whateverthefinalanswertothewatercrisismaybe,itisevidentthatwithintheHighPlains,irrigationwaterwillneveragainbetheabundant,inexpensiveresourceitwasduringtheagriculturalboomyearsofthemid-twentieth(第135頁13．Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Butevenifuncooperativefarmersweretojoinintheconservationefforts,thiswouldonlydelaythedepletionoftheaquifer.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothepassage.（C）1234The234TheLong-TermStabilityofEcosystemsParagraph6:█Ecologistsareespeciallyinterestedtoknowwhatfactorscontributetotheresilienceofcommunitiesbecauseclimaxcommunitiesallovertheworldarebeingseverelydamagedordestroyedbyhumanactivities.█ThedestructioncausedbythevolcanicexplosionofMountSt.Helens,inthenorthwesternUnitedStates,forexample,palesincomparisontothedestructioncausedbyhumans.█Weneedtoknowwhataspectsofacommunityaremostimportanttothecommunity’sresistancetodestruction,aswellasitsrecovery.█（第141頁13．Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Infact,damagetotheenvironmentbyhumansisoftenmuchmoreseverethandamagebynaturaleventsandprocesses.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetopassage.1234DeerPopulationsofthePugetSoundParagraph2—3:Nearlyanykindofplantoftheforestunderstorycanbepartofadeer'sdiet.Wheretheforestinhibitsthegrowthofgrassandothermeadowplants,theblack-taileddeerbrowsesonhuckleberry,salad,dogwood,andalmostanyothershruborherb.Butthisisfair-weatherfeeding.Whatkeepstheblack-taileddeeralivedintheharsherseasonsofplantdecoyanddormancy?Onecompensationfornothibernatingisthebuilt-inurgetomigrate.█Deermaymovefromhigh-elevationbrowseareasinsummerdowntothelowlandareasinlatefall.█Evenwithsnowontheground,thehighbushyunderstoryisexposed;alsosnowandwindbringdownleafybranchesofcedar,hemlock,redalder,andotherarborealfodder.█ThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSoundcountry.█Theearlyexplorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly1800sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.FamousexplorersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandhadexperiencedgreatdifficultyfindinggamewestoftheRockiesandnotuntilthesecondofDecemberdidtheykilltheirfirstelk.Tokeep40peoplealivethatwinter,theyconsumedapproximately150elkand20deer.Andwhengamemovedoutofthelowlandsinearlyspring,theexpeditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossiblestarvation.Lateroninpossiblestarvation.Lateronintheearlyyearsofthenineteenthcentury,whenFortVancouverbecametheheadquartersoftheHudson'sBayCompany,deerpopulationscontinuedtofluctuate.DavidDouglas,Scottishbotanicalexplorerofthe1830s.Foundadisturbingchangeintheanimallifearoundthefortduringtheperiodbetweenhisfirstvisitin1825andhisfinalcontactwiththefortin1832.ArecentDouglasbiographerstates:"Thedeerwhichoncepicturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefortweregone[in1832],huntedtoexterminationinordertoprotectthecrops."(第147頁13．Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.TherefoodisavailableandaccessiblethroughouttheWherewouldthesentencebestfit?1234CaveArtinEuropeParagraph3：Thesubjectsofthepaintingsaremostlyanimals.Thepaintingsrestonbarewalls,withnobackdropsorenvironmentaltrappings.Perhaps,likemanycontemporarypeoples,UpperPaleolithicmenandwomenbelievedthatthedrawingofahumanimagecouldcausedeathofinjury,andifthatwereindeedtheirbelief,itmightexplainwhyhumanfiguresarerarelydepictedincaveart.Anotherexplanationforthefocusonanimalsmightbethatthesepeoplesoughttoimprovetheirluckathunting.█Thistheoryissuggestedbyevidenceofchipsinthepaintedfigures,perhapsmadebyspearsthrownatthedrawings.█Butifimprovingtheirhuntingluckwasthechiefmotivationforthepaintings,itisdifficulttoexplainwhyonlyafewshowsignsofhavingbeenspeared.█Perhapsthepaintingswereinspiredbytheneedtoincreasethesupplyofanimals.CaveartseemstohavereachedapeaktowardtheendoftheUpperPaleolithicperiod,whentheherdsofgameweredecreasing.█(第153頁13．Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Therefore,ifthepaintingswereconnectedwithhunting,someotherexplanationisneeded.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?1234PetroleumResourcesParagraph2：Continuedsedimentation—theprocessofdeposits'settlingontheseabottom—buriestheorganicmatterandsubjectsittohighertemperaturesandpressures,whichconverttheorganicmattertooilandgas.█Asmuddysedimentsarepressedtogether,thegasandsmalldropletsofoilmaybesqueezedoutofthemudandmaymoveintosandylayersnearby.█Overlongperiodsoftime(millionsofyears),pressures,whichconverttheorganicmattertooilandgas.█Asmuddysedimentsarepressedtogether,thegasandsmalldropletsofoilmaybesqueezedoutofthemudandmaymoveintosandylayersnearby.█Overlongperiodsoftime(millionsofyears),accumulationsofgasandoilcancollectinthesandylayers.█Bothoilandgasarelessdensethanwater,sotheygenerallytendtoriseupwardthroughwater-saturatedrockandsediment.█(第159頁13．Lookatthefoursquares[█]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Unlesssomethingactstohalthismigration,thes